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5. Defining core patient descriptors for perforated peptic ulcer research: International Delphi

Author

Lamidi, S, Williams, K, Hind, D, Peckham-Cooper, A, Miller, A, Smith, A, Saha, A, Macutkiewicz, C, Griffiths, E, Catena, F, Coccolini, F, Toogood, G, Tierney, G, Boyd-Carson, H, Sartelli, M, Blencowe, N, Lockwood, S, Coe, P, Lee, M, Barreto, S, Drake, T, Gachabayov, M, Hill, J, Ioannidis, O, Lostoridis, E, Mehraj, A, Negoi, I, Pata, F, Steenkamp, C, Ahmed, S, Alin, V, Al-Rashedy, M, Atici, S, Bains, L, Bandyopadhyay, S, Baraket, O, Bates, T, Beral, D, Brown, L, Buonomo, L, Burke, D, Caravaglios, G, Ceresoli, M, Chapman, S, Cillara, N, Clarke, R, Colak, E, Daniels, S, Demetrashvili, Z, Di Carlo, I, Duff, S, Dziakova, J, Elliott, J, El Zalabany, T, Engledow, A, Ewnte, B, Fraga, G, George, R, Giuffrida, M, Glasbey, J, Isik, A, Kechagias, A, Kenington, C, Kessel, B, Khokha, V, Kong, V, Laloe, P, Litvin, A, Marinis, A, Martinez-Perez, A, Menzies, D, Mills, R, Monzon, B, Morgan, R, Neri, V, Nita, G, Perra, T, Perrone, G, Porcu, A, Poskus, T, Premnath, S, Sall, I, Sarma, D, Slavchev, M, Spence, G, Tarasconi, A, Tolonen, M, Toro, A, Venn, M, Vimalachandran, D, Wheldon, L, Zakaria, A, Lamidi S., Williams K. M., Hind D., Peckham-Cooper A., Miller A. S., Smith A. M., Saha A., MacUtkiewicz C., Griffiths E. A., Catena F., Coccolini F., Toogood G., Tierney G. M., Boyd-Carson H., Sartelli M., Blencowe N. S., Lockwood S., Coe P. O., Lee M. J., Barreto S. G., Drake T., Gachabayov M., Hill J., Ioannidis O., Lostoridis E., Mehraj A., Negoi I., Pata F., Steenkamp C., Ahmed S., Alin V., Al-Rashedy M., Atici S. D., Bains L., Bandyopadhyay S. K., Baraket O., Bates T., Beral D., Brown L., Buonomo L., Burke D., Caravaglios G., Ceresoli M., Chapman S. J., Cillara N., Clarke R., Colak E., Daniels S., Demetrashvili Z., Di Carlo I., Duff S., Dziakova J., Elliott J. A., El Zalabany T., Engledow A., Ewnte B., Fraga G. P., George R., Giuffrida M., Glasbey J., Isik A., Kechagias A., Kenington C., Kessel B., Khokha V., Kong V., Laloe P., Litvin A., Marinis A., Martinez-Perez A., Menzies D., Mills R., Monzon B. I., Morgan R., Neri V., Nita G. E., Perra T., Perrone G., Porcu A., Poskus T., Premnath S., Sall I., Sarma D. R., Slavchev M., Spence G., Tarasconi A., Tolonen M., Toro A., Venn M. L., Vimalachandran D., Wheldon L., Zakaria A. D., Lamidi, S, Williams, K, Hind, D, Peckham-Cooper, A, Miller, A, Smith, A, Saha, A, Macutkiewicz, C, Griffiths, E, Catena, F, Coccolini, F, Toogood, G, Tierney, G, Boyd-Carson, H, Sartelli, M, Blencowe, N, Lockwood, S, Coe, P, Lee, M, Barreto, S, Drake, T, Gachabayov, M, Hill, J, Ioannidis, O, Lostoridis, E, Mehraj, A, Negoi, I, Pata, F, Steenkamp, C, Ahmed, S, Alin, V, Al-Rashedy, M, Atici, S, Bains, L, Bandyopadhyay, S, Baraket, O, Bates, T, Beral, D, Brown, L, Buonomo, L, Burke, D, Caravaglios, G, Ceresoli, M, Chapman, S, Cillara, N, Clarke, R, Colak, E, Daniels, S, Demetrashvili, Z, Di Carlo, I, Duff, S, Dziakova, J, Elliott, J, El Zalabany, T, Engledow, A, Ewnte, B, Fraga, G, George, R, Giuffrida, M, Glasbey, J, Isik, A, Kechagias, A, Kenington, C, Kessel, B, Khokha, V, Kong, V, Laloe, P, Litvin, A, Marinis, A, Martinez-Perez, A, Menzies, D, Mills, R, Monzon, B, Morgan, R, Neri, V, Nita, G, Perra, T, Perrone, G, Porcu, A, Poskus, T, Premnath, S, Sall, I, Sarma, D, Slavchev, M, Spence, G, Tarasconi, A, Tolonen, M, Toro, A, Venn, M, Vimalachandran, D, Wheldon, L, Zakaria, A, Lamidi S., Williams K. M., Hind D., Peckham-Cooper A., Miller A. S., Smith A. M., Saha A., MacUtkiewicz C., Griffiths E. A., Catena F., Coccolini F., Toogood G., Tierney G. M., Boyd-Carson H., Sartelli M., Blencowe N. S., Lockwood S., Coe P. O., Lee M. J., Barreto S. G., Drake T., Gachabayov M., Hill J., Ioannidis O., Lostoridis E., Mehraj A., Negoi I., Pata F., Steenkamp C., Ahmed S., Alin V., Al-Rashedy M., Atici S. D., Bains L., Bandyopadhyay S. K., Baraket O., Bates T., Beral D., Brown L., Buonomo L., Burke D., Caravaglios G., Ceresoli M., Chapman S. J., Cillara N., Clarke R., Colak E., Daniels S., Demetrashvili Z., Di Carlo I., Duff S., Dziakova J., Elliott J. A., El Zalabany T., Engledow A., Ewnte B., Fraga G. P., George R., Giuffrida M., Glasbey J., Isik A., Kechagias A., Kenington C., Kessel B., Khokha V., Kong V., Laloe P., Litvin A., Marinis A., Martinez-Perez A., Menzies D., Mills R., Monzon B. I., Morgan R., Neri V., Nita G. E., Perra T., Perrone G., Porcu A., Poskus T., Premnath S., Sall I., Sarma D. R., Slavchev M., Spence G., Tarasconi A., Tolonen M., Toro A., Venn M. L., Vimalachandran D., Wheldon L., and Zakaria A. D.

