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The use of UHPC with fibers is becoming an increasingly common topic in the world. This material is used for its superior mechanical and physical properties and long service life. However, the production cost is high, hence UHPC is used for special applications or for smaller prefabricated parts. This paper focuses on UHPC application for the construction of the Štvanice Footbridge, Prague, the Czech Republic. A monolithic part of the structure was made of UHPC from fresh transport concrete, which was produced by Skanska Transbeton. The special feature is that about 126m3 of fresh concrete was industrially prepared. This concrete achieved the properties of SCC and the final 28 day compressive strength was 120MPa with tensile strength of 18.6MPa. Due to high hydration heat release rate, an internal water cooling system was designed and sucessfully appled using water from Vltava River. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This comprehensive review explores furfural production from agricultural residues, focusing on its significance as a low-volume, high-value asset crucial for environmental sustainability. It covers diverse production technologies, recent advancements, and applications in agriculture, evaluating furfural's potential to enhance crop resilience and yield. Showing its role in a circular economy, the review discusses how furfural can replace conventional petrochemical processes, thereby reducing environmental impact. Case studies, such as successful implementations with cotton biomass byproducts, illustrate furfural's practical applications and environmental benefits. The study underscores the need for ongoing research, supportive policies, and furfural's growing role in sustainable agriculture and industry. It is focused on furfural's essential contribution to promoting environmental stewardship and sustainable practices. By examining furfural's role as a value-added product from agricultural residues, this review provides insights into its economic viability and potential challenges.

Dairy farming is an important sector of agribusiness responsible for generating wealth and income for farmers of different sizes. Therefore, it is necessary to characterize the dairy properties to identify the level of technological development and knowledge of the sector. The aim of the study was to diagnose the level of knowledge of milk producers in the southern region of the state of Minas Gerais about the degree of technological development in the sector. The research is characterized by being descriptive with a quantitative approach, in which 112 milk producers from eight cities in the south of the state of Minas Gerais were interviewed. Therefore, we used the data analysis technique called cluster analysis, which allowed the formation of four groups of properties. It identified that, although there are producers with high knowledge and properties with high technological advances, small farms with a low degree of technological development and producers with little concern for the importance of knowledge for the development of the dairy activity predominate. It is concluded that the degree of technological development of dairy farms in the south of Minas Gerais is low, a condition that may expose properties to risks of continuity and/or development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In India, 40-45 per cent of the total acreage used for cereal crops under rice, which is the primary food crop for more than 70 per cent of the country's population. Punjab State known as the 'food bowl of India' contributed about 25 to 30 rice and 35 to 40 per cent wheat to the central pool during the last one decade. Under the prevailing conditions of free electricity supply to the farm sector and assured marketing of paddy in the state that makes paddy the most remunerative kharif season crop, the farmers are reluctant to move towards crop diversification. When used as an alternative to the conventional puddled transplanted rice (PTR), direct seeded rice (DSR) saves money, resources, time, and energy without sacrificing the environment. With this backdrop the present study was carried out in Punjab during 2021-2022 in Sri Mukatsar Sahib district having the highest area under the DSR. The area under DSR was 84.9 thousand hectares only forming about 3 per cent of the total area under paddy. Use of all the farm inputs was lower on DSR farms as compared to PTR farms except seed, plant protection chemicals (PPC) and micro-nutrients. DSR generated significant savings in the use of human labour (41%), machine (12.63%), fertilizers (15.06%) and irrigation water (15.90 %) in comparison to PTR. Groundwater productivity for PTR (Rs 7.33 per m3) was also lower than for DSR (Rs 8.61 per m3) as a result of much higher groundwater usage. In economic terms, the net returns over variable cost were higher by about 13 per cent in DSR than PTR because of lower variable costs for DSR. The cost in production of one kg grain using DSR was found to be lower by about 15 per cent than in PTR and the input energy involved in the same was Rs 7.84 MJ as compared to 8.86 MJ respectively. All this points to the fact that there is a strong need to generate more awareness of recommended DSR production practices among the farmers along with government initiatives like subsidizing the cost of DSR per acre and further research and development efforts which can help in rapid extension of area under the DSR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of UHPC with fibers is becoming an increasingly common topic in the world. This material is used for its superior mechanical and physical properties and long service life. However, the production cost is high, hence UHPC is used for special applications or for smaller prefabricated parts. This paper focuses on UHPC application for the construction of the Štvanice Footbridge, Prague, the Czech Republic. A monolithic part of the structure was made of UHPC from fresh transport concrete, which was produced by Skanska Transbeton. The special feature is that about 126m3 of fresh concrete was industrially prepared. This concrete achieved the properties of SCC and the final 28 day compressive strength was 120MPa with tensile strength of 18.6 MPa. Due to high hydration heat release rate, an internal water cooling system was designed and sucessfully appled using water from Vltava River.

