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TeV haloes are a recently discovered class of very high energy gamma-ray emitters. These sources consist of extended regions of multi-TeV emission, originally observed around the two well-known and nearby pulsars, Geminga and PSR B0656+14 (Monogem), and possibly, with different degrees of confidence, around few more objects with similar age. Since their discovery, TeV haloes have raised much interest in a large part of the scientific community, for the implications their presence can have on a broad range of topics spanning from pulsar physics to cosmic ray physics and dark matter indirect searches. In this article, we review the reasons of interest for TeV haloes and the current status of observations. We discuss the proposed theoretical models and their implications, and conclude with an overlook on the prospects for better understanding this phenomenon., Comment: 54 pages, 14 figures. Riv. Nuovo Cim. (2024)

This paper is a corrigendum to the paper by Beigi et al. published at HPCA 2023 https://doi.org/10.1109/HPCA56546.2023.10071066. The HPCA paper presented a detailed field data analysis of faults observed at scale in DDR4 DRAM from two different memory vendors. This analysis included a breakdown of fault patterns or modes. Upon further study of the data, we found a bug in how we decoded errors based on the logged row-bank-column address. Specifically, we found that some errors that occurred in one column were mis-interpreted as occurring in two non-adjacent columns. As a result of this, some single-bit faults were misclassified as partial-row faults (i.e., two-bit faults). Similarly, some single-column faults were misclassified as two-column faults. The result of these misclassification errors is that the proportion of single-bit faults is higher than reported in the paper, with a commensurate reduction in the fraction of certain types of multi-bit faults. These misclassifications also slightly change the Failure In Time (FIT) per DRAM device values presented in the original paper. In this corrigendum, we provide an updated version of the relevant tables and figures and point out the corresponding page numbers and references in the original paper that they replace.

Quantum few-body systems are deceptively simple. Indeed, with the notable exception of a few special cases, their associated Schrodinger equation cannot be solved analytically for more than two particles. One has to resort to approximation methods to tackle quantum few-body problems. In particular, variational methods have been proposed to ease numerical calculations and obtain precise solutions. One such method is the Stochastic Variational Method, which employs a stochastic search to determine the number and parameters of correlated Gaussian basis functions used to construct an ansatz of the wave function. Stochastic methods, however, face numerical and optimization challenges as the number of particles increases. We introduce a family of gradient variational methods that replace stochastic search with gradient optimization. We comparatively and empirically evaluate the performance of the baseline Stochastic Variational Method, several instances of the gradient variational method family, and some hybrid methods for selected few-body problems. We show that gradient and hybrid methods can be more efficient and effective than the Stochastic Variational Method. We discuss the role of singularities, oscillations, and gradient optimization strategies in the performance of the respective methods.

Low-lying states of $^{94}$Zr were investigated via low-energy multi-step Coulomb excitation. From the measured $\gamma$-ray yields, 13 reduced transition probabilities between low-spin states were determined, together with the spectroscopic quadrupole moments of the $2_{1,2}^+$ states. Based on this information, for the first time in the Zr isotopic chain, the shapes of the $0_{1,2}^+$ states including their deformation softness were inferred in a model-independent way using the quadrupole sum rules approach. The ground state of $^{94}$Zr possesses a rather diffuse shape associated with a spherical configuration, while the $0_2^+$ state is oblate and more strongly deformed. The observed features of shape coexistence in $^{94}$Zr are in agreement with Monte-Carlo shell-model predictions, and the present results are vital to refine the IBM-CM description of the Zr isotopes around $A\approx 100$ in terms of an intertwined quantum phase transition., Comment: 6 pages, 3 figures