Abstract

Background: Perforated peptic ulcer (PPU) remains a common condition globally with significant morbidity and mortality. Previous work has demonstrated variation in reporting of patient characteristics in PPU studies, making comparison of studies and outcomes difficult. The aim of this study was to standardize the reporting of patient characteristics, by creating a core descriptor set (CDS) of important descriptors that should be consistently reported in PPU research. Methods: Candidate descriptors were identified through systematic review and stakeholder proposals. An international Delphi exercise involving three survey rounds was undertaken to obtain consensus on key patient characteristics for future research. Participants rated items on a scale of 1-9 with respect to their importance. Items meeting a predetermined threshold (rated 7-9 by over 70 per cent of stakeholders) were included in the final set and ratified at a consensus meeting. Feedback was provided between rounds to allow refinement of ratings. Results: Some 116 clinicians were recruited from 29 countries. A total of 63 descriptors were longlisted from the literature, and 27 were proposed by stakeholders. After three survey rounds and a consensus meeting, 27 descriptors were included in the CDS. These covered demographic variables and co-morbidities, risk factors for PPU, presentation and pathway factors, need for organ support, biochemical parameters, prognostic tools, perforation details, and surgical history. Conclusion: This study defines the core descriptive items for PPU research, which will allow more robust synthesis of studies.

Published
2022

6. Transaction Using Facial Authentication and Random PIN Generation

Author

null Dr Vanathi B, null Rex Peter G, null Premnath S, null Sunil Kumar S, and null Sakthevel B

Abstract

In this paper we are going to develop a robust automated web application for transacting money in higher level security purpose with high facial recognition. First we have to register our personal details with our face and pass the liveness detection test. Haar cascade-based algorithm has been applied for fast and simple face detection from the input image. The face image is then being converted into grayscale image. After that, the iris, eyebrows, nose, mouth of candidates are extracted from the intensity valleys from the detected face it will consider as datasets now our system can understand who are all authorized and unauthorized. While login our face will be recognized if we authorized will can move to authorized page else our system won’t allow to login. For higher security purpose we have used face recognition module. During the transaction our face will be recognized it will allow only the authorized account holder to transact a money, it doesn’t allow others to transact a money.