Biodiesel outperforms diesel in emissions and engine performance. They burn efficiently in diesel engines and are eco‐friendly. Since cashew nut shell liquid (CNSO) is waste, commercial biodiesel production from it should be profitable. CNSO is cheap and can reduce cashew processing factory waste. From cashew kernels, CNSL is extracted using various mechanical, thermal, and solvent extraction techniques. This article examines current research into using cashew nutshell liquid biodiesel (CNSLBD) in diesel engines. The work also discusses Indian biodiesel demand, availability, export information, life cycle cost analysis, cost economics of per hectare yield, Indian government initiative of CNSO. This review also evaluates the viability of this fuel as an alternative energy source. CNSLBD is a prospective alternative fuel that has the potential to benefit both the cashew nut industry and the energy industry. In addition to this, the study examines the procedures for extracting CNSO. According to the findings of the study, CNSO is a prospective alternative fuel that has the potential to benefit both the cashew nut industry and the energy industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Publications on the issues of justification for the selection of optimal production solutions are extremely numerous, but all of them have not been comprehensive, as they have studied in isolation different aspects of this, in fact, holistic problem. Therefore, the purpose of the article was to develop a systematic approach to justifying the choice of what to produce, where to produce, how to produce, how much to produce and for whom to produce. Design/methodology/approach: Morphological analysis is used as the main research method. Findings: The paper proves that the justification of "what, where, how, how much and for whom" to produce should be carried out comprehensively, interdependently and mutually coordinated, since all these 5 parameters are optimized together within the limits of one task. The proposed sequence of actions will provide a systematic approach to justifying the choice of what to produce, where to produce, how to produce, how much to produce and for whom to produce. Research limitations/implications: In the further study of "what, where, how, how much and for whom" to produce, it is advisable to focus on the problems of the production range in the direction of the "set of goods", which should be produced in the appropriate places using the appropriate technologies, in the appropriate volumes, and for the appropriate sales markets. Practical implications: The use of research results in practice will improve the quality of substantiating the choice of optimal production solutions (what, where, how, how much and for whom to produce). This will have a positive impact on business development. Social implications: The results of the study can be used to improve state policy in the areas of spatial organization of the economy and technological development of the economy, which will have a positive effect on the quality of life of a society. Originality/value: The value of the article lies in the development of a systematic approach to justifying the choice of what to produce (which goods), where to produce (which location), how to produce (with the help of which technologies in each place), how much to produce (in what volume in each place), for whom to produce (for which markets in each location). The article is addressed to entrepreneurs, scientists who deal with the issue of justifying the choice of optimal solutions for the production of goods, as well as state institutions in the field of economic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Gazi Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi Part C: Tasarım ve Teknoloji is the property of Gazi University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In Ecuador, about 95.9% of dwellings are built with masonry, however the local production of bricks does not meet technical standards and there is no scientific research on its geometric characterization and the technical state of their production. The geometric characterization of bricks is essential for the standardization of materials and constructions and allows the design of structures with a higher degree of accuracy. This research, conducted in 12 provinces of the 3 continental regions of the country, where 79% of the buildings are concentrated, studies for the first time the geometric characteristics of solid clay bricks in Ecuador. The results show that 67% of the brick production in Ecuador is artisanal and 98% of the factories do not comply with the technical standards for brick production. The authors present the characteristic dimensions of solid bricks produced in different regions of Ecuador. The results show a high variation in brick dimensions depending on the region, and even in a same province the dimensions depend on the factory, since its production does not comply with any standard. Ecuadorian standards regulating brick geometry need to be updated taking into account the real characteristics of the national brick production.

