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The aroma volatile compounds in tomatoes are strongly linked to taste and flavor. Commercial tomato varieties, however, generally lack flavor. Tomato breeding programs have therefore started to focus on increasing the flavor-enhancing volatiles, which can be more easily altered than the sugar content. Analytical efforts that identify key flavor volatiles are therefore an important part of tomato improvement programs. Based on this real-world goal, an upper-level undergraduate analytical laboratory exercise has been developed that utilizes solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to characterize tomato volatiles. Students adsorb volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and a spiked internal standard onto SPME fibers, and these volatiles are thermally desorbed in a gas chromatograph--mass spectrometer (GC-MS) for identification and quantification. VOCs from hybrid heirloom tomatoes (open-pollinated, older cultivars not bred for industrial agriculture) and store-bought tomatoes are compared and normalized to the internal standard, and students determine which volatiles contribute to positive (and negative) taste perceptions. The laboratory exercise has been employed successfully in our Instrumental Analysis course over three years. Using previously obtained data, the exercise was also modified for remote (Zoom) laboratory learning. The experimental protocol is robust with few technical issues, and students produce replicable data. Because students can relate easily to the subject matter of the research, engagement is high. A large, complex data set is produced in this exercise, and students learn to draw conclusions from this data set that mimic real-world, authentic research.

The aim of this dossier is to examine how the charge of treason is made. Why label an individual a traitor, or describe an act as treason? What are the benefits? And under what conditions can the operation of disqualification succeed? Treason can take place on an interpersonal level, in the form of a breach of informal norms, or as a judicial qualification. Each time, it fulfils a function: it reconfigures the contours of a group or the modalities of a social relationship by sanctioning a defection, reclassified as a sin, crime or fault. Certain agents profit from this reclassification. From the betrayed word to the breach of state security, and from the sixteenth to the twentieth century, this dossier endeavours to offer a common reading of treason as an observatory of social configurations and normative regimes over time

Structural inequities in graduate education perpetuate inequity for students with historically minoritized identities. This paper reviews previous reports of inequities faced by students with minoritized identities and suggests a path forward for improving equitable access to doctoral study. Specifically, this paper suggests investing in the scholarship of teaching and learning while using Gardner’s model of doctoral student development to provide targeted support at different levels of operation: the institution, the department, and the individual. Evidence for suggested supports is also provided and a call for further research on the effects of such programs for recruitment, retention, and graduation of minoritized students is made.