Published
2022
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7. Life Cycle Predictor of Lithium –Ion Battery Using Machine Learning for Electric Vehicles

Author

A K Boobalasenthilraj, Premnath S , Giridharan R, Solaiyappan S P, Nandagopal G

Subjects
Electric Vehicle, Lifecycle Prediction, Lithium-Ion battery, Machine Learning, Edge Impulse
Abstract

Growing usage of Electric Vehicle calls for the invention of new technologies to increase the effective utilization of the Electric Vehicle and battery technology. The battery is the soul of the electric vehicle, so proper utilization of the battery is very important. This project is decided to predict the Lifecycle of the Lithium Ion Battery with the help of Machine Learning Software. The aging of the battery will increase the operating costs, reduce the service life of the equipment, and affect the safe operation of the equipment. There is no ideal solution for the recycling of Li-ion batteries and it is not environmentally friendly. So, predicting the lifecycle of the battery plays a vital role. With the help of data driven linear regression process, the lifecycle is predicted in a shorter span of time than the conventional methods in practice. This is done with the help of Edge Impulse software which is a development platform for embedded machine learning. Predicting the lifecycle of a battery will be useful for battery manufacturers, people buying used batteries and to operators who own a large fleet of electric vehicles. By knowing the lifecycle of a battery, they can be effectively used for the required application.

Published
2023
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8. MSRFNet for skin lesion segmentation and deep learning with hybrid optimization for skin cancer detection.

Author

Baskaran, Diwan, Nagamani, Yanda, Merugula, Suneetha, and Premnath, S P

Subjects
DEEP learning, SKIN cancer, EARLY detection of cancer, BLENDED learning, FEATURE extraction, OPTIMIZATION algorithms
Abstract

Skin cancer is the irregular growth of skin cells, which is most often termed as cancer, developed by exposure of ultraviolet rays from sun. In this research paper, deep learning enabled hybrid optimization is followed for skin cancer detection and lesion segmentation. Two optimization algorithms are followed for skin lesion segmentation and cancer detection. Here, pre-processing is done by anisotropic diffusion followed by skin lesion segmentation. Here, Multi-Scale Residual Fusion Network (MSRFNet) is utilized for skin lesion segmentation, which is trained by proposed Average Subtraction Student Psychology Based Optimization (ASSPBO). After skin lesion segmentation, necessary features are extracted, followed by skin cancer detection. Skin cancer is detected by Deep Residual Network (DRN) trained by proposed Fractional ASSPBO (FrASSPBO). Moreover, performance of proposed FrASSPBO-DRN is analysed by three performance metrics like testing accuracy, True Positive Rate (TPR), and False Positive Rate (FPR) with values of 93.4%, 94%, and 8.2%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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9. Defining core patient descriptors for perforated peptic ulcer research: International Delphi