In the 20th century, great attention in the world was paid to the study, exploration, development of natural gas deposits, which are ordinary (traditional) gas-containing accumulations of hydrocarbons. The limited and irreplaceable resources of free natural gas, the growing demand for this energy carrier inevitably forced in the 21st century to pay attention to the significant potential resources of natural gas contained in unconventional sources. These include coal-bearing methane, shale gas, water-dissolved gases of the underground and aboveground hydrosphere, natural gas hydrates. The authors discuss modern technologies for the development of natural gas hydrates, in particular the pilot development of the Nankai field on the shelf of Japan and a number of large deposits on the shelf of China. The results of scientific research are presented, as well as practical experience in the application of various methods of influencing deposits of unconventional hydrocarbons. The study introduces a number of key technical solutions for the development of gas hydrate deposits, such as sand control during extraction, artificial lifting, geological monitoring and environmental monitoring. The information and regulatory framework of the study reflects the current level of development of science and technology in the development of mineral deposits. The world and domestic experience in the development of technologies for the impact on unconventional hydrocarbon deposits in order to optimize and intensify the production process is reflected.

The global co-evolution of informational and military weapons (MW) is considered, from the standpoint of informatics-cybernetic modeling of the development of a self-controlling hierarchical-network system of Humankind, as one of the components of its systemic genesis. Using the stages of prevalence of information technology (IT) as a marker of this, it is possible to trace the main stages of the weapon forms that arise in this case: 1) IT of signal postures/sounds/movements "yard"/"family" with a characteristic size – the radius of the equivalent circle – up to 64 m) corresponds to such MW as fists, teeth; 2) IT of mimics/gestures (~1.86-0.123 million years ago, in a "settlement" up to 1 km in size) corresponds to primitive stone, bone and wooden MW; 3) IT of speech/language (~123-8.1 thousand years ago, in a "district" up to 15 km in size) corresponds to advanced stone, bone and wooden MW; 4) IT of writing/reading (~6.1 thousand years BC–~1446, in the "super-region" up to 222 km in size) corresponds to a metal cold, projectile, surface MW; 5) IT of replicating texts/printing (~1446-1946, in a "supercountry" up to 3370 km in size) corresponds to firearms, aviation, missile, underwater, chemical, atomic, nuclear MW; 6) IT of local computers (~1946-1979, on the planet Earth up to 51 thousand km in size) corresponds to biological, laser MW; 7) IT telecommunications/networks (~1979-1981 and beyond, in the Near-Earth Space up to 773 thousand km in size) corresponds to MW plasma, radiological, infrasound, kinetic, directed energy, cyber weapons; 8) promising nano-IT (~1981 and beyond, in the Intermediate Space up to 11.7 million km in size) corresponds to satellite, climatic, geophysical, genetic, psychotronic, cognitive MW, using artificial intelligence and robots. Starting from the third stage, subversive activities in the form of intelligence/espionage/deception of the enemy and the collapse of the economic, administrative and educational structures of its communities/societies act as an information weapon. It is noted that the Internet is today the most effective information weapon in the history of Humankind.

The decline of meat resources and the rapid growth of the world's population creates a need for resource management. The purpose of the study was to test the original technology of the semi-smoked sausages production adding goji berries at different concentrations, and to assess the technological risks in the production of sausages. 400 pieces of semi-finished sausages were divided into 4 groups, 100 pieces each. The sausages for the first control group were made according to the “Krakowska” recipe. The remaining three groups were experimental, with the addition of goji berry at different concentrations (30, 50 and 70 g per 100 kg of meat). The prepared samples were analysed for the content of particulate matter and water using hydrological methods. All experimental samples were recorded with a decrease in water activity by 1.2 times compared with the control (p ≤ 0.05 between the 1st and 4th groups). A new technology for the production of semi-smoked sausage adding goji berries powder at a concentration of 0.3, 0.5, and 0.7% to meat is proposed and tested. The addition of goji berries provides solidity to the sausage samples, as well as better organoleptic and structural-chemical properties compared to the control.

