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Abstract Background ROS1‐ and ALK‐rearranged advanced NSCLCs are associated with increased thromboembolic risk. We hypothesized that a prothrombotic phenotype offers an evolutionary advantage to subsets of these cancers. The impact of this phenotype could alter outcomes from targeted therapy. Methods In a retrospective analysis of ROS1‐ and ALK‐rearranged NSCLCs treated with crizotinib in a phase 1 trial, we compared progression‐free survival (PFS) and objective response rate (ORR) based on the history of anticoagulation use (a possible surrogate of thromboembolism) at baseline (within 90 days before study enrollment) or within 90 days of study treatment. Results Twelve out of 53 (22.6%) ROS1‐ and 39 out of 153 (25.5%) ALK‐rearranged NSCLCs received anticoagulation before or during the trial. Most ROS1 and ALK patients on anticoagulation received low‐molecular‐weight heparin (75% and 64.1%, respectively). In the ROS1‐rearranged group, the median PFS (95% CI) values were 5.1 (4.4–14.4) and 29.0 (16.5–48.8) months, and the ORR values were 41.7% (95% CI: 15.2 to 72.3) and 80.5% (95% CI: 65.1 to 91.2) among those with and without anticoagulation treatment, respectively. In the ALK‐rearranged group, the median PFS (95% CI) was 7.1 (5.4–7.7) and 12.0 (9.4–18.3) months, and the ORR was 41% (95% CI: 25.6 to 57.9) and 74.3% (95% CI: 65.3 to 82.1) among those with and without anticoagulation, respectively. Conclusions Anticoagulation (as a potential surrogate of a prothrombotic subset) in ROS1‐ and ALK‐rearranged NSCLCs may be associated with a lower PFS and ORR to crizotinib. ClinicalTrial.gov: NCT00585195.

Abstract The ALK in Lung Cancer Trial of brigAtinib in First Line (ALTA‐1L) compared brigatinib versus crizotinib in anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) inhibitor‐naive patients with ALK+ non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). A population pharmacokinetic (PK) model was used to estimate brigatinib exposures for exposure‐efficacy and exposure‐safety analyses in ALTA‐1L. A previously developed population PK model for brigatinib was applied to estimate brigatinib PK parameters. Relationships between static (time‐independent) and dynamic (time‐varying) exposure metrics and efficacy (progression‐free survival [PFS], objective response rate [ORR], and intracranial ORR [iORR]) and safety outcomes (selected grade ≥2 and grade ≥3 adverse events [AEs]) were evaluated using logistic regression and time‐to‐event analyses. There were no meaningful differences in brigatinib PK in the first‐line and second‐line settings, supporting use of the previous population PK model for the first‐line population. Exposure‐response analyses showed no significant effect of time‐varying brigatinib exposure on PFS. Brigatinib exposure was not significantly related to ORR, but higher exposure was associated with higher iORR (odds ratio: 1.13, 95% confidence interval: 1.01–1.28, p = 0.049). Across the observed median exposure (5th–95th percentile) at steady state for 180 mg once daily, the predicted probability of iORR was 0.83 (0.58–0.99). AEs significantly associated with higher exposure were elevated lipase (grade ≥3) and amylase (grade ≥2). Time to first brigatinib dose reduction was not related to exposure. These results support the benefit‐risk profile of first‐line brigatinib 180 mg once daily (7‐day lead‐in dose at 90 mg once daily) in patients with ALK+ NSCLC.