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Abstract The current limitations in utilizing metal-organic frameworks for (photo)electrochemical applications stem from their diminished electrochemical stability. In our study, we illustrate a method to bolster the activity and stability of (photo)electrocatalytically active metal-organic frameworks through ligand engineering. We synthesize four distinct mixed-ligand versions of zeolitic imidazolate framework-67, and conduct a comprehensive investigation into the structural evolution and self-reconstruction during electrocatalytic oxygen evolution reactions. In contrast to the conventional single-ligand ZIF, where the framework undergoes a complete transformation into CoOOH via a stepwise oxidation, the ligand-engineered zeolitic imidazolate frameworks manage to preserve the fundamental framework structure by in-situ forming a protective cobalt (oxy)hydroxide layer on the surface. This surface reconstruction facilitates both conductivity and catalytic activity by one order of magnitude and considerably enhances the (photo)electrochemical stability. This work highlights the vital role of ligand engineering for designing advanced and stable metal-organic frameworks for photo- and electrocatalysis.

This study implies finding the linkages among financial inclusion, non-performing loans (NPLs), and economic growth. The study uses large panel data of 21 Organization for Economic Corporation and Development (OECD) countries for the dynamic panel estimation by using the Driscoll-Kraay standard errors with fixed effect. The results of the dynamic panel estimation technique revealed the existence of a long-run relationship among financial inclusion, NPLs, and economic growth. Financial inclusion contributes positively to economic growth by reducing NPLs. Furthermore, NPLs negatively impact financial inclusion as well as economic growth. The study presents important policy recommendations to control NPLs and boost the level of financial inclusion in the selected economies.

CO2 injection into oil reservoirs is expected to achieve enhanced oil recovery along with the benefit of carbon storage, while the application potential of this strategy for shale reservoirs is unclear. In this work, a numerical model for multiphase flow in shale oil reservoirs is developed to investigate the impacts of nano-confinement and oil composition on shale oil recovery and CO2 storage efficiency. Two shale oils with different maturity levels are selected, with the higher-maturity shale oil containing lighter components. The results indicate that the saturation pressure of the lower-maturity shale oil continues to increase with increasing CO2 injection, while that of the higher-maturity shale oil continues to decrease. The recovery factor and CO2 storage rate for higher-maturity shale oil after CO2 huff-n-puff are 12.02% and 44.76%, respectively, while for lower-maturity shale oil, these are 4.41% and 69.33%, respectively. These data confirm the potential of enhanced oil recovery in conjunction with carbon storage in shale oil reservoirs. Under the nanoconfinement impact, a decrease in the oil saturation in the matrix during production is reduced, which leads to a significant increase in oil production and a significant decrease in gas production. The oil production of the two kinds of shale oil is comparable, but the gas production of higher-maturity shale oil is significantly higher. Nano-confinement shows a greater impact on the bubble point pressure of higher-maturity shale oil and a more pronounced impact on the production of lower-maturity shale oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]