As an important trend in the automotive industry, electrification of propulsion systems has potential to significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions of the transportation sector. Whereas electric vehicles do not produce exhaust emissions during driving, the impact of electricity provision for charging the batteries as well as the impact of vehicle production play an essential role in a holistic consideration of the carbon footprint. The paper introduces a comprehensive evaluation of greenhouse gas emission-related factors of battery-electric cars, considering the entire product life cycle. This comprises vehicle production, including battery system, electric powertrain and other relevant components, the car’s use phase under consideration of different electricity mixes, user patterns and the end-of-life phase. The results of the study can serve as a basis for comparison with the characteristics of cars driven by conventional propulsion systems and allow a detailed discussion of the different technologies, especially under consideration of future development trends.

AbstractThe appropriate use of improved technologies in cashew production can lift cashew productivity and income amongst cashew growing countries including Tanzania. The major motive of this study was to assess the adoption determinants of improved technologies in cashew production for enhancing country’s effort of attaining 1,000,000 MT of cashewnut production by 2025 from the current 238,576 MT. Multistage sampling was used to collect cross-sectional data from 760 cashew growers using a semi-structured questionnaire in Tandahimba and Masasi districts. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the adoption rates whereas a Cragg Double hurdle model was used to analyze the determinant of enhanced cashew technologies. Results showed that the overall adoption of enhanced cashew technologies in Mtwara region was 58%. The findings revealed that the adoption intensity of pesticides application, recommended spacing, and the area under improved cashew trees were 88%, 32%, and 41% respectively. The outcomes revealed by Double Hurdle model indicated that the choice and extent of adoption were influenced by education, off-farm income, farm size, extension contacts, group affiliation, and credit access. Furthermore, cashew tree age, gender, asset endowment, and location influenced only the adoption decision of cashew production technologies. Therefore, the study urges for the inclusive policy agenda that will escalate land allocated for cashew production and off-farm earnings to enhance the adoption and intensity of enhanced cashew technologies. Moreover, results suggest the requirement for policy mediations that will accentuate the extension support and input credit services to heighten espousal of enhanced cashew technology in Tanzania.

The main idea of Industry 4.0 is the organization of high-performance and efficient economic activity implemented through the large-scale dissemination and practical application of end-to-end digital technologies. This justifies the relevance of this study, the purpose of which is to systematize the existing scientific foundations and best practices for the implementation of end-to-end digital technologies, the formation of a reasonable choice of management techniques on this basis. The methodological basis of the study was formed by normative documents, bibliographic analysis, scientific and specialized publications, statistical data. The conducted research proves: end-to-end digital technologies radically change the models of production and organization of interaction of economic entities, bring irreversible transformation into the organization of modern production and business processes, generate new business models. The object of the study is a set of economic entities functioning in the modern digital environment, the subject of the study is the relations between the participants of the process. As a result of the research, the following scientific results were obtained: the prospects of Industry 4.0 were systematized, the most relevant blocks of end-to-end digital technologies were identified, the priority of management technologies and the choice of management tools for the modern technological revolution were determined, the results and prospects for the development of Industry 4.0 based on end-to-end digital technologies were identified. The authors highlight that it often escapes modern researchers that the transition to Industry 4.0 is not an end in itself. The article proves the priority of management technologies, defines the tools of Industry 4.0 allowing to combine real production, transport, human, engineering and other resources into virtually unlimited scalable software-managed virtual resource pools and provide the user with the results of their use. The authors see further development of the study in the analysis of modern technological trends, determination of their potential in business development, formation of development process management tools, identification of an additional synergetic effect that can be obtained through the convergence of end-to-end production technologies and management technologies. The presented material can be useful for both the scientific and business community.

