32 results on '"Posthuma, L."'
Search Results
2. Threats of land use to the global diversity of vascular plants
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Moreira, Hadassa, Kuipers, K.J.J., Posthuma, L., Zijp, Michiel C., Hauck, M., Huijbregts, M.A.J., Schipper, A.M., Moreira, Hadassa, Kuipers, K.J.J., Posthuma, L., Zijp, Michiel C., Hauck, M., Huijbregts, M.A.J., and Schipper, A.M.
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01 mei 2023, Contains fulltext : 293581.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access)
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- 2023
3. Chemical Mixtures and Multiple Stressors: Same but Different?
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Schaefer, Ralf B., Jackson, Michelle, Juvigny-Khenafou, Noel, Osakpolor, Stephen E., Posthuma, L., Schneeweiss, Anke, Spaak, Juerg, Vinebrooke, Rolf, Schaefer, Ralf B., Jackson, Michelle, Juvigny-Khenafou, Noel, Osakpolor, Stephen E., Posthuma, L., Schneeweiss, Anke, Spaak, Juerg, and Vinebrooke, Rolf
- Abstract
02 juni 2023, Contains fulltext : 297271.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access)
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- 2023
4. To Split or Not to Split: Characterizing Chemical Pollution Impacts in Aquatic Ecosystems with Species Sensitivity Distributions for Specific Taxonomic Groups
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Oginah, Susan Anyango, Posthuma, L., Hauschild, M., Slootweg, J., Kosnik, Marissa, Fantke, Peter, Oginah, Susan Anyango, Posthuma, L., Hauschild, M., Slootweg, J., Kosnik, Marissa, and Fantke, Peter
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Item does not contain fulltext
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- 2023
5. Characterisation of toxic pressure of chemical pollutants in vulnerable areas. Methods and guidance for operational characterisation
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Faber, M, Hof, M, Lahr, J, Swart, E, Posthuma, L, Faber, M, Hof, M, Lahr, J, Swart, E, and Posthuma, L
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RIVM rapport:The production and use of chemicals can lead to the release of toxic compounds. If these end up in water or soil, they can harm the environment. The more chemicals enter the environment, the greater the so-called toxic pressure. This can harm plants, animals and ecosystems in vulnerable areas, such as nature reserves. In recent years, there has been growing concern in society about mixtures of chemicals in the environment, such as those emitted by industry, agriculture and households. However, relatively little research has been done on their effects on vulnerable areas. RIVM has developed a framework to assess what the presence of these chemicals means for these areas. A guideline describes the approach step by step. The approach is suitable for determining toxic pressure in soil and surface water. For both, case studies were conducted to improve and illustrate the approach. The approach merges three existing methods (chemical analyses, effects of mixtures on plants and animals, and ecological field work) from scientific literature. Practicality has also been considered. RIVM recommends testing how well the approach and guideline work in practice and to develop them further, for example to determine toxic pressure in groundwater and organisms as well., Bij de productie en het gebruik van chemische stoffen kunnen chemische stoffen vrijkomen. Wanneer deze stoffen bijvoorbeeld in water of de bodem terechtkomen, kan dat het milieu belasten. Hoe meer stoffen er in het milieu komen, hoe groter de zogeheten toxische druk. Dit kan schadelijk zijn voor planten, dieren en ecosystemen in kwetsbare gebieden, zoals natuurgebieden. De laatste jaren is er in de samenleving steeds meer bezorgdheid over mengsels van chemische stoffen in het milieu, zoals van stoffen die de industrie, de landbouw of elk huishouden uitstoot. Maar er is nog relatief weinig onderzoek gedaan naar de effecten daarvan op kwetsbare gebieden. Het RIVM heeft nu een eerste opzet gemaakt van een aanpak om te kunnen bepalen wat de aanwezigheid van deze stoffen betekent voor deze gebieden. In een handreiking is beschreven hoe die aanpak stapsgewijs kan worden ingezet. De aanpak is geschikt om de toxische druk te bepalen in bodem en oppervlaktewater. In het rapport is voor beide een situatie uit de praktijk uitgewerkt. De aanpak voegt drie bestaande methoden samen (chemische analyses, effecten van mengsels op planten en dieren, en ecologisch veldonderzoek) en is wetenschappelijk onderbouwd. Verder is er rekening gehouden met de praktische uitvoerbaarheid. Het RIVM beveelt aan te toetsen hoe goed de aanpak en handreiking in de praktijk werken en ze daarna verder uit te werken. Bijvoorbeeld ook om de toxische druk te bepalen in grondwater en organismen.
