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Background: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is common in cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) recipients. It is a marker of impaired CRT response mainly mediated by the reduction of effectively captured biventricular paced beats (BiVp). There are no randomized trials comparing strategies to maintain high BiVp percentage., Objective: To compare the efficacy of rhythm vs rate control strategies in CRT recipients with long-standing persistent AF., Methods: We performed a randomized trial including CRT recipients with persistent AF resulting in low BiVp%. All patients received amiodarone, the rhythm control group received external electrical cardioversion (EC), and the rate control group received atrioventricular node ablation, if needed. The primary end-point was 12-month BiVp% (NCT)., Results: 43 patients were included in the analysis. The mean age was 68.4 (SD: ± 8.3) years and the mean BiVp% 82.4% ± 9.7%. AF lasted 25 ± 19 months. The mean baseline left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), left atrium area, and the maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) were: 30 ± 8%, 33 ± 7 cm 2 , and 14 ± 5 mL/(kg*min), respectively. The EC success rate was 58%. 38% patients remained in sinus rhythm (SR) after 12 months. BiVp% increased similarly in both arms reaching 99% [95% CI 97.3-99.8] and 98% [94.0-99.0], P = 0.14 in rhythm and rate control groups, respectively. LVEF raised significantly only in the rhythm control group (ΔLVEF 4.1 (± 7.3), P = 0,018) which was driven by the patients who maintained SR. No differences in VO2max, QoL, clinical and safety end-points were observed., Conclusion: Despite comparable BiVp% in both groups, only restoration of SR led to improved left ventricular ejection fraction in CRT patients with long-standing AF., Trial Registration: NCT01850277 registered on 22/04/2013., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

While sudden cardiac death (SCD) in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is due to arrhythmias, the guidelines for prediction of SCD are based solely on non-electrophysiological methods. This study aims to stimulate thinking about whether the interests of patients with HCM are better served by using current, 'risk factor', methods of prediction or by further development of electrophysiological methods to determine arrhythmic risk. Five published predictive studies of SCD in HCM, which contain sufficient data to permit analysis, were analysed to compute receiver operating characteristics together with their confidence bounds to compare their formal prediction either by bootstrapping or Monte Carlo analysis. Four are based on clinical risk factors, one with additional MRI analysis, and were regarded as exemplars of the risk factor approach. The other used an electrophysiological method and directly compared this method to risk factors in the same patients. Prediction methods that use conventional clinical risk factors and MRI have low predictive capacities that will only detect 50-60% of patients at risk with a 15-30% false positive rate [area under the curve (AUC) = ∼0.7], while the electrophysiological method detects 90% of events with a 20% false positive rate (AUC = ∼0.89). Given improved understanding of complex arrhythmogenesis, arrhythmic SCD is likely to be more accurately predictable using electrophysiologically based approaches as opposed to current guidelines and should drive further development of electrophysiologically based methods., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest: R.C.S. is a director of a company developing novel electrophysiological equipment for risk prediction in post-MI patients, and N.S.P. is a shareholder in the same company. All remaining authors have declared no conflicts of interest. P.D.B. and E.R.B. are editors of EP Europace and were not involved in the peer review process or publication decision., (© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Society of Cardiology.)

Background: The aim of this study was to compare differences between Polish ICD recipients and ICD recipients from other European countries in terms of quality of life, information provision before ICD implantation, and end-of-life issues., Methods: This is a sub-analysis of the "Living with an ICD" patient survey (25-item questionnaire) organized by the European Heart Rhythm Association between 12 April 2021 and 5 July 2021 in ten European countries., Results: There were 410 (22.7%) patients from Poland and 1399 (77.3%) from other European countries. A total of 51.0% of Polish patients reported improvement in their quality of life compared with 44.3% in other countries ( p = 0.041). Remote monitoring was three times more often utilized in other countries than in Poland (66.8% vs. 21.0%, p < 0.001). While 78.1% of Poles felt well informed before ICD implantation compared with 69.6% of subjects from other countries ( p = 0.001), they were less familiar with the ICD deactivation process than others (38.9% vs. 52.5%, p < 0.001)., Conclusions: Despite the less frequent use of remote monitoring and gaps in end-of-life issues, Polish ICD recipients reported more favorable quality of life and a higher level of information received before device placement than patients in other European countries.

