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ABSTRACT: Mule ducks accumulate a large amount of fat in their livers when fed high-energy feed, which is predominantly used for producing fatty livers. Nevertheless, there is limited research on the molecular mechanisms underlying the formation of fatty liver in mule ducks. Fatty acid translocase (CD36) is a sensor for fatty acids and lipid metabolism regulator, which may play a crucial role in the accumulation of fat in the liver of mule ducks. In this study, Overexpression and CD36 gene interference for 24 h was followed by induction of liver cells with 400 µmol/L palmitic acid (PA) for 24 h. The results demonstrated that CD36 overexpression increased hepatic triglyceride content, lipid droplet deposition, oxidative stress, and cell apoptosis. However, interference with CD36 had the opposite effect. CD36 overexpression suppressed the expression of AMPK and CPT-1A genes but enhanced the expression of ACC1 and LKB1 genes, with interference yielding contrasting results. Additionally, the expression of CD36 inhibited the AMPK pathway, reduced AMPK phosphorylation, downregulated AMPK protein expression, and upregulated SREBP1 protein expression. This promoted palmitic acid-induced hepatocyte fat accumulation. In summary, CD36 promotes palmitic acid-induced fat accumulation in primary mule duck liver cells through the AMPK signaling pathway.

In this article, the whole fruit of acerola cherry (Malpighia glabra L.) was used as the raw material, which was crushed using a wet ultrafine grinding method. The influence of different crushing time on the physicochemical properties and active ingredient content of the whole pulp of acerola cherry were studied and compared, and the best crushing time was determined. The results showed that when the crushing time was more than 40 s, the particle size distribution of the whole pulp of coniferous cherry was mainly 0~300 μm. With the extension of crushing time, the turbidity of fruit pulp increased, the centrifugal sedimentation rate decreased, the fiber structure in the whole pulp of coniferous cherry was short and fine, and the solution was evenly distributed, the pH value had a slight downward trend, the content of soluble solids had no significant change trend. The chromaticity L*, a*, b*, color saturation C*, and total color difference ΔE and non-browning index BI values increased first and then decreased. When the crushing time increased from 0 s to 60 s, the vitamin C, total phenolic and total flavonoid content increased from 3742.66 mg/100 g, 24.18 and 4.79 mg/g to 5073.38 mg/100 g, 28.44 and 5.42 mg/g, respectively. In conclusion, the whole fruit processing of coniferous cherry can improve the utilization rate of resources. This experiment provides a theoretical basis for the utilization of the whole fruit, and also provides a reference for its practical application.

In this study, virgin coconut oil gels with different hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and xanthan gum (XG) concentrations were prepared by the emulsion template method. The particle size distribution, microstructure observation, rheological behavior, oil retention and crystallinity were used to investigate the influence of HPMC and XG concentration on the formation and physical properties of virgin coconut oil emulsion and oleogel. The particle size analysis and microstructure results showed that high-concentration HPMC had better emulsification performance, and a stable emulsion with smaller oil droplet size was obtained. The change of XG concentration had no significant effect on the oil droplet size. The rheological results showed that the mechanical strength of emulsions and oleogels increased with the increase of HPMC or XG concentration, and all oleogels showed a time-dependent and structural recovery. The oil loss results showed that the increase in HPMC concentration had a particularly significant impact on the oleogel oil loss, the change range was reduced from 19.6% to 3.6%. The increase in XG concentration also reduced the oil loss from 9.62% to 4.4%. However, the change of HPMC and XG concentration had no significant effect on the XRD pattern of oleogels. This study provides a theoretical basis for the construction of virgin coconut oil gel, and also provides a reference for its practical application.