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- 2023
6. Evaluation of EFSA training courses on principles in chemical and biological risk assessment
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Escher, SE, Rorije, E, van Klaveren, J, Posthuma, L, Bokkers, B, and Slob, W
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- 2023
7. Measuring the Effect of Circular Public Procurement on Government’s Environmental Impact
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Zijp, M, Dekker, E, de Valk, E, Hollander, A, and Posthuma, L
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- 2022
8. P15-01 Bioassays for determining five classes of water quality in the ‘Knowledge Impulse Water Quality – Toxicology’ project
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Pronk, T.E., primary, de Baat, M.L., additional, Van den Berg, S.J., additional, Posthuma, L., additional, and van der Oost, R., additional
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- 2022
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9. Discovering Ecological Relationships in Flowing Freshwater Ecosystems
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Mielke, KP, Schipper, AM, Heskes, T, Zijp, MC, and Posthuma, L
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- 2022
10. Solution-focused sustainability assessments for the transition to the circular economy: The case of plastics in the automotive industry
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Bruggen, Anne R. van, Zonneveld, Michelle, Zijp, M.C., Posthuma, L., Bruggen, Anne R. van, Zonneveld, Michelle, Zijp, M.C., and Posthuma, L.
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Item does not contain fulltext
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- 2022
11. Characterization of ecotoxicological risks from unintentional mixture exposures calculated from European freshwater monitoring data: Forwarding prospective chemical risk management
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Rorije, Emiel, Wassenaar, Pim N.H., Slootweg, J., Leeuwen, Lonneke van, Broekhuizen, Fleur A. van, Posthuma, L., Rorije, Emiel, Wassenaar, Pim N.H., Slootweg, J., Leeuwen, Lonneke van, Broekhuizen, Fleur A. van, and Posthuma, L.
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Contains fulltext : 248252.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access)
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- 2022
12. A risk based assessment approach for chemical mixtures from wastewater treatment plant effluents
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Finckh, Saskia, Beckers, Liza-Marie, Busch, Wibke, Carmona, Eric, Dulio, Valeria, Kramer, Lena, Posthuma, L., Ohe, P.C. von der, Brack, Werner, Finckh, Saskia, Beckers, Liza-Marie, Busch, Wibke, Carmona, Eric, Dulio, Valeria, Kramer, Lena, Posthuma, L., Ohe, P.C. von der, and Brack, Werner
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Contains fulltext : 250579.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access)
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- 2022
13. One planet: one health. A call to support the initiative on a global science–policy body on chemicals and waste
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Brack, W., Culleres, D.B., Boxall, A.B.A., Budzinski, H., Castiglioni, S., Covaci, A., Dulio, V., Escher, B.I., Fantke, P., Kandie, F., Fatta-Kassinos, D., Hernández, F.J., Hilscherová, K., Hollender, J., Hollert, H., Jahnke, A., Kasprzyk-Hordern, B., Khan, S.J., Kortenkamp, A., Kümmerer, K., Lalonde, B., Lamoree, M.H., Levi, Y., Martín, P.A.L., Montagner, C.C., Mougin, C., Msagati, T., Oehlmann, J., Posthuma, L., Reid, M., Reinhard, M., Richardson, S.D., Rostkowski, P., Schymanski, E., Schneider, F., Slobodnik, J., Shibata, Y., Snyder, S.A., Sodré, F. Fabriz, Teodorovic, I., Thomas, K.V., Umbuzeiro, G.A., Viet, P.H., Yew-Hoong, K.G., Zhang, Xiaowei, Zuccato, E., Brack, W., Culleres, D.B., Boxall, A.B.A., Budzinski, H., Castiglioni, S., Covaci, A., Dulio, V., Escher, B.I., Fantke, P., Kandie, F., Fatta-Kassinos, D., Hernández, F.J., Hilscherová, K., Hollender, J., Hollert, H., Jahnke, A., Kasprzyk-Hordern, B., Khan, S.J., Kortenkamp, A., Kümmerer, K., Lalonde, B., Lamoree, M.H., Levi, Y., Martín, P.A.L., Montagner, C.C., Mougin, C., Msagati, T., Oehlmann, J., Posthuma, L., Reid, M., Reinhard, M., Richardson, S.D., Rostkowski, P., Schymanski, E., Schneider, F., Slobodnik, J., Shibata, Y., Snyder, S.A., Sodré, F. Fabriz, Teodorovic, I., Thomas, K.V., Umbuzeiro, G.A., Viet, P.H., Yew-Hoong, K.G., Zhang, Xiaowei, and Zuccato, E.