The $\mathrm{H}_2$ ionisation rate in the Central Molecular Zone, located in the Galactic Centre region, is estimated to be $\zeta\sim2\times10^{-14}~\mathrm{s}^{-1}$, based on observations of H$_3^+$ lines. This value is 2-3 orders of magnitude larger than that measured anywhere else in the Galaxy. A high cosmic-ray density has been invoked to explain the unusually high ionisation rate. However, this excess is not seen in the $\gamma$-ray emission from this region, which is produced by high-energy cosmic rays. Therefore, an excess is expected only in the low-energy cosmic-ray spectrum. Here, we derive constraints on this hypothetical low-energy component in the cosmic-ray spectra and we question its plausibility. To do so, we solve numerically the cosmic-ray transport equation in the Central Molecular Zone, considering spatial diffusion, advection in the Galactic wind, reacceleration in the ambient turbulence, and energy losses due to interactions with matter and radiation in the interstellar medium. We derive stationary solutions under the assumption that cosmic rays are continuously injected by a source located in the Galactic Centre. The high-energy component in the cosmic-ray spectrum is then fitted to available $\gamma$-ray and radio data, and a steep low-energy component is added to the cosmic-ray spectrum to explain the large ionisation rates. We find that injection spectra of $p^{-7}$ for protons below $p_{enh,p}c\simeq780~\mathrm{MeV}$ and $p^{-5.2}$ for electrons below $p_{enh,e}c=1.5~\mathrm{GeV}$ are needed to reach the observed ionisation rates. This corresponds to an extremely large cosmic-ray power of the order $\sim10^{40-41}~\mathrm{erg}\,\mathrm{s}^{-1}$ injected at the Galactic Centre. We conclude that cosmic rays alone can not explain the high ionisation rates in the Galactic Centre region.

The objective of this study was to characterize hemodynamic changes during trans-vascular stimulation of the renal nerve and their dependence on stimulation parameters. We employed a stimulation catheter inserted in the right renal artery under fluoroscopic guidance, in pigs. Systolic, diastolic and pulse blood pressure and heart rate were recorded during stimulations delivered at different intravascular sites along the renal artery or while varying stimulation parameters (amplitude, frequency, and pulse width). Blood pressure changes during stimulation displayed a pattern more complex than previously described in literature, with a series of negative and positive peaks over the first two minutes, followed by a steady state elevation during the remainder of the stimulation. Pulse pressure and heart rate only showed transient responses, then they returned to baseline values despite constant stimulation. The amplitude of the evoked hemodynamic response was roughly linearly correlated with stimulation amplitude, frequency, and pulse width., Comment: 5 pages, 2 tables, 5 figures

The excited states of unstable $^{20}$O were investigated via $\gamma$-ray spectroscopy following the $^{19}$O$(d,p)^{20}$O reaction at 8 $A$MeV. By exploiting the Doppler Shift Attenuation Method, the lifetime of the 2$^+_2$ and 3$^+_1$ states were firmly established. From the $\gamma$-ray branching and E2/M1 mixing ratios for transitions deexciting the 2$^+_2$ and 3$^+_1$ states, the B(E2) and B(M1) were determined. Various chiral effective field theory Hamiltonians, describing the nuclear properties beyond ground states, along with a standard USDB interaction, were compared with the experimentally obtained data. Such a comparison for a large set of $\gamma$-ray transition probabilities with the valence space in medium similarity renormalization group ab-initio calculations was performed for the first time in a nucleus far from stability. It was shown that the ab-initio approaches using chiral EFT forces are challenged by detailed high-precision spectroscopic properties of nuclei. The reduced transition probabilities were found to be a very constraining test of the performance of the ab-initio models., Comment: Supplemental Material available

This work identifies 18 foundational challenges in assuring the alignment and safety of large language models (LLMs). These challenges are organized into three different categories: scientific understanding of LLMs, development and deployment methods, and sociotechnical challenges. Based on the identified challenges, we pose $200+$ concrete research questions.

The spin-orbit splitting between neutron 1$p$ orbitals at $^{33}$Si has been deduced using the single-neutron-adding ($d$,$p$) reaction in inverse kinematics with a beam of $^{32}$Si, a long-lived radioisotope. Reaction products were analyzed by the newly implemented SOLARIS spectrometer at the reaccelerated-beam facility at the National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory. The measurements show reasonable agreement with shell-model calculations that incorporate modern cross-shell interactions, but they contradict the prediction of proton density depletion based on relativistic mean-field theory. The evolution of the neutron 1$p$-shell orbitals is systematically studied using the present and existing data in the isotonic chains of $N=17$, 19, and 21. In each case, a smooth decrease in the separation of the $1p_{3/2}$-$1p_{1/2}$ orbitals is seen as the respective $p$-orbitals approach zero binding, suggesting that the finite nuclear potential strongly influences the evolution of nuclear structure in this region., Comment: 10 pages, 5 figures