This paper is a review of acetylene production technologies, which are both used for a long time in industry and currently at the stage of laboratiory studies and demonstration testbenches. The possibility of transition from acetylene production technologies accompanied by the formation of substantial amounts of greenhouse gases (carbide technology, oxidative natural gas pyrolysis) to low-carbon or carbon-free natural gas and coal plasmochemical processes using energy generated by renewable sources (wind and solar) is considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This comprehensive review explores furfural production from agricultural residues, focusing on its significance as a low-volume, high-value asset crucial for environmental sustainability. It covers diverse production technologies, recent advancements, and applications in agriculture, evaluating furfural's potential to enhance crop resilience and yield. Showing its role in a circular economy, the review discusses how furfural can replace conventional petrochemical processes, thereby reducing environmental impact. Case studies, such as successful implementations with cotton biomass byproducts, illustrate furfural's practical applications and environmental benefits. The study underscores the need for ongoing research, supportive policies, and furfural's growing role in sustainable agriculture and industry. It is focused on furfural's essential contribution to promoting environmental stewardship and sustainable practices. By examining furfural's role as a value-added product from agricultural residues, this review provides insights into its economic viability and potential challenges., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

As an important trend in the automotive industry, electrification of propulsion systems has potential to significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions of the transportation sector. Whereas electric vehicles do not produce exhaust emissions during driving, the impact of electricity provision for charging the batteries as well as the impact of vehicle production play an essential role in a holistic consideration of the carbon footprint. The paper introduces a comprehensive evaluation of greenhouse gas emission-related factors of battery-electric cars, considering the entire product life cycle. This comprises vehicle production, including battery system, electric powertrain and other relevant components, the car’s use phase under consideration of different electricity mixes, user patterns and the end-of-life phase. The results of the study can serve as a basis for comparison with the characteristics of cars driven by conventional propulsion systems and allow a detailed discussion of the different technologies, especially under consideration of future development trends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Sakarya Journal of Economics / Sakarya Iktisat Dergisi is the property of Sakarya Journal of Economics / Sakarya Iktisat Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