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Contains fulltext : 252561.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access)
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- 2022
14. Measuring the Effect of Circular Public Procurement on Government's Environmental Impact
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Zijp, Michiel, Dekker, Erik, Hauck, Mara, Koning, Arjan De, Bijleveld, Marijn, Tokaya, J.P., Hollander, Anne, Posthuma, L., Zijp, Michiel, Dekker, Erik, Hauck, Mara, Koning, Arjan De, Bijleveld, Marijn, Tokaya, J.P., Hollander, Anne, and Posthuma, L.
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Contains fulltext : 253551.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access)
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- 2022
15. Concentrations of 366 emerging chemicals in 56 European wastewater treatment plant effluents by LC-HRMS target screening
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Finckh, Saskia, Beckers, L.-M., Busch, Wibke, Carmona, Eric, Dulio, V., Kramer, Lena, Krauss, Martin ; orcid:0000-0002-0362-4244, Posthuma, L., Schulze, Tobias ; orcid:0000-0002-9744-8914, Slootweg, J., von der Ohe, P.C., Brack, Werner, Finckh, Saskia, Beckers, L.-M., Busch, Wibke, Carmona, Eric, Dulio, V., Kramer, Lena, Krauss, Martin ; orcid:0000-0002-0362-4244, Posthuma, L., Schulze, Tobias ; orcid:0000-0002-9744-8914, Slootweg, J., von der Ohe, P.C., and Brack, Werner
- Abstract
In this study, 56 effluent samples from 52 European wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) were investigated for the occurrence of 499 emerging chemicals (ECs) and their associated potential risks to the environment. The two main objectives were (i) to extend our knowledge on chemicals occurring in treated wastewater, and (ii) to identify and prioritise compounds of concern based on three different risk assessment approaches for the identification of consensus mixture risk drivers of concern. Approaches include (i) PNEC and EQS-based regulatory risk quotients (RQs), (ii) species sensitivity distribution (SSD)-based hazard units (HUs) and (iii) toxic units (TUs) for three biological quality elements (BQEs) algae, crustacean, and fish.For this purpose, solid-phase extracts were analysed with wide-scope chemical target screening via liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS), resulting in 366 detected compounds, with concentrations ranging from <1 ng/L to >100 µg/L. The detected chemicals were categorized with respect to critical information relevant for risk assessment and management prioritization including: (1) frequency of occurrence, (2) measured concentrations, (3) use groups, (4) persistence & bioaccumulation, and (5) modes of action. A comprehensive assessment using RQ, HU and TU indicated exceedance of risk thresholds for the majority of effluents with RQ being the most sensitive metric. In total, 293 out of the 366 compounds were identified as mixture risk contributors in one of the approaches, while 32 chemicals were established as consensus mixture risk contributors of high concern, including a high percentage (66%) of pesticides and biocides. For samples which have passed an advanced treatment using ozonation or activated carbon (AC), consistently much lower risks were estimated.