The availability of high-intensity, heavy-ion beams coupled to sensitive, large solid-angleacceptance spectrometers has enabled a detailed examination of the fission fragments produced in induced-fission reactions. The abrasion-fission process involves the formation of projectile-like prefragments in violent nuclear collisions at relative energies in excess of 100 MeV/u. At intermediate energies below this threshold, experiments suggest a change in the prefragment kinematic qualities. Information regarding the influence of this transitional phase upon the evolution of nuclei approaching the point of scission is scarce. In this article, data are presented for over 200 nuclei from nickel to palladium produced in abrasion-fission reactions of a 80 MeV/u 238U beam. Cross sections were obtained following yield measurements performed for the principal charge states of the identified fission fragments and a detailed analysis of the ion transmission. A full kinematic analysis of the fission fragments has been performed using the LISE++ software package, where the trajectory of an ion passing through a spectrometer can be reconstructed based upon measurements at the focal plane. The results obtained at the S800 spectrograph are compared with predictions obtained with a three-fission progenitor (3EER) model. Systematic studies of fission-fragment properties continue to provide a valuable experimental benchmark for theoretical efforts directed toward describing this complex decay channel, that is important in the context of planning experiments to explore the neutron-rich region of the nuclear chart at rare-isotope beam facilities., Comment: 14 pages, 18 figures

Recent measurements revealed the presence of several features in the cosmic ray spectrum. In particular, the proton and helium spectra exhibit a spectral hardening at $\approx$ 300 GV and a spectral steeping at $\approx$ 15 TV, followed by the well known knee-likefeature at $\approx$ 3 TV. The spectra of heavier nuclei also harden at $\approx$ 300 GV, while no claim can be currently done about the presence of the $\approx$ 15 TV softening, due to low statistics. In addition, the B/C ratio flattens at $\approx$ 1 TeV/n. We present a novel scenario for cosmic ray sources and transport in the Galaxy that may explain all of the observed spectral features. The proposed scenario is based mainly on two assumptions. First, in the Galactic disk, where magnetic field lines are mainly oriented along the Galactic plane, particle scattering is assumed to be very inefficient. Therefore, the transport of cosmic rays from the disk to the halo is set by the magnetic field line random walk induced by large scale turbulence. Second, we propose that the spectral steepening at $\approx$ 15 TV is related to the typical maximum rigidity reached in the acceleration of cosmic rays by the majority of supernova remnants, while we assume that only a fraction of sources, contributing to $\approx$ 10-20% of the cosmic ray population, can accelerate particles up to $\sim$ PV. We show that, within this framework, it is possible to reproduce the proton and helium spectra from GV to multi-PV, and the p/He ratio, the spectra of cosmic ray from lithium to iron, the $\bar{p}$ flux and the $\bar{p}$/p ratio and the abundance ratios B/C, B/O, C/O, Be/C, Be/O, Be/B. We also discuss the $^{10}$Be/ $ ^9$Be ratio in view of the recent AMS02 preliminary measurements., Comment: 23 pages, 12 figures

Multi-nucleon transfer reaction between 136Xe beam and 198Pt target was performed using the VAMOS++ spectrometer at GANIL to study the structure of n-rich nuclei around N=126. Unambiguous charge state identification was obtained by combining two supervised machine learning methods, deep neural network (DNN) and positional correction using a gradient-boosting decision tree (GBDT). The new method reduced the complexity of the kinetic energy calibration and outperformed the conventional method, improving the charge state resolution by 8%

The Indian monsoon brings around 80% of the annual rainfall over the summer months June--September to the Indian subcontinent. The timing of the monsoon onset and the associated rainfall has a large impact on agriculture, thus impacting the livelihoods of over one billion people. To improve forecasting the monsoon on sub-seasonal timescales, global climate models are in continual development. One of the key issues is the representation of convection, which is typically parametrised. Different convection schemes offer varying degrees of performance, depending on the model and scenario. Here, we propose a method to compute a convective timescale, which could be used as a metric for comparison across different models and convection schemes. The method involves the determination of a vertical convective flux between the lower and upper troposphere through moisture budget analysis, and then relating this to the total column moisture content. The method is applied to a WRF model simulation of the 2016 Indian monsoon, giving convective timescales that are reduced by a factor of 2 when the onset of the monsoon occurs. The convective timescale can also be used as an indicator of monsoon transitions from pre-onset to full phase of the monsoon, and to assess changes in monsoon phases under future climate scenarios., Comment: 21 pages, 9 Figures plus 10 Supplementary Figures