Purpose: To compare effectiveness of different treatments for atrial fibrillation (AF) patients who were scheduled for cardioversion (CV) or ablation (CA) presenting with left atrium appendage (LAA) thrombus despite chronic oral anticoagulation therapy (OAC)., Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study. We analyzed 2014-2019 medical records of patients scheduled for CV or CA of AF who were diagnosed with LAA thrombus despite optimal OAC and had a follow-up transesophageal echocardiogram (TOE). Changes in treatment were divided into the following groups: switch to a drug with different mechanism of action, switch to a drug with similar mechanism of action, initiation of combination therapy, or deliberate no change in treatment. Patients with contraindications to non-vitamin K antagonists were excluded from the analysis., Results: We analyzed data of 129 patients comprising 181 cycles of treatment. The overall effectiveness of LAA thrombus dissolution was 51.9% regardless of the number of cycles and 42.6% for the first cycle of treatment. Any change of treatment was more effective than deliberate no change-OR 2.97 [95% CI: 1.07-8.25], P = 0.031, but no particular strategy seemed to be more effective than the other. Left atrium area (OR 0.908 [95% CI: 0.842-0.979]) and number of treatment cycles (OR 0.457 [95% CI: 0.239-0.872]) were both adversely related to thrombus resolution. There was one ischemic and three bleeding adverse events during the treatment., Conclusion: LAA thrombus resolution in patients already on OAC may require a change of previous OAC treatment but the overall effectiveness of dissolution seems to be about 50%., (© 2021. The Author(s).)

The aim of the study was to systematically review evidence on the effectiveness and safety of oral mexiletine administered in monotherapy or in combination with other antiarrhythmic drugs for recurrent ventricular arrhythmia (ventricular tachycardia/ventricular fibrillation, VT/VF) in adult patients with structural heart disease (SHD) and implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs). We systematically searched MEDLINE, Embase, and CENTRAL databases from inception to 27 August 2021 for prospective and retrospective studies investigating mexiletine in the target population. The main outcome was the reduction of ICD therapy. The main safety outcome was the presence of any serious adverse events (SAEs) leading to mexiletine discontinuation. Study quality was assessed using the Cochrane risk of bias tool or the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. Four studies comprising 86 mexiletine recipients were included in the review. We also obtained individual data of 50 patients from two studies. Ischaemic cardiomyopathy (ICM) was present in 86% of patients. The quality of included studies was moderate/low. A narrative review was undertaken as studies varied widely in terms of study population and treatment. Across studies, mexiletine treatment (with or without amiodarone) seemed to consistently reduce the number of ICD therapies especially in a population where catheter ablation (CA) was unsuccessful or contraindicated. In ICM patients deemed eligible for CA, mexiletine seemed to be inferior to CA. Mexiletine was discontinued in 14% of cases, mainly for gastrointestinal or neurological SAE. Mexiletine seems to be an option for the long-term treatment of recurrent VT/VF in adult patients with SHD, especially ICM, and ICD in whom CA was unsuccessful or not suitable., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest: None declared., (© The Author(s) 2022. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Society of Cardiology. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Introduction: There is insufficient evidence on the efficacy and safety of pharmacological cardioversion of recent‑onset atrial fibrillation (AF) in elderly patients. Antazoline has been shown to be effective and safe in various patient populations., Objectives: We aimed to compare the clinical efficacy and safety of intravenous antazoline for pharmacological cardioversion of recent‑onset AF between patients aged 75 years or older and those younger than 75 years., Patients and Methods: This retrospective analysis was conducted using data derived from emergency room medical records of patients referred for pharmacological cardioversion due to symptomatic AF lasting less than 48 hours. The threshold for old age was set at 75 years. Conversion to sinus rhythm was considered the primary efficacy outcome. The primary safety outcome was defined as any adverse event requiring hospitalization., Results: The study included 334 participants, of whom 110 patients were aged 75 years or older (study group) and 224 patients were younger than 75 years (controls). Successful cardioversion was achieved using lower mean (SD) antazoline doses in the study group than in controls: 151 (59) mg vs 168 (58) mg (P = 0.039). Study and control groups showed a similar efficacy and safety of antazoline (78.2% and 68.3%, respectively; odds ratio [OR], 1.66; 95% CI, 0.98-1.31; P = 0.06) as well as hospitalization rates (0.9% and 4.0%, respectively; OR, 0.22; 95% CI, 0.03-1.75; P = 0.17)., Conclusions: Intravenous antazoline seems to be effective and safe for pharmacological cardioversion of recent‑onset AF in elderly patients in the emergency setting.

