Search

Resumen Las contenciones fijas en ortodoncia han demostrado tener excelentes resultados para la estabilidad y durabilidad del tratamiento. A pesar de esto, se ha observado que existen ciertos movimientos dentarios indeseados totalmente diferentes a una recidiva a su posición inicial previa al tratamiento de ortodoncia. El llamado “efecto giro” es uno de ellos, y se caracteriza por ser una inclinación en sentidos opuestos de los caninos contralaterales, en donde uno presenta una inclinación hacia vestibular y el otro hacia lingual o palatino. Se presenta principalmente en la mandíbula, a pesar de que la contención permanece perfectamente adherida a los dientes. El objetivo de esta revisión bibliográfica es evaluar los distintos factores reportados en la literatura que puedan estar relacionados con la aparición del “efecto giro” y qué tan relevantes pueden ser en su desarrollo. Como conclusión es importante considerar el carácter multifactorial de este tipo de complicaciones, en donde el tipo y calidad del alambre que se utilice para la contención, junto con las características periodontales del paciente demostraron tener cierta participación en la génesis de este, por lo tanto, resulta fundamental concientizar a los pacientes de la importancia de los controles ortodóncicos periódicos posteriores al retiro de los aparatos fijos para monitorear y controlar los resultados oclusales logrados y el estado de los dispositivos de contención instalados.

Las contenciones fijas en ortodoncia han demostrado tener excelentes resultados para la estabilidad y durabilidad del tratamiento. A pesar de esto, se ha observado que existen ciertos movimientos dentarios indeseados totalmente diferentes a una recidiva a su posición inicial previa al tratamiento de ortodoncia. El llamado “efecto giro” es uno de ellos, y se caracteriza por ser una inclinación en sentidos opuestos de los caninos contralaterales, en donde uno presenta una inclinación hacia vestibular y el otro hacia lingual o palatino. Se presenta principalmente en la mandíbula, a pesar de que la contención permanece perfectamente adherida a los dientes. El objetivo de esta revisión bibliográfica es evaluar los distintos factores reportados en la literatura que puedan estar relacionados con la aparición del “efecto giro” y qué tan relevantes pueden ser en su desarrollo. Como conclusión es importante considerar el carácter multifactorial de este tipo de complicaciones, en donde el tipo y calidad del alambre que se utilice para la contención, junto con las características periodontales del paciente demostraron tener cierta participación en la génesis de este, por lo tanto, resulta fundamental concientizar a los pacientes de la importancia de los controles ortodóncicos periódicos posteriores al retiro de los aparatos fijos para monitorear y controlar los resultados oclusales logrados y el estado de los dispositivos de contención instalados.

Even though Mapuche people represent the largest indigenous population in Chile, the "logic of double rationality" in their educational knowledge and its link with acculturation dynamics, has been scarcely studied. The aim of this study was to explore the relationships between the attitudes toward school education and the acculturation orientations of 468 Mapuche people, with ages from 17 to 53 years (M = 16.19; SD = 7.0). Participants were students of secondary schools and universities from urban and rural areas of different regions of Chile. Results showed that most of the participants presented a bicultural orientation (39.4%), followed by a group of segregated or ethnic identity profile (23.5%), while those who preferred assimilation (17.5%), and marginalization (20.7%) represented a minority. Results indicated that people identified as bicultural scored higher in the components of dual Mapuche/Chilean Mestizo educational rationality than the other acculturation profiles. Also, the fluency in speaking Mapuche language was positively associated with the perception of cultural differences in knowledge and education between Mapuche and Chilean culture, the evaluation of the teaching of Mapuche culture, the perception of school as a factor of assimilation, the valuation of bicultural practices, and the justification of double rationality. Findings' contributions to the development of pertinent educational practices in contexts of social and cultural diversity are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports a computational modelling study of a mixing tank for bioprocess applications. A dual impeller mixer containing several probes is used with a mixing speed of 400 rpm. The single‐phase transient model is validated against experimental measurements using torque and velocity profiles as the validation variables. A complete workflow is illustrated that addresses all the relevant steps in the modelling of mixing. Many assumptions that are commonly made are explored and their importance is demonstrated. The necessity of including the probes in the computational domain is illustrated. The grid and time‐step size are examined, and the relationship