This work documents the initial 3D calculations to simulate the coupling between radio-frequency (RF) waves and plasma in discharges of the SPIDER device. Axisymmetric 3D calculations in the plasma domain alone compare well against equivalent 2D cases. A model of SPIDER driver, the cylindrical chamber where the plasma is heated by the RF drive, is then defined including the metallic parts of the Faraday shield, insulator and vacuum layer up to the RF winding (not included in the calculation domain). Estimates of the power share in the different parts are obtained using experimental conditions and plasma data. The results are sensitive to the particular geometry of the driver and the temperature of the Faraday shield, but generally agree with the experimental knowledge. The ratio between total delivered power and plasma absorbed power is found, depending on the plasma parameters, in the range 30--45\%, Comment: Extended version of paper submitted for publication in Journal of Instrumentation (special issue: NIBS 2022 conference, Padua (Italy), October 2022)

Excited states in the $T_z = 0, -1$ nuclei $^{62}$Ga and $^{62}$Ge were populated in direct reactions of relativistic radioactive ion beams at the RIBF. Coincident \grays were measured with the DALI2$^+$ array and uniquely assigned to the $A=62$ isobars. In addition, $^{62}$Ge was also studied independently at JYFL-ACCLAB using the ${}^{24}$Mg(${}^{40}$Ca,$2n$)${}^{62}$Ge fusion-evaporation reaction. The first excited $T=1, J^\pi =2^+$ states in $^{62}$Ga and $^{62}$Ge were identified at $979(1)$ and $965(1)$~keV, respectively, resolving discrepant interpretations in the literature. States beyond the first $2^+$ state in $^{62}$Ge were also identified for the first time in the present work. The results are compared with shell-model calculations in the $fp$ model space. Mirror and triplet energy differences are analyzed in terms of individual charge-symmetry and charge-independence breaking contributions. The MED results confirm the shrinkage of the $p$-orbits' radii when they are occupied by at least one nucleon on average., Comment: aceepted Phys. Lett. B

Galaxy clusters are expected to be dark matter (DM) reservoirs and storage rooms for the cosmic-ray protons (CRp) that accumulate along the cluster's formation history. Accordingly, they are excellent targets to search for signals of DM annihilation and decay at gamma-ray energies and are predicted to be sources of large-scale gamma-ray emission due to hadronic interactions in the intracluster medium. We estimate the sensitivity of the Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA) to detect diffuse gamma-ray emission from the Perseus galaxy cluster. We perform a detailed spatial and spectral modelling of the expected signal for the DM and the CRp components. For each, we compute the expected CTA sensitivity. The observing strategy of Perseus is also discussed. In the absence of a diffuse signal (non-detection), CTA should constrain the CRp to thermal energy ratio within the radius $R_{500}$ down to about $X_{500}<3\times 10^{-3}$, for a spatial CRp distribution that follows the thermal gas and a CRp spectral index $\alpha_{\rm CRp}=2.3$. Under the optimistic assumption of a pure hadronic origin of the Perseus radio mini-halo and depending on the assumed magnetic field profile, CTA should measure $\alpha_{\rm CRp}$ down to about $\Delta\alpha_{\rm CRp}\simeq 0.1$ and the CRp spatial distribution with 10% precision. Regarding DM, CTA should improve the current ground-based gamma-ray DM limits from clusters observations on the velocity-averaged annihilation cross-section by a factor of up to $\sim 5$, depending on the modelling of DM halo substructure. In the case of decay of DM particles, CTA will explore a new region of the parameter space, reaching models with $\tau_{\chi}>10^{27}$s for DM masses above 1 TeV. These constraints will provide unprecedented sensitivity to the physics of both CRp acceleration and transport at cluster scale and to TeV DM particle models, especially in the decay scenario., Comment: 93 pages (including author list, appendix and references), 143 figures. Submitted to JCAP

