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This review article discusses the advancements in electrochemical biosensors for detecting blood‐borne viruses. Infections like HBV, HCV, HIV, and HTLV transmitted through blood can be life‐threatening and have significant impact on both the health and social life. Therefore, timely diagnosis of these infections is crucial. Various effective diagnostic methods have been developed to detect these infections. The combination of nanotechnology and biology has led to creation of new diagnostic techniques using electrodes to detect microorganisms. This review aims to summarize recent studies on the performance of electrochemical biosensors for detecting blood‐borne viruses in the last five years, comparing their characteristics, limits of detection, and other relevant parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reliable and precise quantification of 25‐hydroxyvitamin D3 in clinical samples is vital because vitamin D3 deficiency lead to several disorders, such as mental illness, osteoporosis, and coronavirus disease. Herein, we report the fabrication of a novel electrochemical aptasensor using a nanocomposite, including reduced graphene oxide, pyrrole, and l‐cysteine, for the sensitive detection of 25‐hydroxyvitamin D3. Subsequently, the aptamer of 25‐hydroxyvitamin D3 was immobilized on the surface of the modified electrode. Differential pulse voltammetry signals were utilized for studying the binding and measurement of 25‐hydroxyvitamin D3 based on the oxidation peak. Under the optimum conditions, the designed electrochemical aptasensor exhibited a linear detection range of 0.001–150 nM, with a limit of detection of 0.006 nM. Furthermore, the proposed aptasensor selectively detected 25‐hydroxyvitamin D3 compared to other analogs. Moreover, this aptasensor was successfully applied for the detection of 25‐hydroxyvitamin D3 in human serum samples, which were quantified by the enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay method. The acceptable recoveries of 82.67%–111.07% demonstrated that this proposed electrochemical aptasensor can be a promising alternative for clinical methods of vitamin D determination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

25‐Hydroxyvitamin D3 as a main circulating metabolite of vitamin D is usually measured in serum to evaluate the vitamin D status of humans. So, developing an accessible, fast response, sensitive, and selective detection method for 25‐hydroxyvitamin D3 is highly important. In this study, we designed a sensitive and selective electrochemical sensor based on the modification of glassy carbon electrode by nanocomposite of CuCo2O4/nitrogen‐doped carbon nanotubes and phosphorus‐doped graphene oxide. Then 25‐hydroxyvitamin D3‐imprinted polypyrrole was coated on the electrode surface through electropolymerization. Moreover, ferricyanide was used as a mediator for the creation of a readable signal, which was considerably decreased after rebinding of 25‐hydroxyvitamin D3 on the electrode. The proposed sensor successfully detected 25‐hydroxyvitamin D3 in the range of 0.002–10 μM, with a detection limit of 0.38 nM, which was highly lower than deficiency concentration (20 ng/ml; 49.92 nM). Finally, the proposed sensor was checked for detection of 25‐hydroxyvitamin D3 in serum samples with recovery in the range of 80%–106.42%. The results demonstrated the applicability of the designed sensor for the detection of 25‐hydroxyvitamin D3 in biological samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pathophysiological, epidemiological and genetic studies convincingly showed lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) to be a causal mediator of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). This happens through a myriad of mechanisms including activation of innate immune cells, endothelial cells as well as platelets. Although these certainties whether or not Lp(a) is ready for prime-time clinical use remain debated. Thus, remit of the present review is to provide an overview of different methods that have been employed for the measurement of Lp(a). The methods include dynamic light scattering, multi-angle light scattering analysis, near-field imaging, sedimentation, gel filtration, and electron microscopy. The development of multiple Lp(a) detection methods is vital for improved prediction of ASCVD risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetes mellitus is known as an epidemic problem of public health in worldwide. According to the reports of International Diabetes Federation, the global number of diabetic adults has been growing annually. Unfortunately, millions of diabetes cases may remain undiagnosed every year. Unfortunately, the glucose level of blood can be fluctuated by lifestyle. So, development of reliable, simple and fast response diagnostic methods is urgently required. Aptamer-based sensors have been recently developed as a sensitive and fast method for the diagnosis and detection of diabetes. We systematically checked the scientific literature including studies related to aptasensors as a diagnostic tool for diabetes. Many electronic databases such as Google Scholar, Scopus, PubMed and Science