between the two is explained. Two turbulence models for RANS equation closure are compared, and the efficacy of the appropriate solution methodology for each is described. The importance of using the correct near‐wall treatment is shown. Overall, this paper presents a standardized framework for the modelling of mixing tanks with turbulent flow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Sport & Health Research is the property of Journal of Sport & Health Research and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Pathogenic variants in the POLG gene, encoding the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) gamma-polymerase, can cause early-onset mtDNA depletion syndromes, such as Alpers syndrome, or later-onset disorders characterized by the presence of multiple mtDNA deletions (MMD), which may encompass autosomal dominant or recessive progressive external ophthalmoplegia (PEO), neuropathy, ataxia, epilepsy, or parkinsonism, among others. We report on the clinical, pathological, and genetic characteristics of 27 patients with POLG-related disorders. Fourteen patients (52%) were female. 67% were adult-onset cases, with a mean age at symptom onset of 34 years (range: 0-67). The most common findings were ophthalmoplegia (80%), ptosis (77%), muscle weakness (54%), lower limb proprioceptive abnormalities (50%), and sensory ataxia (42%). Other relevant ones were tremor (26%), hearing loss (15%), and seizures (7%). SANDO was observed in 26%, pure PEO in 15%, PEO-plus in 11%, and a MNGIE-like phenotype in 4%. The mean CK level was 394 U/L (83-1500). Electrophysiological testing (21/27) revealed sensory axonal polyneuropathy in 33%, sensorimotor axonal neuropathy in 24%, and myopathic changes in 29%. Brain MRI (16 patients) showed normal results in 38%, cerebellar atrophy in 38%, brain atrophy in 31%, and leukoencephalopathy in 13%. Relevant cardiologic involvement was seen in 7%. Muscle biopsy (19 patients) showed histological mitochondrial abnormalities in 82% (i.e., ragged-red fibers and COX-negative fibers). Respiratory chain complexes activities were normal in 88%, and MMD were detected in 93% of them. Nineteen POLG pathogenic variants were identified, with the most frequent alleles being the c.[752C>T;1760C>T] and the c.1399G>A, (33% and 19% of patients, respectively). Inheritance pattern was dominant in 30% and recessive in 65% of cases. A high index of suspicion is needed for diagnosis due to clinical heterogeneity. The presence of MMD should prompt testing for POLG causative variants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Estimate the detection limits of the COVID-19 surveillance system (SS) in Chile, by estimating the SARS-CoV-2 true prevalence (TP) and the reported official positivity prevalence (OPP) gap., Study Design: Randomized cross-sectional., Methods: Two sampling campaigns (SC) were conducted (October-November 2020 and December 2020-January 2021) in the cities of Temuco, Valdivia, and Osorno. Blood was collected from adults from randomly selected households. Sera were analyzed using a commercial later flow test (LFT). A meta-analysis was performed to estimate LFT-performance in asymptomatic-cases. Data were analyzed using a Bayesian latent class model (BLCM) to estimate TP. Finally, BLCM outputs were compared with the OPP, by calculating the TP/OPP rate., Results: 1124 and 1017 households were visited during the 1st and 2nd SC, respectively. The BLCM rendered TP estimates of 6.5 %, 3.2 %, and 6.6 % for the cities of Temuco, Valdivia, and Osorno, respectively (1 st SC), increasing to 9.4 %, 5.0 %, and 7.5 %, 60 days later (2 nd SC). Depending on the city and SC, TP/OPP rates varied between 2.3 and 5.7., Conclusion: The national SS was unable to detect 70-79 % of all infected cases, suggesting that mild and asymptomatic cases were scarcely detected., (Copyright © 2025 The Royal Society for Public Health. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Chitin is a crucial structural polysaccharide in fungal cell walls, essential for maintaining cellular plasticity and integrity. Its synthesis is orchestrated by chitin synthases (CHS), a major family of transmembrane proteins. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae , the cargo receptor Chs7, belonging to the Shr3-like chaperone family, plays a pivotal role in the exit of Chs3 from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and its subsequent activity in the plasma membrane (PM). However, the auxiliary machinery responsible for CHS trafficking in filamentous fungi remains poorly understood. The Neurospora crassa genome encodes two orthologues of Chs7: chitin synthase export (CSE) proteins CSE-7 (NCU05720) and CSE-8 (NCU01814), both of which are highly conserved among filamentous fungi. In contrast, yeast forms only possess a single copy CHS export receptor. Previous research highlighted the crucial role of CSE-7 in the localization of CHS-4 at sites of cell wall synthesis, including the Spitzenkörper (SPK) and septa. In this study, CSE-8 was identified as an export protein for CHS-3 (class I). In the Δcse-8 knockout strain