Work on scaling laws has found that large language models (LMs) show predictable improvements to overall loss with increased scale (model size, training data, and compute). Here, we present evidence for the claim that LMs may show inverse scaling, or worse task performance with increased scale, e.g., due to flaws in the training objective and data. We present empirical evidence of inverse scaling on 11 datasets collected by running a public contest, the Inverse Scaling Prize, with a substantial prize pool. Through analysis of the datasets, along with other examples found in the literature, we identify four potential causes of inverse scaling: (i) preference to repeat memorized sequences over following in-context instructions, (ii) imitation of undesirable patterns in the training data, (iii) tasks containing an easy distractor task which LMs could focus on, rather than the harder real task, and (iv) correct but misleading few-shot demonstrations of the task. We release the winning datasets at https://inversescaling.com/data to allow for further investigation of inverse scaling. Our tasks have helped drive the discovery of U-shaped and inverted-U scaling trends, where an initial trend reverses, suggesting that scaling trends are less reliable at predicting the behavior of larger-scale models than previously understood. Overall, our results suggest that there are tasks for which increased model scale alone may not lead to progress, and that more careful thought needs to go into the data and objectives for training language models., Comment: Published in TMLR (2023), 39 pages

SPIDER is the prototype ion source of MITICA, the full-size neutral beam heating system conceived for the ITER tokamak. It includes eight drivers to heat and sustain the inductively coupled plasma (ICP). Owing to their near cylindrical symmetry, the coupling between the radio-frequency (RF) active currents and the source plasma is studied using a 2D electromagnetic approach with simplified expressions for the plasma electrical conductivity taken from the literature. The power absorbed by the plasma and the effect of the induced plasma currents in lowering the inductance of the driver are based on data from the dedicated S16 experimental campaign (y.~2020) of SPIDER: plasma electron densities on the order of $10^{18}$ m$^{-3}$, electron temperatures $\sim 10$ eV; neutral gas pressure $\sim 0.3$ Pa and up to $50$ kW of net power per driver. It is found that the plasma conductivity cannot be explained by the friction forces associated to local collisional processes alone. The inclusion of an effective collisionality associated to non-local processes seems also insufficient to explain the experimental information. Only when the electrical conductivity is reduced where the RF magnetic field is more intense, can the heating power and driver inductance be acceptably reproduced. We present the first 2D electromagnetic ICP calculations in SPIDER for two types of plasma, without and with the addition of a static magnetic field. The power transfer efficiency to the plasma of the first drivers of SPIDER, in view of these models, is around 50%, Comment: 33 pages, 13 figures

Flare frequency distributions represent a key approach to addressing one of the largest problems in solar and stellar physics: determining the mechanism that counter-intuitively heats coronae to temperatures that are orders of magnitude hotter than the corresponding photospheres. It is widely accepted that the magnetic field is responsible for the heating, but there are two competing mechanisms that could explain it: nanoflares or Alfv\'en waves. To date, neither can be directly observed. Nanoflares are, by definition, extremely small, but their aggregate energy release could represent a substantial heating mechanism, presuming they are sufficiently abundant. One way to test this presumption is via the flare frequency distribution, which describes how often flares of various energies occur. If the slope of the power law fitting the flare frequency distribution is above a critical threshold, $\alpha=2$ as established in prior literature, then there should be a sufficient abundance of nanoflares to explain coronal heating. We performed $>$600 case studies of solar flares, made possible by an unprecedented number of data analysts via three semesters of an undergraduate physics laboratory course. This allowed us to include two crucial, but nontrivial, analysis methods: pre-flare baseline subtraction and computation of the flare energy, which requires determining flare start and stop times. We aggregated the results of these analyses into a statistical study to determine that $\alpha = 1.63 \pm 0.03$. This is below the critical threshold, suggesting that Alfv\'en waves are an important driver of coronal heating., Comment: 1,002 authors, 14 pages, 4 figures, 3 tables, published by The Astrophysical Journal on 2023-05-09, volume 948, page 71