Direct were searched up to 2020. The present study obviously demonstrates important and unavoidable role of aptasensors as a potential technique for the diagnosis of diabetes. Different aptasenosrs such as optical, mass-related, microfluidic, and electrochemical aptasenors were successfully designed for diagnosis of diabetic biomarkers in desired range which is necessary for diagnosis or pre-diagnosis of diabetes. Although the introduced aptasensors were interestingly useful for detection of biomarkers in biological samples, but some defects may limit the incorporation of aptasensors, especially optical, mass-related, and microfluidic types, and lateral flow strips with point-of-care test (POCT) method which is necessary for self-controlling the diabetes. The results obviously demonstrate that electrochemical aptasensors, specially label-free types, due to the unbelievable sensitivity and easy to fabrication can be a promising methods for designing the POCT chips to diagnosis the diabetic biomarkers. Schematic illustration of application of aptasensors for detection of important diabetes biomarkers such as insulin, HbA1c, glycated albumin (GA), visceral adipose tissue-derived serpin (vaspin), retinol binding protein 4 (RBP4) and nicotinamide phosphoribosyl transferase (Nampt). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective(s): Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic large intestinal condition, for treatment and prevention of which sulfasalazine (SSZ) is used. It functions by helping to reduce inflammation and other disease symptoms within the bowels, but this drug has many side effects. Various novel paths for UC treatment are being studied to solve the difficulties associated with present treatments and to design a more targeted therapy. Hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (HAP-NPs) form an inorganic portion of the natural bone and are primarily used in tissue engineering due to their anti-inflammatory and anti-toxicity character. This study aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory character of sulfasalazine-containing HAP (SSZ-HAP-NPs) as a potential therapeutic agent. Materials and Methods: The therapeutic efficacy of SSZ-HAP-NPs compared with SSZ as a standard drug was examined in a mouse model of colitis by induction of DSS for 7 days. Drugs were given on the third day and continued for seven days. Colonic mucosal inflammation was evaluated clinically, biochemically, and histologically. Results: Our results showed that SSZ-HAP-NPs clinically improved signs/symptoms more than SSZ, however, it was not statistically significant (P>0.05). Also, SSZ-HAP-NPs diminished histopathological evidence of injury, by decreasing inflammatory responses and balancing oxidative/anti-oxidative markers in colonic tissues (P>0.05). Conclusion: SSZ-HAP-NPs could be more effective than SSZ as standard drug in some laboratory and clinical signs/symptoms and side effects in colitis and this could be a good strategy for future studies to use nanoparticles with more anti-inflammatory effects to develop the efficiency of standard drugs in colitis treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal phosphides, especially aluminum phosphide, and phosphine (PH3) are widely used as insecticides and rodenticides for protection of grains during process of storage and transportation. The main reason of poisoning with this compound is related to the conscious ingestion of salts or accidental inhalation of PH3. So the early and accurate diagnosis of poisoning can significantly help to the effective clinical treatment or recognition of death cause. PH3 is somewhat unstable due to reaction with oxygen or hemoglobin leading to formation of oxy‐acids phosphorous. Here, we critically reviewed the literature introducing the quantitative and qualitative methods for the detection of metal phosphides, PH3, and its products. This study obviously demonstrates that during past years, different diagnosis methods have been remarkably progressed. Head‐space gas chromatography and confirmatory colorimetric methods have been as the most popular techniques. Also, the gas sensors are a promising method that must be more progressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Vitamin D deficiency (VDD) affects more than one billion individuals globally. We aimed to review all the published papers on vitamin D deficiency in in the country. Method: PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, Scopus, Science direct and scientific information databases were searched for papers related to the prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency for all age groups in Iran from 2000 to 2018. The Joanna Briggs Institute prevalence critical appraisal tool was applied for the assessment of the methodological quality of these studies. The Meta-analysis is based on the random effect model using Comprehensive Meta-analysis data analysis. Results: Eighty-seven original articles reported on participants with vitamin D insufficiency in Iran. According to the meta-analysis of the prevalence of moderately deficient of vitamin D in men and women as well as younger and older individuals (>18 years) using a cut-off point of 25(OH) D3<20 ng/mL was 39% and 51%, respectively. Vitamin D concentrations <30 ng/mL among Iranian populations in the cities of Tehran, Shiraz, Mashhad, and Zahedan were reported to be higher than 90%. The prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency in Iranian women was higher than in men in various age groups. The highest prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency in neonates, children, adults and pregnant women was observed in the Middle East. Most countries had a high prevalence of VDD in elderly people. Conclusion: Vitamin D insufficiency is common in the Iranian population and is an important public health problem that should be considered seriously. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) are chronic severe complications of diabetes disease and remain a worldwide clinical challenge with social and economic consequences. Diabetic wounds can cause infection, amputation of lower extremities, and even death. Several factors including impaired angiogenesis, vascular insufficiency, and bacterial infections result in a delayed process of wound healing in diabetic patients. Treatment of wound infections using traditional antibiotics has become a critical status. Thus, finding new therapeutic strategies to manage diabetic wounds is urgently needed. Nanotechnology has emerged as an efficient approach for this purpose. This review aimed to summarize recent advances using nanotechnology for the treatment of diabetic wounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reliable and precise quantification of 25‐hydroxyvitamin D3 in clinical samples is vital because vitamin D3 deficiency lead to several disorders, such as mental illness, osteoporosis, and coronavirus disease. Herein, we report the fabrication of a novel electrochemical aptasensor using a nanocomposite, including reduced graphene oxide, pyrrole, and l‐cysteine, for the sensitive detection of 25‐hydroxyvitamin D3. Subsequently, the aptamer of 25‐hydroxyvitamin D3 was immobilized on the surface of the modified electrode. Differential pulse voltammetry signals were utilized for studying the binding and measurement of 25‐hydroxyvitamin D3 based on the oxidation peak. Under the optimum conditions, the designed electrochemical aptasensor exhibited a linear detection range of 0.001–150 nM, with a limit of detection of 0.006 nM. Furthermore, the proposed aptasensor selectively detected 25‐hydroxyvitamin D3 compared to other analogs. Moreover, this aptasensor was successfully applied for the detection of 25‐hydroxyvitamin D3 in human serum samples, which were quantified by the enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay method. The acceptable recoveries of 82.67%–111.07% demonstrated that this proposed electrochemical aptasensor can be a promising alternative for clinical methods of vitamin D determination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pathophysiological, epidemiological and genetic studies convincingly showed lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) to be a causal mediator of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). This happens through a myriad of mechanisms including activation of innate immune cells, endothelial cells as well as platelets. Although these certainties whether or not Lp(a) is ready for prime-time clinical use remain debated. Thus, remit of the present review is to provide an overview of different methods that have been employed for the measurement of Lp(a). The methods include dynamic light scattering, multi-angle light scattering analysis, near-field imaging, sedimentation, gel filtration, and electron microscopy. The development of multiple Lp(a) detection methods is vital for improved prediction of ASCVD risk., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright: © 2023 Termedia & Banach.)

Reliable and precise quantification of 25-hydroxyvitamin D 3 in clinical samples is vital because vitamin D 3 deficiency lead to several disorders, such as mental illness, osteoporosis, and coronavirus disease. Herein, we report the fabrication of a novel electrochemical aptasensor using a nanocomposite, including reduced graphene oxide, pyrrole, and l-cysteine, for the sensitive detection of 25-hydroxyvitamin D 3 . Subsequently, the aptamer of 25-hydroxyvitamin D 3 was immobilized on the surface of the modified electrode. Differential pulse voltammetry signals were utilized for studying the binding and measurement of 25-hydroxyvitamin D 3 based on the oxidation peak. Under the optimum conditions, the designed electrochemical aptasensor exhibited a linear detection range of 0.001-150 nM, with a limit of detection of 0.006 nM. Furthermore, the proposed aptasensor selectively detected 25-hydroxyvitamin D 3 compared to other analogs. Moreover, this aptasensor was successfully applied for the detection of 25-hydroxyvitamin D 3 in human serum samples, which were quantified by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. The acceptable recoveries of 82.67%-111.07% demonstrated that this proposed electrochemical aptasensor can be a promising alternative for clinical methods of vitamin D determination., (© 2023 International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc.)