of N. crassa , CHS-3-GFP fluorescence was absent from the SPK or septa, indicating that CSE-8 is required for the exit of CHS-3 from the ER. Additionally, sexual development was disrupted in the Δcse-8 strain, with 20% of perithecia from homozygous crosses exhibiting two ostioles. A Δcse-7;Δcse-8 double mutant strain showed reduced N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) content and decreased radial growth. Furthermore, the loss of cell polarity and the changes in subcellular distribution of CSE-8-GFP and CHS-3-GFP observed in hyphae under ER stress induced by the addition of tunicamycin and dithiothreitol reinforce the hypothesis that CSE-8 functions as an ER protein. The current evidence suggests that the biogenesis of CHS exclusive to filamentous fungi may involve pathways independent of CSE-mediated receptors., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2025 González-Téllez and Riquelme.)

Background and Objectives: Mitochondrial diseases are caused by defects in oxidative phosphorylation, with primary mitochondrial myopathies (PMM) being a subset where muscle involvement is predominant. PMM presents symptoms ranging from exercise intolerance to progressive muscle weakness, often involving ocular muscles, leading to ptosis and progressive external ophthalmoplegia (PEO). PMM can be due to variants in mitochondrial or nuclear DNA. Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) has been identified as an accurate biomarker for mitochondrial dysfunction. This study evaluates the utility of GDF15 as a biomarker for monitoring PMM., Methods: This observational study involved 50 adult PMM patients. Clinical data were collected alongside functional motor outcomes measured by the Motor Research Council scale, 6-min walk test, North Star Ambulatory Assessment, and 100-m run test (100MRT). Biomarkers including serum lactate, creatine kinase (CK), creatinine, and plasma GDF15 were assessed., Results: Patients exhibited diverse phenotypes, including exercise intolerance (8 %), progressive myopathy (22 %), isolated PEO (24 %), and PEO plus (42 %). Significant correlations were found among motor function tests, with 100MRT being particularly sensitive. Biomarker analysis showed elevated lactate in 32 %, elevated CK in 54 %, reduced creatinine in 76 %, and elevated GDF15 in 86 % of cases. GDF15 levels correlated with motor performance, lactate levels, and mtDNA mutation load in muscle. Creatinine levels were strongly linked to disease severity., Discussion: This study underscores the heterogeneity of PMM and the importance of reliable biomarkers. GDF15 was consistently elevated across all PMM phenotypes and genotypes, correlating well with disease severity. Reduced creatinine also emerged as a potential prognostic marker., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest PMJ, LBG, MNR, PSL, RG, AHL, AHV, DL, MM, JA, AB, MAM, and CDG report no conflicts of interest relevant to the present work., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Background: Interpreting biological system changes requires interpreting vast amounts of multi-omics data. While user-friendly tools exist for single-omics analysis, integrating multiple omics still requires bioinformatics expertise, limiting accessibility for the broader scientific community., Results: BiomiX tackles the bottleneck in high-throughput omics data analysis, enabling efficient and integrated analysis of multiomics data obtained from two cohorts. BiomiX incorporates diverse omics data, using DESeq2/Limma packages for transcriptomics, and quantifying metabolomics peak differences, evaluated via the Wilcoxon test with the False Discovery Rate correction. The metabolomics annotation for Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry untargeted metabolomics is additionally supported using the mass-to-charge ratio in the CEU Mass Mediator database and fragmentation spectra in the TidyMass package. Methylomics analysis is performed using the ChAMP R package. Finally, Multi-Omics Factor Analysis (MOFA) integration identifies shared sources of variation across omics data. BiomiX also generates statistics, report figures and integrates EnrichR and GSEA for biological process exploration and subgroup analysis based on user-defined gene panels enhancing condition subtyping. BiomiX fine-tunes MOFA models, to optimize factors number selection, distinguishing between cohorts and providing tools to interpret discriminative MOFA factors. The interpretation relies on innovative bibliography research on Pubmed, which provides the articles most related to the discriminant factor contributors. Furthermore, discriminant MOFA factors are correlated with clinical data, and the top contributing pathways are explored, all with the aim of guiding the user in factor interpretation., Conclusions: The analysis of single-omics and multi-omics integration in a standalone tool, along with MOFA implementation and its interpretability via literature, represents significant progress in the multi-omics field in line with the "Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable" data