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- 2022
16. The role of the sewer system in estimating urban emissions of chemicals of emerging concern
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Zillien, C., Roex, E., Posthuma, L., Ragas, A.M.J., Zillien, C., Roex, E., Posthuma, L., and Ragas, A.M.J.
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13 november 2022, Contains fulltext : 295224.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access)
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- 2022
17. One planet: one health. A call to support the initiative on a global science–policy body on chemicals and waste
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Brack, Werner, Barcelo Culleres, D., Boxall, A.B.A., Budzinski, H., Castiglioni, S., Covaci, A., Dulio, V., Escher, Beate, Fantke, P., Kandie, F., Fatta-Kassinos, D., Hernández, F.J., Hilscherová, K., Hollender, J., Hollert, H., Jahnke, Annika, Kasprzyk-Hordern, B., Khan, S.J., Kortenkamp, A., Kümmerer, K., Lalonde, B., Lamoree, M.H., Levi, Y., Lara Martín, P.A., Montagner, C.C., Mougin, C., Msagati, T., Oehlmann, J., Posthuma, L., Reid, M., Reinhardt, M., Richardson, S.D., Rostkowski, P., Schymanski, E., Schneider, F., Slobodnik, J., Shibata, Y., Snyder, S.A., Sodré, F.F., Teodorovic, I., Thomas, K.V., Umbuzeiro, G.A., Viet, P.H., Yew-Hoong, K.G., Zhang, X., Zuccato, E., Brack, Werner, Barcelo Culleres, D., Boxall, A.B.A., Budzinski, H., Castiglioni, S., Covaci, A., Dulio, V., Escher, Beate, Fantke, P., Kandie, F., Fatta-Kassinos, D., Hernández, F.J., Hilscherová, K., Hollender, J., Hollert, H., Jahnke, Annika, Kasprzyk-Hordern, B., Khan, S.J., Kortenkamp, A., Kümmerer, K., Lalonde, B., Lamoree, M.H., Levi, Y., Lara Martín, P.A., Montagner, C.C., Mougin, C., Msagati, T., Oehlmann, J., Posthuma, L., Reid, M., Reinhardt, M., Richardson, S.D., Rostkowski, P., Schymanski, E., Schneider, F., Slobodnik, J., Shibata, Y., Snyder, S.A., Sodré, F.F., Teodorovic, I., Thomas, K.V., Umbuzeiro, G.A., Viet, P.H., Yew-Hoong, K.G., Zhang, X., and Zuccato, E.
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The chemical pollution crisis severely threatens human and environmental health globally. To tacklethis challenge the establishment of an overarching international science-policy body has recently beensuggested. We strongly support this initiative based on the awareness that humanity has already likelyleft the safe operating space within planetary boundaries for novel entities including chemicalpollution. Immediate action is essential and needs to be informed by sound scientific knowledge anddata compiled and critically evaluated by an overarching science-policy interface body. Majorchallenges for such a body are (i) to foster global knowledge production on exposure, impacts andgovernance going beyond data-rich regions (e.g., Europe and North America), (ii) to cover the entiretyof hazardous chemicals, mixtures and wastes, (iii) to follow a one-health perspective considering therisks posed by chemicals and waste on ecosystem and human health, (iv) and to strive for solutionorientedassessments based on systems thinking. Based on multiple evidence on urgent action on aglobal scale, we call scientists and practitioners to mobilize their scientific networks and to intensifyscience-policy interaction with national governments to support the negotiations on the establishmentof an intergovernmental body based on scientific knowledge explaining the anticipated benefit forhuman and environmental health.
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- 2022
18. Wat zijn bioassays en wat kan ik ermee? : Deltafact
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Berg, S. van den, Baat, M. de, Dingemans, M., Pronk, T., Posthuma, L., Berg, S. van den, Baat, M. de, Dingemans, M., Pronk, T., and Posthuma, L.
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Deze Deltafact beschrijft het principe, de toepassingen, de voordelen en de beperkingen van bioassay metingen voor het meten van de waterkwaliteit. Deze informatie kan gezien worden als een introductie op het onderwerp bioassay gebruik voor waterkwaliteitsmonitoring.
