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The study aimed to determine the content of 17 elements (Al, As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, Sr, and Zn) in samples of sheep milk, cheese, and whey (36 samples in total) collected from a farm in an environmentally burdened area due to the long-term mining and industrial activity in Slovakia as well as to determine the possible risk of consumption via health risk assessment calculations. Consumption of 120 g of milk, 500 g of milk, 20 g of cheese, and 100 g of cheese were used in calculations for children and adults, respectively. According to the results, concentrations of four elements are controversial. Lead concentrations in all types of samples exceeded the maximum permissible lead limit in milk set by European Union legislation. The content of Se and As is problematic for children’s consumption, and the target hazard quotient for As and Al is higher than one (considered potentially not safe) in all scenarios. According to the target system approach, lead concentrations in milk and cheese could adversely influence the nervous system and kidneys of adults’ and children’s developmental and reproductive systems. Considering the worst-case scenario, consuming sheep milk and cheese from the monitored areas could represent a risk and be potentially harmful to human health, mainly for children. However, further monitoring of the levels of elements and concentrations in environmentally burdened areas and more robust data on consumption are needed.

Milk and dairy products are an important part of the human diet for numerous reasons. Goat milk is higher in the content of elements such as K and Ca. Nowadays, consumption of goat milk and goat dairy products increases because of better digestion and therapeutic value. However, goat milk can contain heavy metals and trace elements as well which can harm human health. The content of 22 elements in sixty-nine samples of goat milk, whey, three types of cheese, and yogurt from the ecological farm in region Orava and conventional farm in region Stredné Považie in Slovakia was measured in this study. The highest concentration of four elements Ca, K, Mg, and Na in samples of goat products was found. In our study, significant statistical differences (P < 0.05) were found only in levels of K, Ca, Li and Na when comparing milk samples from organic and conventional farm. Concentrations of K (1260.50 mg/kg), Li (0.02 mg/kg) and Na (293.46 mg/kg) were higher in samples from ecological farm, while concentration of Ca (1344.65 mg/kg) was higher in samples from conventional farm. Toxic elements were present in trace amounts or under the limit of detection. The consumption of goat milk and goat dairy products from monitored farms can be considered as safe and beneficial for human health regardless of the way of farming. According to the highest level of strontium in hard ripening cheese, frequent regular consumption should be considered for children as a preventive measure for development of bone health.

The work deals with the histological and morphometric description of regressive changes in the mammary glands of swine after lactation. Samples of mammary glands of thoracic, abdominal and pubic udders were taken soon after they were killed. Samples were processed by histological and histochemical methods and evaluated by subjective and quantitative morphometrical methods. It was found that post-lactation increases the relative volume of connective stroma up to 75.10 ± 14.76 % of collagen in the tissue falls to 74.13 ± 14.87 % and the loose connective tissue, which was part of glandular parenchyma lobules accounts for only 0.97 ± 2.13%. Adipose tissue is 18.93 ± 14.93% of the udders volume.. Relative of glandular parenchyma fell to 5.97 ± 4.95% and mainly consists of a interlobular and lobar ducts and atrophic alveoli. Epithelium is generally in the mammary glands 4.22 ± 3.56% and lumen 1.75 ±1.81%. 1 cm3 of tissue in the mammary glands located 190745.52 tubuloalveolar structures. Alveoli reach an average size of 36.80 ± 11.57 µm. It was found relative volume of the walls (epithelium) and cavities (lumen) of each alveolus, the amount of epithelial cells and the nucleocytoplasmic ratio. The individual building components mammary glands were calculated correlation relations.

The study considers the effect of white and monochromatic light on the hatching of the hybrid ROSS 208 chickens. The chicken embryos were most sensitive to white light, reaching the hatching time of 499.80±2.65 hours, the hatchability of 95.08±2.43 %, and an average weight of the hatched chickens 47.17±3.08 g. Of the monochromatic lights, the chicken embryos were most sensitive to yellow light with the hatching time of 501.16±1.84 hours, the hatchability of 94.97±1.92% and average weight of hatched chicken 45.88±2.32g. The least reaction of chicken was observed with blue light, with the hatching time of 506.74±1.57 hours, hatchability 92.11±2.18 % and average weight of hatched chicken 42.13±2.07 g. The influence of blue light brings the same effects as we observed in the case of hatching in darkness when the hatching time reached 505.76 ± 2.15 hours, hatchability 91.62±1.62 % and an average weight of hatched chicken 41.73±1.95 g.