principles. BiomiX offers a wide range of parameters and interactive data visualization, allowing for personalized analysis tailored to user needs. This R-based, user-friendly tool is compatible with multiple operating systems and aims to make multi-omics analysis accessible to non-experts in bioinformatics., Competing Interests: Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: Not applicable. Consent for publication: Not applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Proteomics offers a powerful tool to identify proteins within diverse microbial organisms, environments, and organelles, including extracellular vesicles (EVs). Fungal EVs are of particular interest due to their roles in cellular development and communication. While several methods exist to isolate EVs from cells, a universally accepted approach for EV protein characterization is lacking. This study investigated in-solution digestion (SD) and in-gel digestion (GD), for characterizing proteins from Neurospora crassa EVs, followed by LC-MS/MS analysis. GD identified three to four-times more proteins than SD while using the same number of unique peptides. Although GD requires a higher amount of starting sample, it offers a more comprehensive protein identification for fungal EVs, potentially preventing the omission of crucial data., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To investigate the tobacco-attributable burden on disease, medical costs, productivity losses and informal caregiving; and to estimate the health and economic gains that can be achieved if the main tobacco control measures (raising taxes on tobacco, plain packaging, advertising bans and smoke-free environments) are fully implemented in eight countries that encompass 80% of the Latin American population., Design: Markov probabilistic microsimulation economic model of the natural history, costs and quality of life associated with the main tobacco-related diseases. Model inputs and data on labour productivity, informal caregivers' burden and interventions' effectiveness were obtained through literature review, surveys, civil registrations, vital statistics and hospital databases. Epidemiological and economic data from January to October 2020 were used to populate the model., Findings: In these eight countries, smoking is responsible each year for 351 000 deaths, 2.25 million disease events, 12.2 million healthy years of life lost, US$22.8 billion in direct medical costs, US$16.2 billion in lost productivity and US$10.8 billion in caregiver costs. These economic losses represent 1.4% of countries' aggregated gross domestic products. The full implementation and enforcement of the four strategies: taxes, plain packaging, advertising bans and smoke-free environments would avert 271 000, 78 000, 71 000 and 39 000 deaths, respectively, in the next 10 years, and result in US$63.8, US$12.3, US$11.4 and US$5.7 billions in economic gains, respectively, on top of the benefits being achieved today by the current level of implementation of these measures., Conclusions: Smoking represents a substantial burden in Latin America. The full implementation of tobacco control measures could successfully avert deaths and disability, reduce healthcare spending and caregiver and productivity losses, likely resulting in large net economic benefits., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2024. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

Background: To assess the efficiency of periodontal treatment (PT) in improving diabetes-related outcomes in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and periodontitis, providing an updated and comprehensive synthesis from economic evaluations (EE)., Methods: Seven databases and one register were independently searched by two reviewers for articles published up to 8 May 2024. Studies that assessed the efficiency of PT versus no treatment or other dental treatments were included. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane RoB 2, ROBINS-I and ECOBIAS tools for the first stage of EE and the CHEERS checklist and NICE quality appraisal tool for overall EE. Qualitative and quantitative syntheses of the articles were conducted and assessed using the GRADE approach., Results: Eleven studies were included. PT reduces total healthcare costs, including inpatient and outpatient, diabetes-related costs and other drug costs (low to moderate certainty). A total incremental net benefit of USD 12 348 (2022 currency, 95% CI 12 195-12 500) was estimated from three high-quality model-based cost-utility analyses (high certainty)., Discussion: The inclusion of PT in the comprehensive treatment of patients with T2DM and periodontitis is cost-effective. Future research is required to ensure the transferability of these findings and inform decision makers from different countries., Registration: PROSPERO CRD42023443146., (© 2024 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Objective: To link changes in the B-cell transcriptome from systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients with those in their macroenvironment, including