From the automotive sector to medical technology, consumer electronics and other industries, the market share of battery-powered products is on the rise. Lithium-ion battery technology represents the majority of currently available rechargeable batteries. In order to further enhance the performance of lithium-ion technology while reducing production costs and decreasing the environmental footprint, it is necessary to continuously develop existing production technologies. The drying process of the viscous active material applied to the conductor films represents a significant process step in the electrode production due to the high energy input. In contrast to conventional drying processes, such as convection drying, the use of lasers for drying the active material of the electrodes offers advantages of high compactness and increased process flexibility combined with extremely high energy density. Additionally, laser drying technologies offer the possibility of increasing energy efficiency, which can be further improved by controlled energy deposition and spatially selective heat introduction. In this review, laser drying in electrode production is described in more detail and compared with state-of-the-art conventional drying technologies. Furthermore, potential possibilities for the application of different laser technologies in the production process of electrodes for lithium-ion batteries are investigated and basic scaling effects are derived. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen can be produced via many different technologies; however, from a safety standpoint there exists no framework for selecting the right technology. Here, we provide a structured framework for assessment of the most desirable hydrogen production technology based on efficiency, safety, and infrastructure, by using a Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) integrated Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and life-cycle index (LInX) approach. We apply this modified MCDM approach to steam methane reforming (SMR), autothermal reforming, partial oxidation, alkaline electrolysis, polymer electrode membrane electrolysis, and solid oxide electrolyzer cell processes. Our results show that SMR is the most desirable technology based on the efficiency, safety, and infrastructure criteria. We employ fuzzy set theory to address subjectivity and uncertainty challenges in the data and found that although the technologies based on electrolysis have an environmental advantage, they exhibit higher uncertainties than non-renewable technologies such as SMR. Overall, this new framework addresses the challenge to find the most desirable and safer technology for hydrogen production. • A framework to assess the most desirable hydrogen production technology considering efficiency, safety, and infrastructure. • The framework uses a MCDM integrated Analytic Hierarchy Process and life-cycle index approach. • Steam methane reforming is the most desirable technology based on the efficiency, safety, and infrastructure criteria. • The finding helps to choosing the most desirable hydrogen production technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pakistan agriculture sector is considered as more susceptible to climate change as its variation can directly affect the crop productivity. Therefore, knowledge about climate smart agricultural production technology is the main component and knowledge gap is at the crux of yield gap. The current study was carried out in two districts Charsadda and Nowshera of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province during 2020 with main objectives to measure farmers’ knowledge level in fourteen climate smart recommended agricultural production technologies. The data were collected randomly from 60 sample respondents comprised of 30 respondents each from Charsadda and Nowshera districts through pre-tested interview schedule. The empirical results indicated that majority (68%) farmers of both districts had medium knowledge level (35.19%). The lowest knowledge level of the sample farmers was found in early maturity (short duration) maize (OPVs) varieties (26.67%), IPM techniques (25.84%), wheat on ridges/seedbed (24.17%), heat and drought tolerant maize (OPVs) varieties (20.84%), heat and drought tolerant wheat varieties (20%) and organic farming (16.67%). Knowledge index revealed that both districts’ farmers had 35.71% knowledge level in fourteen different indicators in the study area. The farmers of district Charsadda had slightly high knowledge level (38.67%) compared to district Nowshera farmers (32.75%). Results of regression model showed that land holdings, formal education, agricultural extension department contact, and farm services centers membership had positive and substantial effect on knowledge level of farmers. Lack of improved knowledge, lack of financial power, irrigation problems and high cost of inputs were the most important problems faced by the farmers. Agricultural departments need to develop and disseminate climate smart recommended agricultural production technologies. The government and private organizations should arrange trainings and awareness programs regarding climate change to overcome the effect on agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The decline of meat resources and the rapid growth of the world's population creates a need for resource management. The purpose of the study was to test the original technology of the semi-smoked sausages production adding goji berries at different concentrations, and to assess the technological risks in the production of sausages. 400 pieces of semi-finished sausages were divided into 4 groups, 100 pieces each. The sausages for the first control group were made according to the "Krakowska" recipe. The remaining three groups were experimental, with the addition of goji berry at different concentrations (30, 50 and 70 g per 100 kg of meat). The prepared samples were analysed for the content of particulate matter and water using hydrological methods. All experimental samples were recorded with a decrease in water activity by 1.2 times compared with the control (p ≤ 0.05 between the 1st and 4th groups). A new technology for the production of semi-smoked sausage adding goji berries powder at a concentration of 0.3, 0.5, and 0.7% to meat is proposed and tested. The addition of goji berries provides solidity to the sausage samples, as well as better organoleptic and structural-chemical properties compared to the control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photovoltaics is developing around the world at the fastest rate in comparison with all other renewable energy sectors and demonstrates, owing to the improvement of relevant technologies and growing amounts of equipment manufacture, a significant decrease in both specific capital outlays per unit installed capacity of power installations and in the reduced cost of electricity generated by them with a simultaneous increase in the capacity utilization factor (CUF). The article briefly reviews the developments aimed at improving the characteristics of photovoltaic converters and development trends in the silicon photovoltaics technologies that have been seen in recent years. The article discusses the specific features, advantages, and shortcomings of the technologies for manufacturing silicon photovoltaic converters using passivated emitter and rear contact (PERC) technology, heterojunction modules that use HJT technology (a heterojunction on the basis of monocrystalline and amorphous silicon with intrinsic thin insulating layer), that with the p–n-junction brought to the wafer's rear side known as IBC technology (interdigitated back contacts), fragmented modules, and multijunction nonsilicon photovoltaic converters. It is pointed out that, in view of the fact that the achieved efficiency of silicon photovoltaic converters is approaching its theoretical limit, various methods for increasing the amount of solar radiation falling on the module surface, such as concentration of solar radiation, use of solar tracking systems, and use of bifacial modules, are becoming of special importance. The growing production of bifacial modules, silicon-based heterojunction modules, and, in the future, tandem structures with the use of perovskite-like materials generates the need to modify the methods used to predict the power output generated by photovoltaic modules with taking into account their spectral sensitivity. The state of photovoltaics development in Russia is briefly reviewed. Problems connected with the integration of photovoltaic stations into the grid are discussed, including matters concerned with using electric energy storage devices and flexible tariff regulation, and, as far as the private sector is concerned, promoting consumption of the energy inside the household in which it was produced. These problems will become increasingly more topical with a growth in the share of solar generation in the grid. It is pointed out that prices for photovoltaic modules can reach a competitive level in the world's market primarily owing to increasing the amounts of their manufacture up to 1 GW per annum or more. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]