The aim of this study was to describe the changes in cholinesterase activity in separate doses and after co-administration of cadmium and diazinon intraperitoneally and to assess toxicity and interactions of diazinon and cadmium on the nervous system in male rats. 40 male rats were randomly divided into three experimental and one control group (10 rats in each group). Blood analyzes were performed 36 hours after an intraperitoneal administration of observed compounds. The statistical evaluation of the results showed significantly (P < 0.01) reduced activity of cholinesterase in all experimental groups. The enzyme activity decreased from the control value 3.69 μkat/L to 1.81 μkat/L (diazinon group), 1.83 μkat/L (cadmium group) and 1.35 μkat/L (cadmium+diazinon group). These results indicate that both cadmium and diazinon are potent to manifest the neurotoxic effects. Moreover, a synergistic effect of the co-administered cadmium and diazinon in the nervous system has been observed.

In this paper we described a morphometric comparison of lactating mammary glands of pigs, depending on their location. As experimental animals were used five pig breeds White Meat at the age of 24 months. Anatomical dissection and sampling of the mammary glands of thoracic, abdomen and pubic udders for histological processing and subsequent quantitative morphometric evaluation were taken after killing the animals. It was found that glandular parenchyma, stroma connective tissue and adipose tissue in the mammary glands of the thoracic, abdomen and pubic udders quantitative evenly distributed regardless of udder location. It was found that the epithelium, lumen, collagenous tissue and loose connective tissue in the mammary glands of the thoracic, abdomen and pubic udders of swine quantitative evenly distributed regardless of their location. The average size of glandular alveolar parenchyma varied from 122.46 μm ± 45.73 μm to 138.47 ± 33.16 μm, which were not found statistically significant differences of the average size of alveoli between udders. The average abundance of the alveoli in the 1 cm3 of tissue of the mammary glands was 226 933, 08 161 ± 136.27, because not all the alveoli were the same size. There was no difference in abundance of the alveoli between udders. It found the percentage of small, medium and large alveoli. Also, the relative volume of the walls (epithelium) and cavity (lumen) alveoli is balanced in all udders and unrelated to their location. Negative correlations between the abundance and size of the alveoli were found.

The aim of this study was ultrastructural study of mitochondria in epithelial secretory cells in mammary glands of rabbits during lactation and regression stages. Our results using conventional transmission electron microscopy has shown that the mitochondria are relatively changed during the various mammary gland development stages.We found that the average relative volume of mitochondria achieves 12.530±3.127% of cytoplasm volume in the stage of lactation. During regression mitochondrial relative volume decreased to 3.583±1.626% of the cytoplasm. This difference compared to lactation is statistically significant (p

The aim of this study was to find the structural changes in the testis and semen quality parameters of rat after a single intraperitoneal and repeated peroral selenium administration. Rats were killed 36 hours following the intraperitoneal administration of selenium selenite (2 mg.kg-1 b.w.; 98% purity) and after 90 days of the peroral repeated administration of selenium in drinking water (5 mg.l-1). Testis samples were evaluated by histological and morphometrical methods in light microscopy. Evaluation of semen samples were examined with CASA method. 36 hours after the selenium i.p. administration, damage of cellular associations, release of necrotised epithelial cells to tubule lumen and fibrotisation and extension of interstitium were observed. Morphometry methods have shown the reduction of seminiferous epithelium volume (P

The aim of this work was to evaluate the microscopic changes in the small intestine of rats after administration of the pollen addition in diet. Experimental groups A, B and C (10 rats each) were given the addition of pollen in concentration of 0.2%, 0.5% and 0.75%, respectively for 90 days in food. Using the quantitative morphometrical methods, statistically significant increase of intestinal villi length (p

The aim of this study was to find the distribution of nickel chloride (II) in selected rat organs after an experimental administration. Forty Wistar male rats were divided into three experimental and one control groups (10 rats each). Animals in group A were intraperitoneally dosed with NiCl2 at a single dose of 25 mg/kg b.w., in group B with 35 mg/kg b.w., and killed 48 hours after nickel (Ni) administration. Rats in group P were dosed orally with Ni (100 mg/l) in drinking water for 90 days. Ten males served as the control group (C) without Ni administration. Distribution of Ni was evaluated in kidneys, muscle (m. quadriceps femoris), liver and testis by electro thermal atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The significant increase in Ni concentration was found in the kidney in group A (p