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New electrocoagulation (EC) method by alternative anode–cathode Al-Al (aluminium–aluminium) electrodes was used to reduce COD in petrochemical wastewater. No report of alternative electrocoagulation using switching electrocoagulation (SEC) has been published. The effect of voltage and current density (consumption energy), switching time, total time and the number of electrodes were investigated, and the removal efficiency, isotherms and kinetic data were calculated. Then, the process was optimised with the response surface methodology (RSM) and statistically significant factors, which affect the removal efficiency identified based on the Box–Behnken design (BBD). The interactions between voltage and switching time, and total time on the COD removal were statistically significant for both, two and four Al-Al electrodes. From the analysis of variance (ANOVA), quadratic models have been employed for COD removal, showing high coefficients of determination (R2) of 0.9692 and 0.9442 for Al-Al electrodes. The optimum conditions for voltage, switching time and total time is 5 V, 15 s and 10 min, respectively, where 98.09% of COD removal by Al-Al could be obtained. Optimised COD removal per cent per energy consumption was 8.9396%/kJ. Biodegradability improvement confirmed by COD, total dissolved solids (TDS) and surface area analysis (BET) of the raw and treated wastewater showed removal and/or demand of aluminium and metal cations and other pollutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, in situ electrodeposition of Zn─Al‐layered double hydroxides (Zn─Al‐LDHs) on the surface of pencil graphite substrate were practiced with interlayer modification by ibuprofen. The prepared composite increases the efficiency of the proposed method by increasing the level of interaction between the sorbent and the selected analytes including acetylsalicylic acid and naproxen (NAP) in real sample. Eventually, the extracted target analytes were injected into high‐performance liquid chromatography ultraviolet (HPLC‐UV) for their measurement. The experimental design including PBD and BBD was implemented to obtain the maximize efficiency and optimal condition for extraction of the target analytes. Therefore, in optimal conditions, limits of detection of 0.33–0.64 µg L−1, linear dynamic range (LDR) of 1–100 µg L−1 (with r2 > 0.9934), and limits of quantification (LOQs) of 1.1–2.1 µg L−1 were obtained for target analytes by SPME‐HPLC‐UV. The intra‐day relative standard deviation (RSD%) were found to range in 3.90%–5.30% (4.90%–6.80%) at concentration of 5–50 µg L−1 (2–10 µg L−1). According to obtained result, the relative recovery was calculated between 90% and 109%. Therefore, the obtained results showed that the selected method has a suitable performance for the preconcentration and extraction of acetylsalicylic acid and NAP in biological samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, an amino-functionalized covalent organic framework was synthesized and accommodated in the pores of porous hollow fiber. In this context, tetra (4-aminophenyl) porphyrin was synthesized for preparing the desired covalent organic framework as the extracting sorbent and employed for hollow fiber solid-phase microextraction of tebuconazole and propiconazole. With respect to the amino groups of the as-synthesized porphyrin-based covalent organic framework, the extracting device has the ability of establishing a hydrogen bond with the selected model analytes. Under the optimum condition, the linear range of the method for both analytes were estimated in the range of 0.5-200 µg L -1 (the coefficient of determination of 0.9962 for tebuconazole and 0.9990 for propiconazole). The limits of detection of the method for tebuconazole and propiconazole were calculated to 0.02 µg g -1 and 0.03 µg g -1 , respectively. The limits of quantification of the method were also estimated for two analytes equal to 0.07 and 0.08 µg g -1 , respectively. The intra- and inter-day relative standard deviations, which fell between 1.8% and 4.7%, were computed to assess the accuracy of the suggested approach. The proposed method was used for the extraction and determination of tebuconazole and propiconazole in tomato, cucumber, apple, cabbage, and carrot, which the obtained results showed the success of the method in extracting and determining of these analytes from the target samples., (© 2025 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)