Author

Lamidi S., Williams K. M., Hind D., Peckham-Cooper A., Miller A. S., Smith A. M., Saha A., MacUtkiewicz C., Griffiths E. A., Catena F., Coccolini F., Toogood G., Tierney G. M., Boyd-Carson H., Sartelli M., Blencowe N. S., Lockwood S., Coe P. O., Lee M. J., Barreto S. G., Drake T., Gachabayov M., Hill J., Ioannidis O., Lostoridis E., Mehraj A., Negoi I., Pata F., Steenkamp C., Ahmed S., Alin V., Al-Rashedy M., Atici S. D., Bains L., Bandyopadhyay S. K., Baraket O., Bates T., Beral D., Brown L., Buonomo L., Burke D., Caravaglios G., Ceresoli M., Chapman S. J., Cillara N., Clarke R., Colak E., Daniels S., Demetrashvili Z., Di Carlo I., Duff S., Dziakova J., Elliott J. A., El Zalabany T., Engledow A., Ewnte B., Fraga G. P., George R., Giuffrida M., Glasbey J., Isik A., Kechagias A., Kenington C., Kessel B., Khokha V., Kong V., Laloe P., Litvin A., Marinis A., Martinez-Perez A., Menzies D., Mills R., Monzon B. I., Morgan R., Neri V., Nita G. E., Perra T., Perrone G., Porcu A., Poskus T., Premnath S., Sall I., Sarma D. R., Slavchev M., Spence G., Tarasconi A., Tolonen M., Toro A., Venn M. L., Vimalachandran D., Wheldon L., Zakaria A. D., Lamidi, S, Williams, K, Hind, D, Peckham-Cooper, A, Miller, A, Smith, A, Saha, A, Macutkiewicz, C, Griffiths, E, Catena, F, Coccolini, F, Toogood, G, Tierney, G, Boyd-Carson, H, Sartelli, M, Blencowe, N, Lockwood, S, Coe, P, Lee, M, Barreto, S, Drake, T, Gachabayov, M, Hill, J, Ioannidis, O, Lostoridis, E, Mehraj, A, Negoi, I, Pata, F, Steenkamp, C, Ahmed, S, Alin, V, Al-Rashedy, M, Atici, S, Bains, L, Bandyopadhyay, S, Baraket, O, Bates, T, Beral, D, Brown, L, Buonomo, L, Burke, D, Caravaglios, G, Ceresoli, M, Chapman, S, Cillara, N, Clarke, R, Colak, E, Daniels, S, Demetrashvili, Z, Di Carlo, I, Duff, S, Dziakova, J, Elliott, J, El Zalabany, T, Engledow, A, Ewnte, B, Fraga, G, George, R, Giuffrida, M, Glasbey, J, Isik, A, Kechagias, A, Kenington, C, Kessel, B, Khokha, V, Kong, V, Laloe, P, Litvin, A, Marinis, A, Martinez-Perez, A, Menzies, D, Mills, R, Monzon, B, Morgan, R, Neri, V, Nita, G, Perra, T, Perrone, G, Porcu, A, Poskus, T, Premnath, S, Sall, I, Sarma, D, Slavchev, M, Spence, G, Tarasconi, A, Tolonen, M, Toro, A, Venn, M, Vimalachandran, D, Wheldon, L, and Zakaria, A

Subjects
Consensus, Treatment Outcome, Delphi Technique, Research Design, Risk Factors, Surveys and Questionnaires, Peptic Ulcer Perforation, Humans, Surgery, Prognosis, peptic ulcer
Abstract

Background Perforated peptic ulcer (PPU) remains a common condition globally with significant morbidity and mortality. Previous work has demonstrated variation in reporting of patient characteristics in PPU studies, making comparison of studies and outcomes difficult. The aim of this study was to standardize the reporting of patient characteristics, by creating a core descriptor set (CDS) of important descriptors that should be consistently reported in PPU research. Methods Candidate descriptors were identified through systematic review and stakeholder proposals. An international Delphi exercise involving three survey rounds was undertaken to obtain consensus on key patient characteristics for future research. Participants rated items on a scale of 1–9 with respect to their importance. Items meeting a predetermined threshold (rated 7–9 by over 70 per cent of stakeholders) were included in the final set and ratified at a consensus meeting. Feedback was provided between rounds to allow refinement of ratings. Results Some 116 clinicians were recruited from 29 countries. A total of 63 descriptors were longlisted from the literature, and 27 were proposed by stakeholders. After three survey rounds and a consensus meeting, 27 descriptors were included in the CDS. These covered demographic variables and co-morbidities, risk factors for PPU, presentation and pathway factors, need for organ support, biochemical parameters, prognostic tools, perforation details, and surgical history. Conclusion This study defines the core descriptive items for PPU research, which will allow more robust synthesis of studies.

Published
2022

10. Effects of Principal Strain Direction and Intermediate Principal Strain on Undrained Shear Behavior of Sand.

Author

Premnath, S., Pouragha, M., Prasanna, R., and Sivathayalan, S.