SPIDER operation, started in 2018, pointed out performance-limiting issues caused by the technology employed in RF generators, based on tetrode free-running oscillators. One of these limits, namely the onset of frequency instabilities, prevented operation at the full rated power of 200 kW. In addition, tetrodes require high voltage to operate, which translates to risk of flashovers and the necessity to perform conditioning procedures, limiting the overall reliability. These disadvantages, combined with the positive experience gained in the meanwhile on smaller facilities with solid state amplifiers, led to the proposal of a complete re-design of the radiofrequency power supplies. This paper describes the modelling activities used to define specifications and design criteria of the solid-state amplifiers for SPIDER and MITICA, which can be directly transposed to the ITER HNB units when their functionality is proven. We detail the topology of the generators, consisting of class D amplifier modules combined to achieve the required 200 kW, which design is mainly driven by the necessity to deliver nominal power to the ion source, mitigate the risk of obsolescence, and improve the reliability through modularity. Due to the non-standard application, we gave particular focus to the integration of generators in the RF systems of SPIDER and MITICA. Numerical analyses were performed to verify the impact of harmonic distortion on transmission line and RF load components, to address the effect of mutual coupling between RF circuits on the generator output modulation, and to assess the magnitude of common mode currents in the electric system. These studies, as well as the experience gained from SPIDER operation, helped to define dedicated circuit design provisions and control strategies, which are currently being implemented in the detailed design and construction phase of the new RF amplifiers.

SPIDER is the full-scale prototype of the ion source of the ITER Heating Neutral Beam Injector, where negative ions of Hydrogen or Deuterium are produced by a RF generated plasma and accelerated with a set of grids up to ~100 keV. The Power Supply System is composed of high voltage dc power supplies capable of handling frequent grid breakdowns, high current dc generators for the magnetic filter field and RF generators for the plasma generation. During the first 3 years of SPIDER operation different electrical issues were discovered, understood and addressed thanks to deep analyses of the experimental results supported by modelling activities. The paper gives an overview on the observed phenomena and relevant analyses to understand them, on the effectiveness of the short-term modifications provided to SPIDER to face the encountered issues and on the design principle of long-term solutions to be introduced during the currently ongoing long shutdown., Comment: 8 pages, 12 figures. Presented at SOFT 2022

ITER envisages the use of two heating neutral beam injectors plus an optional one as part of the auxiliary heating and current drive system. The 16.5 MW expected neutral beam power per injector is several notches higher than worldwide existing facilities. A Neutral Beam Test Facility (NBTF) was established at Consorzio RFX, exploiting the synergy of two test beds, SPIDER and MITICA. SPIDER is dedicated to developing and characterizing large efficient negative ion sources at relevant parameters in ITER-like conditions: source and accelerator located in the same vacuum where the beam propagates, immunity to electromagnetic interferences of multiple radio-frequency (RF) antennas, avoidance of RF-induced discharges on the outside of the source. Three years of experiments on SPIDER have addressed to the necessary design modifications to enable full performances. The source is presently under a long shut-down phase to incorporate learnings from the experimental campaign. Parallelly, developments on MITICA, the full-scale prototype of the ITER NBI featuring a 1 MV accelerator and ion neutralization, are underway including manufacturing of in-vessel components, while power supplies and auxiliary plants are already under final testing and commissioning. Integration, commissioning and tests of the 1MV power supplies are essential for this first-of-kind system, unparalleled both in research and industry field. The integrated test to confirm 1MV output by combining invertor systems, DC generators and transmission lines extracted errors/accidents in some components. To realize a concrete system for ITER, solutions for the repair and the improvement of the system were developed. Hence, NBTF is emerging as a necessary facility, due to the large gap with existing injectors, effectively dedicated to identify issues and find solutions to enable successful ITER NBI operations in a time bound fashion.

In this work we perform electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) of freestanding graphene with high energy and momentum resolution to disentangle the quasielastic scattering from the excitation gap of Dirac electrons close to the optical limit. We show the importance of many-body effects on electronic excitations at finite transferred momentum by comparing measured EELS with ab initio calculations at increasing levels of theory. Quasi-particle corrections and excitonic effects are addressed within the GW approximation and Bethe-Salpeter equation, respectively. Both effects are essential in the description of the EEL spectra to obtain a quantitative agreement with experiments, with the position, dispersion, and shape of both the excitation gap and the $\pi$ plasmon being significantly affected by excitonic effects.