To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to compare the effectiveness and safety of cryoballoon ablation of atrial fibrillation (AF) performed using a single freeze strategy in comparison to an empiric double ('bonus') freeze strategy. We systematically searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, and CENTRAL databases from inception to 12 July 2020, for prospective and retrospective studies of patients undergoing cryoballoon for paroxysmal or persistent AF comparing a single vs. bonus freeze strategy. The main outcome was atrial arrhythmia-free survival and eligible studies required at least 12 months of follow-up; the primary safety outcome was a composite of all complications. Study quality was assessed using the Cochrane risk of bias tool and the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Thirteen studies (3 randomized controlled trials and 10 observational studies) comprising 3163 patients were eligible for inclusion (64% males, 71.5% paroxysmal AF, mean CHA2DS2-VASc score 1.3 ± 0.9). There was no significant difference in pooled effectiveness between single freeze strategy compared to double freeze strategy [relative risk (RR) 1.03; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.98-1.07; I2 = 0%]. Single freeze procedures were associated with a significantly lower adverse event rate (RR 0.72; 95% CI: 0.53-0.98; I2 = 0%) and shorter average procedure time (90 ± 27 min vs. 121 ± 36 min, P < 0.001). A trend for lower risk of persistent phrenic nerve palsy was observed (RR 0.61; 95% CI: 0.37-1.01; I2 = 0%). The quality of included studies was moderate/good, with no evidence of significant publication bias. Single freeze strategy for cryoballoon of AF is as effective as an empiric double ('bonus') freeze strategy while appearing safer and probably quicker (PROSPERO registration number CRD42020158696)., (Published on behalf of the European Society of Cardiology. All rights reserved. © The Author(s) 2021. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Background: Arrhythmia-mediated cardiomyopathy (AMC) is an essential clinical situation that is commonly underdiagnosed. Successful arrhythmia control leads to improvement in health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and heart failure (HF) symptoms in patients with structural heart disease (SHD)., Aims: The study aimed to evaluate the impact of catheter ablation (CA) of persistent arrhythmia on HRQoL, biochemical and clinical parameters HF in patients with SHD and AMC., Methods: Patients with SHD, on optimal medical treatment, with persistent arrhythmia and strong suspicion of AMC, scheduled for CA were prospectively enrolled. Study procedures included: HRQoL measurement (the Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire [MLHFQ] and the EuroQol Research Foundation [EQ-5D-3L] questionnaire), biomarkers (N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide [NT-proBNP], troponin T [TnT], matrix metalloproteinase-9 [MMP-9], soluble suppression of tumorigenesis-2 [sST2], tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-1 [TIMP-1]), transthoracic echocardiography and clinical assessment., Results: At 6 months, 30/35 (86%) patients were free of persistent arrhythmia. Patients who underwent successful CA had a significant improvement in HRQoL: MLHFQ (median [interquartile range, IQR], -22 [-28; -11]; P <0.001), EQ5D-3L score (mean [standard deviation], 21.8 (16.8); P <0.001); EQ5D-3L index (median [IQR], 0.09 (0.05; 0.18); P <0.001). A significant decrease in injury bio markers was observed: NT-proBNP (median [IQR], -414 [-1397; -318] pg/ml; P <0.001), TnT (median [IQR], -2.27 (-8.52; 0.55) ng/l; P <0.01) but not in fibrosis biomarkers: (median [IQR], sST2: 2.20 [-5.4; 4.3] ng/ml; P = 0.741, MMP-9: 34 [-376; 283] ng/ml; P = 0.881, TIMP-1: 11.1 [-17.1; 31.9] ng/ml; P = 0.215). There was a significant increase of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) (mean [SD], 9.8 [5.9] %; P <0.01)., Conclusions: Successful CA significantly improved clinical status, LVEF, and HRQoL of patients with SHD and AMC.