Subjects
*STRAINS & stresses (Mechanics), *SHEAR strain, *STRAIN hardening, *SOIL granularity, *SAND
Abstract

Anisotropic characteristics of granular soil consolidated to various initial stress states were evaluated under generalized strain paths using hollow cylinder torsional shear tests. Fraser River sand samples prepared by water pluviation were subjected to isotropic and anisotropic consolidation stresses, and sheared undrained along strain paths with constant intermediate principal strain parameter and various principal strain directions. Anisotropic stress response and stress-strain trends were examined by controlling the orientation of principal strains (αε) with respect to the depositional axis. A decrease in strain hardening tendency is observed as the major principal strain rotates towards the bedding plane. Considering different levels of anisotropic consolidation stresses also allowed a detailed examination of how initial static shear affects the responses. In particular, generated principal stresses and their directions, as well as the pore pressure responses, were closely examined. Novel findings are presented on the range of intermediate principal stress parameters (bσ) associated with the undrained plane strain condition where a value of bσ in the range of 0.2–0.4 was found to correspond to plane strain conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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11. A novel approach for image restoration using convolution network-based image denoising technique.

Author

Premnath, S. P., Renjit, J. Arokia, Shanmugapriya, P., Joel, T., Muthukumar, K., and Nayanatara, C.

Subjects
*IMAGE reconstruction, *IMAGE denoising, *ATMOSPHERIC turbulence, *FEATURE extraction
Abstract

When imaging a target in space, atmospheric turbulence might change the direction of the path of light. This might be caused by the random motion of the turbulent medium leading to drastic distortion of the image. In order to correct the temporally varying blur, reduction spatially, and geometric distortion, a blind deblurring atmospheric turbulence based on the convolutional network is proposed. This includes image reconstruction subnetwork, asymmetric U-net, and feature extraction noise suppression block (FENSB). In the U-net, instead of the traditional convolution layer that is normally used, a deblurring noise suppression block (DNSB) is used. The basic idea behind this methodology is to reduce the noise before deblurring occurs. Hence the aspect of noise suppression before deblurring is carried out by the DNSB block along with FENSB. At the time of convolutional encoding, DNSB and FENSB are used to identify and extract the rich features of the maps and further suppress noise. In order to fuse high-level and low-level features, the subnetwork is skip connected with FENSB thereby improving the integrity of the system during the process of reconstruction. This mechanism of increasing the training difficulty of the network in a step-by-step manner is used to slowly converge into a complex model facilitating better quality of images despite the turbulence. The results of simulation data, as well as that of real data, indicate that it is possible to suppress the noise and restore the image with high efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2022
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12. In Vivo Analysis of Porous Bioactive Silicon Carbide Scaffold for Craniofacial Bone Augmentation.

Author

Alfotawi R, Premnath S, El-Ghannam A, Alsafadi M, and Mahmood A

Subjects
Animals, Rats, Porosity, Muscle, Skeletal, Male, Biocompatible Materials pharmacology, Ceramics chemistry, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Bone Substitutes pharmacology, Carbon Compounds, Inorganic chemistry, Silicon Compounds chemistry, Skull surgery, Skull diagnostic imaging, Cone-Beam Computed Tomography, Tissue Scaffolds
Abstract

Background: Bone augmentation is a vital area of research because of its high clinical demand and the reported complications associated with the available biomaterials. Purpose: The study assess the role of decellurized skeletal muscle (DSM) when combined with synthesized porous bioactive silicon carbide (SiC) ceramic and evaluated its ability to augment bone calvaria in a rat model., Material and Methods: Eighteen rats were divided into 2 groups; group 1 (n=9), SiC discs (10 × 0.2 mm) pre-treated with 20% NaOH were placed as an onlay grafts on calvarial bone. Meanwhile, in group 2 (n=9), SiC discs pre-treated with 20% NaOH (10 × 0.2 mm) were covered with DSM. After 12 weeks, the grafted tissues were harvested and examined using cone-beam computed tomography, mechanical testing, and histologic analysis., Results: Cone-beam computed tomography for group 2 showed more radio-opacity for the remnant of SiC compared with native bone. The surface area and volume of radio-opacity were 2.48 mm 2 ± 1.6 and 14.9 ± 7.8 mm 3 , respectively. The estimated quantitative average surface area of the radio-opacity for group 1 and volume were 2.55 mm 2 ± (Sd=3.7) and 11.25 ± (Sd=8.9), respectively. Mechanically, comparable values of the flexural strength and statistically significant higher modulus of elasticity of calvaria in group 1 compared with group 2 and control ( P <0.001). Histologically, group 2 region of woven bone was seen close to the lamellar bone (native bone), and there was immature bone present near the implanted SiC., Conclusion: The tested construct made of SiC/DSM has potential to osteointegrate into native bone, making it a suitable material for bone augmentation., Competing Interests: The author report noconflicts of interests., (Copyright © 2023 by Mutaz B. Habal, MD.)