cellular and fluidic components., Methods: Analysis was performed on 363 patients and 508 controls, encompassing transcriptomics, metabolomics, and clinical data. B-cell and whole-blood transcriptomes were analysed using DESeq and GSEA. Plasma and urine metabolomics peak changes were quantified and annotated using Ceu Mass Mediator database. Common sources of variation were identified using MOFA integration analysis., Results: Cellular macroenvironment was enriched in cytokines, stress responses, lipidic synthesis/mobility pathways and nucleotide degradation. B cells shared these pathways, except nucleotide degradation diverted to nucleotide salvage pathway, and distinct glycosylation, LPA receptors and Schlafen proteins., Conclusions: B cells showed metabolic changes shared with their macroenvironment and unique changes directly or indirectly induced by IFN-α signalling. This study underscores the importance of understanding the interplay between B cells and their macroenvironment in SLE pathology., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors have declared that no conflict of interest exists., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

SUMMARYThe endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is one of the most extensive organelles in eukaryotic cells. It performs crucial roles in protein and lipid synthesis and Ca 2+ homeostasis. Most information on ER types, functions, organization, and domains comes from studies in uninucleate animal, plant, and yeast cells. In contrast, there is limited information on the multinucleate cells of filamentous fungi, i.e., hyphae. We provide an analytical review of existing literature to categorize different types of ER described in filamentous fungi while emphasizing the research techniques and markers used. Additionally, we identify the knowledge gaps that need to be resolved better to understand the structure-function correlation of ER in filamentous fungi. Finally, advanced technologies that can provide breakthroughs in understanding the ER in filamentous fungi are discussed., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Taphonomic works aim at discovering how paleontological and archaeofaunal assemblages were formed. They also aim at determining how hominin fossils were preserved or destroyed. Hominins and other mammal carnivores have been co-evolving, at least during the past two million years, and their potential interactions determined the evolution of human behavior. In order to understand all this, taxon-specific carnivore agency must be effectively identified in the fossil record. Until now, taphonomists have been able to determine, to some degree, hominin and carnivore inputs in site formation, and their interactions in the modification of part of those assemblages. However, the inability to determine agency more specifically has hampered the development of taphonomic research, whose methods are virtually identical to those used several decades ago (lagged by a high degree of subjectivity). A call for more objective and agent-specific methods would be a major contribution to the advancement of taphonomic research. Here, we present one of these advances. The use of computer vision (CV) on a large data set of images of tooth marks has enabled the objective discrimination of taxon-specific carnivore agency up to 88% of the testing sample. We highlight the significance of this method in an interdisciplinary interplay between traditional taphonomic-paleontological analysis and artificial intelligence-based computer science. The new questions that can be addressed with this will certainly bring important changes to several ideas on important aspects of the human evolutionary process., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

The recent pandemic increased attention to the need for appropriated ventilation and good air quality as efficient measures to achieve safe and healthy indoor air. This work provides a novel methodology for continuously evaluating ventilation in public areas using modern rapid response sensors (RRS). This methodology innovatively assesses the ventilation of a space by combining a quantitative estimation of the real air exchange in the space-obtained from CO 2 experimental RRS measurements and the characteristics of and activity in the space-and indoor and outdoor RRS measurements of other pollutants, with healthy recommendations from different organisations. The methodology allows space managers to easily evaluate, in a continuous form, the appropriateness of their ventilation strategy, thanks to modern RRS measurements and direct calculations (implemented here in a web app), even in situations of full activity. The methodology improves on the existing standards, which imply the release of tracer gases and expert intervention, and could also be used to set a control system that measures continuously and adapts the ventilation to changes in indoor occupancy and activity, guaranteeing safe and healthy air in an energy-efficient way. Sample public concurrence spaces with different conditions are used to illustrate the methodology.