We summarize the second radio synchrotron background workshop, which took place June 15-17, 2022 in Barolo, Italy. This meeting was convened because available measurements of the diffuse radio zero level continue to suggest that it is several times higher than can be attributed to known Galactic and extragalactic sources and processes, rendering it the least well understood electromagnetic background at present and a major outstanding question in astrophysics. The workshop agreed on the next priorities for investigations of this phenomenon, which include searching for evidence of the Radio Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect, carrying out cross-correlation analyses of radio emission with other tracers, and supporting the completion of the 310 MHz absolutely calibrated sky map project., Comment: 34 pages, 19 figures, 3 tables, accepted to PASP, updated to in press version

The South and East Asian summer monsoons are globally significant meteorological features, creating a strongly seasonal pattern of precipitation. The stability of the monsoon is of extreme importance for a vast range of ecosystems and for the livelihoods of a large share of the world's population. Simulations are performed with an intermediate complexity climate model, PLASIM, to assess the future response of the monsoons to changing concentrations of aerosols and greenhouse gases. The aerosol loading consists of a mid-tropospheric warming and a surface cooling, which is applied to India, Southeast Asia and East China, both concurrently and independently. The primary effect of increased aerosol loading is a decrease in summer precipitation in the vicinity of the applied forcing, although the regional response varies significantly. The decrease in precipitation is only partially ascribable to a decrease in the precipitable water, and instead derives from a reduction of the precipitation efficiency, due to changes in the stratification of the atmosphere. When the aerosol loading is added in all regions simultaneously, precipitation in East China is most strongly affected, with a quite distinct transition to a low precipitation regime as the radiative forcing increases beyond 60 W/m^2. The response is less abrupt as we move westward, with precipitation in South India being least affected. This lower sensitivity in South India is attributed to aerosol forcing over East China. Additionally, the effect on precipitation is approximately linear with the forcing. The impact of doubling carbon dioxide levels is to increase precipitation over the regions and weaken the circulation. When the carbon dioxide and aerosol forcings are applied at the same time, the carbon dioxide forcing partially offsets the surface cooling and reduction in precipitation associated with the aerosol response., Comment: 37 pages, 14 figures plus 12 Supplementary figures

Cosmic rays are the only agent able to penetrate into the interior of dense molecular clouds. Depositing (part of) their energy through ionisation, cosmic rays play an essential role in determining the physical and chemical evolution of star-forming regions. To a first approximation their effect can be quantified by the cosmic-ray induced ionization rate. Interestingly, theoretical estimates of the ionization rate assuming the cosmic-ray spectra observed in the local interstellar medium result in an ionization rate that is one to two orders of magnitude below the values inferred from observations. However, due to the discrete nature of sources, the local spectra of MeV cosmic rays are in general not representative for the spectra elsewhere in the Galaxy. Such stochasticity effects have the potential of reconciling modelled ionization rates with measured ones. Here, we model the distribution of low-energy cosmic-ray spectra expected from a statistical population of supernova remnants in the Milky Way. The corresponding distribution for the ionization rate is derived and confronted with data. We find that the stochastic uncertainty helps with explaining the surprisingly high ionization rates observed in many molecular clouds., Comment: Galactic cosmic-ray maps at different energies added for illustration

Identifying, classifying, and analyzing arguments in legal discourse has been a prominent area of research since the inception of the argument mining field. However, there has been a major discrepancy between the way natural language processing (NLP) researchers model and annotate arguments in court decisions and the way legal experts understand and analyze legal argumentation. While computational approaches typically simplify arguments into generic premises and claims, arguments in legal research usually exhibit a rich typology that is important for gaining insights into the particular case and applications of law in general. We address this problem and make several substantial contributions to move the field forward. First, we design a new annotation scheme for legal arguments in proceedings of the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) that is deeply rooted in the theory and practice of legal argumentation research. Second, we compile and annotate a large corpus of 373 court decisions (2.3M tokens and 15k annotated argument spans). Finally, we train an argument mining model that outperforms state-of-the-art models in the legal NLP domain and provide a thorough expert-based evaluation. All datasets and source codes are available under open lincenses at https://github.com/trusthlt/mining-legal-arguments., Comment: to appear in Artificial Intelligence and Law