1. Wet deposition in the remote western and central Mediterranean as a source of trace metals to surface seawater
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Paola Formenti, Karine Desboeufs, François Dulac, Araceli Rodríguez-Romero, Pascal Zapf, Antonio Tovar-Sánchez, Julie Disnaquet, Chiara Giorio, Jean-François Doussin, Cécile Guieu, Sylvain Triquet, Franck Maisonneuve, Anaïs Feron, Matthieu Bressac, Franck Fu, Patrick Chazette, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (France), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer, Commissariat à l'Ènergie Atomique et aux Ènergies Alternatives (France), Météo-France, Bressac, Matthieu, Tovar-Sánchez, Antonio, Giorio, Chiara, Chazette, Patrick, Julie Dinasquet, Rodríguez-Romero, Araceli, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA (UMR_7583)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies [Hobart] (IMAS), University of Tasmania [Hobart, Australia] (UTAS), Laboratoire d'océanographie de Villefranche (LOV), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de la Mer de Villefranche (IMEV), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute of Marine Sciences of Andalusia (ICMAN), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Laboratoire Chimie de l'environnement (LCE), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Chimie Atmosphérique Expérimentale (CAE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO - UC San Diego), University of California [San Diego] (UC San Diego), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC), The authors wish to thank Thierry Alix, the captain of the R/V Pourquoi Pas?, as well as the whole crew and technical staff for their involvement in the scientific operation. We gratefully thank Thibaut Wagener for his involvement in the trace metals clean marine sampling and Mickaël Tharaud for the HRICP-MS analysis. We thank the Leosphere technical support team and especially Alexandre Menard for their remote assistance with lidar repair under difficult offshore conditions. Hélène Ferré and the AERIS/SEDOO service are acknowledged for real-time collection during the cruise of maps from operational satellites and forecast models used in this study, with appreciated contributions from EUMETSAT and AERIS/ICARE for the MSG/SEVIRI products. EUMETNET is acknowledged for providing the pan-European weather radar composite images through its OPERA programme.We acknowledge the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Air Resources Laboratory (ARL) for the provision of the HYSPLIT (HYbrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory) model, via the NOAA ARL READY website (http://ready.arl.noaa.gov, last access: 11 February 2022), used in this publication. This study is a contribution to the PEACETIME project (http://peacetime-project.org, last access: 5 April 2021), a joint initiative of the MERMEX and ChArMEx programmes supported by CNRS-INSU, IFREMER, CEA and Météo-France as part of the decadal meta-programme MISTRALS coordinated by CNRS-INSU. PEACETIME was endorsed as a process study by GEOTRACES and is also a contribution to IMBER and SOLAS international programmes. The authors gratefully thank Rachel Shelley and the anonymous reviewer for their useful comments and critiques that have contributed to improving the manuscript., Giorio, Chiara [0000-0001-7821-7398], Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository, Observatoire océanologique de Villefranche-sur-mer (OOVM), and Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
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0106 biological sciences ,Mediterranean climate ,Biogeochemical cycle ,Atmospheric Science ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,QC1-999 ,Mineral dust ,01 natural sciences ,Atmosphere ,Mediterranean sea ,3708 Oceanography ,14. Life underwater ,[SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment ,QD1-999 ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,[SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere ,13 Climate Action ,010604 marine biology & hydrobiology ,Physics ,37 Earth Sciences ,Particulates ,14 Life Below Water ,6. Clean water ,Chemistry ,Deposition (aerosol physics) ,13. Climate action ,Environmental chemistry ,3701 Atmospheric Sciences ,Environmental science ,Seawater - Abstract
This study reports the only recent characterization of two contrasted wet deposition events collected during the PEACETIME (ProcEss studies at the Air–sEa Interface after dust deposition in the MEditerranean Sea) cruise in the open Mediterranean Sea (Med Sea) and their impact on trace metal (TM) marine stocks. Rain samples were analysed for Al, 12 TMs (Co, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Ti, V and Zn) and nutrient (N, P, dissolved organic carbon) concentrations. The first rain sample collected in the Ionian Sea (Rain ION) was a typical regional background wet deposition event, whereas the second rain sample collected in the Algerian Basin (Rain FAST) was a Saharan dust wet deposition event. Even in the remote Med Sea, all background TM inputs presented an anthropogenic signature, except for Fe, Mn and Ti. The concentrations of TMs in the two rain samples were significantly lower compared to concentrations in rains collected at coastal sites reported in the literature, due to the decrease in anthropogenic emissions during the preceding decades. The atmospheric TM inputs were mainly dissolved forms, even in dusty Rain FAST. The TM stocks in the mixed layer (ML, 0–20 m) at the FAST station before and after the event showed that the atmospheric inputs were a significant supply of particulate TMs and dissolved Fe and Co for surface seawater. Even if the wet deposition delivers TMs mainly in soluble form, the post-deposition aerosol dissolution could to be a key additional pathway in the supply of dissolved TMs. At the scale of the western and central Mediterranean, the atmospheric inputs were of the same order of magnitude as ML stocks for dissolved Fe, Co and Zn, highlighting the role of the atmosphere in their biogeochemical cycles in the stratified Med Sea. In case of intense dust-rich wet deposition events, the role of atmospheric inputs as an external source was extended to dissolved Co, Fe, Mn, Pb and Zn. Our results suggest that the wet deposition constitutes only a source of some of dissolved TMs for Med Sea surface waters. The contribution of dry deposition to the atmospheric TM inputs needs to be investigated., This study is a contribution to the PEACETIME project (http://peacetime-project.org; last access: 5 April 2021), a joint initiative of the MERMEX and ChArMEx programmes supported by CNRS-INSU, IFREMER, CEA and Météo-France as part of the decadal meta-programme MISTRALS coordinated by CNRS-INSU.
- Published
- 2022
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