Published
2024
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13. Transrenal Endovascular Aneurysm Repair-A Novel Approach for Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms with Difficult Neck Anatomy.

Author

Premnath S, Hostalery A, Bungay P, Saggu G, Rowlands T, and Singh S

Subjects
Humans, Endovascular Aneurysm Repair, Retrospective Studies, Treatment Outcome, Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal diagnostic imaging, Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal surgery, Blood Vessel Prosthesis Implantation adverse effects, Endovascular Procedures adverse effects
Abstract

Background: The endovascular approach to treating ruptured or symptomatic abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) with difficult neck anatomy still poses a major challenge. This study proposes and evaluates the outcomes of a novel technique, Transrenal Endovascular Aneurysm Repair (Tr-EVAR) which utilizes the top ring 'valley' and 'peak' configuration of the Anaconda stent graft to achieve proximal seal in AAAs with an unfavourable neck., Methods: All patients treated with Tr-EVAR over a period of 10 years were identified retrospectively. Demographic, clinical and outcome data were collected, and survival analysis was performed. The time-to-event was analyzed using Kaplan-Meier curves for complication-free survival, reintervention-free survival, and overall survival., Results: During the study period, 36 patients ruptured, symptomatic or large AAAs having unfavorable necks and not fit for open repair underwent Tr-EVAR. Two patients died in the first 30 days postprocedure (5.6%). The overall survival at 1 year, 3 years and 5 years were 86%, 72% and 54% respectively with a mean overall survival of 74.0 months (SE 7.8, 95% confidence interval 58.7-89.3) which was comparable to chimney endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR). The complication-free survival and reintervention-free survival at 1 year, 3 years, and 5 years were 75%, 61%, 42%, 78%, 64%, and 45%, respectively., Conclusions: Tr-EVAR can be considered as an off-the-shelf solution for urgent cases not fit for open repair with unfavourable neck features for standard EVAR. Careful patient selection and planning have generated acceptable immediate, midterm and long-term results comparable to those presented by chimney EVAR in the literature., (Crown Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Published
2023
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14. Escalation of Antithrombotic Therapy Should Be Considered in the Presence of Intraluminal Prosthetic Graft Thrombus Following Endovascular Aneurysm Repair.

Author

Russell TA, Premnath S, Mogan M, Langford G, Paice B, Kirk J, Rowlands T, and Kuhan G

Abstract

Objectives: Intraluminal prosthetic graft thrombus (IPT) following Endovascular Aneurysm Repair (EVAR) can have serious consequences. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of IPT and to identify the risk factors for its formation and progression., Methods: This was a retrospective study of 258 patients who had EVAR between 2015 and 2018. Demographic data, comorbidities, operative data, antithrombotic therapy, CT anatomical data, IPT characteristics (site, regression, and progression), and re-interventions were collected. Univariable analysis followed by multivariable logistic regression and Cox regression were used for data analysis., Results: The mean age of patients was 76 years (range 55-95) and 27 (10.5 %) were females. IPT was present in 26 patients (10.1%) with a median time to occurrence of six (range 1- - 24) months. Of the group that developed IPT, six (23.1 %) developed symptoms and two (7.7%) had re-interventions. Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed peripheral arterial disease to be associated with the formation of IPT (OR 7.4, 95% CI 1.6-35.3, p = 0.02) and escalation of antithrombotic therapy was associated with regression or prevention of progression of IPT (OR 0.1, 95% CI 0.0-0.6, p = 0.01)., Conclusion: PAD is associated with the formation of IPT after EVAR and warrants consideration of escalation of antithrombotic therapy to prevent further progression and complications., (© 2022 The Author(s).)

Published
2022
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