Lupus nephritis (LN) represents one of the most severe complications of systemic lupus erythematosus, leading to end-stage kidney disease in worst cases. Current first-line therapies for LN, including mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) and azathioprine (AZA), fail to induce long-term remission in 60-70% of the patients, evidencing the urgent need to delve into the molecular knowledge-gap behind the non-response to these therapies. A longitudinal cohort of treated LN patients including clinical, cellular and transcriptomic data, was analyzed. Gene-expression signatures behind non-response to different drugs were revealed by differential expression analysis. Drug-specific non-response mechanisms and cell proportion differences were identified. Blood cell subsets mediating non-response were described using single-cell RNASeq data. We show that AZA and MMF non-response implicates different cells and regulatory functions. Mechanistic models were used to suggest add-on therapies to improve their current performance. Our results provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms associated with treatment failures in LN.

Bartonella spp. was screened in 155 rodents from Chile, mainly the invasive rats Rattus norvegicus and Rattus rattus. A total of 155 spleen and 50 blood samples were analyzed through real-time PCR for Bartonella spp. (nuoG gene). Positive samples were subjected to amplification of fragment of loci gltA, rpoB and ITS by conventional PCR (cPCR). Overall, 43 spleen samples (27.7%) and 6 rodent blood samples (12%) were positive for nuoG-Bartonella spp. Positive samples were found in R. norvegicus, R. rattus, Abrothrix olivacea and Oligoryzomys longicaudatus. Bartonella spp. DNA was amplified by cPCR in 16 samples, resulting in 21 sequences (6 gltA, 5 ITS and 10 rpoB). Sequencing and phylogenic analyses identified genotypes from Rattus spp., potentially belonging to Bartonella coopersplainsensis, Bartonella henselae, Bartonella tribocorum, and an undescribed Bartonella sp. From native rodents, one sequence was identified, being related B. machadoae. In conclusion, this work describes diverse and potentially zoonotic Bartonella spp. genotypes in Rattus spp. Additionally, this is the first report of Bartonella in O. longicaudatus, including a potentially novel Bartonella genotype or species., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Background: Meniere Disease (MD) is an inner ear syndrome, characterized by episodes of vertigo, tinnitus and fluctuating sensorineural hearing loss. The pathological mechanism leading to sporadic MD is still poorly understood, however an allergic inflammatory response seems to be involved in some patients with MD., Objective: Decipher an immune signature associated with the syndrome., Methods: We performed mass cytometry immune profiling on peripheral blood from MD patients and controls. We analyzed differences in state and differences in abundance of the different cellular subsets. IgE levels were quantified through ELISA on supernatant of cultured whole blood., Results: We have identified two clusters of individuals according to the single cell cytokine profile. These clusters presented differences in IgE levels, immune cell population abundance, including a reduction of CD56 dim NK-cells, and changes in cytokine expression with a different response to bacterial and fungal antigens., Conclusion: Our results support a systemic inflammatory response in some MD patients that show a type 2 response with allergic phenotype, which could benefit from personalized IL-4 blockers., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no competing interests., (Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)