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- 2022
19. Classificatie en communicatie van de graad van chemische verontreiniging : Deltafact
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Posthuma, L., Slootweg, J., Pronk, T., Baat, M. de, Berg, S. van den, Posthuma, L., Slootweg, J., Pronk, T., Baat, M. de, and Berg, S. van den
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Dit Deltafact heeft tot doel om waterbeheerders te helpen complexe gegevens over chemische verontreiniging van oppervlaktewateren samen te vatten in vijf klassen, ten behoeve van evaluatie van ruimtelijke trends of trends (van achteruitgang of herstel) in de tijd en de communicatie daarover tussen experts, bestuurders en belanghebbenden.
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- 2022
20. Characterizing effects of livestock farming on human health and the environment
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Pim Martijn Post, Lebret, E., Posthuma, L., Hogerwerf, L., and University Utrecht
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medicine.medical_specialty ,COPD ,business.industry ,animal diseases ,Animal production ,medicine.disease ,Human health ,Pneumonia ,Livestock farming ,Environmental health ,Epidemiology ,medicine ,livestock farming ,human health ,environmental impact ,animal production ,asthma ,pneumonia ,integrated assessment ,epidemiology ,Environmental impact assessment ,business ,Asthma - Abstract
Livestock farming has various effects on public health and environment, such as greenhouse gas emissions, a contribution to nutrient surpluses, particulate matter emissions, and transmission and emergence of infectious diseases. Addressing one problem may unintentionally hinder addressing other problems when not integrally assessed. Therefore, the aim of this thesis was to integrally assess the effects of the Dutch livestock sector on public health and environment. For that aim, information on 17 different impact categories have been synthesized. These range from a contribution of 2% of the water use in the Netherlands to 95% of the transfer of phosphorus to soils, but for example also concern odor annoyance and the risk of emerging zoonoses. Respiratory diseases among residents living close to livestock farms were studied in more detail. Close to goat farms, an increased risk of pneumonia was observed, corresponding with earlier observations. In contrast, medication dispensing for asthma and COPD was lower close to livestock farms, especially in the vicinity of cattle farms. The specific causes of these health effects remain largely unknown. What is clear, is that cattle, pigs, poultry, and small ruminants, each have their own role in causing human health and environmental effects. To bring the integrated assessment a step further in light of the future of livestock farming, experts were consulted to explore het effects of changes in livestock farming in a transition towards circular agriculture. Such changes are expected to have a limited positive effect on public health and environment. These effects appear insufficient to reach policy goals regarding climate change, nitrogen and particulate matter for example. In addition, risks have been identified as well and some changes have both beneficial and adverse effects. The findings in this thesis provide starting points for a societal dialogue on the future of livestock farming. Such a dialogue may benefit from future research in which frequent interactions with stakeholders and policy makers is an integral part. To make such research relevant for the latter groups, it should not focus on describing the problems, but take potential solutions for the challenges in livestock farming as a starting point.
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- 2021
21. Characterizing Freshwater Ecotoxicity of More Than 9000 Chemicals by Combining Different Levels of Available Measured Test Data with In Silico Predictions.
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Douziech M, Oginah SA, Golsteijn L, Hauschild MZ, Jolliet O, Owsianiak M, Posthuma L, and Fantke P
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- Animals, Aquatic Organisms drug effects, Risk Assessment, Toxicity Tests, Environmental Monitoring methods, Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity, Fresh Water chemistry, Computer Simulation, Ecotoxicology
- Abstract
Ecotoxicological impacts of chemicals released into the environment are characterized by combining fate, exposure, and effects. For characterizing effects, species sensitivity distributions (SSDs) estimate toxic pressures of chemicals as the potentially affected fraction of species. Life cycle assessment (LCA) uses SSDs to identify products with lowest ecotoxicological impacts. To reflect ambient concentrations, the Global Life Cycle Impact Assessment Method (GLAM) ecotoxicity task force recently recommended deriving SSDs for LCA based on chronic EC10s (10% effect concentration, for a life-history trait) and using the 20th percentile of an EC10-based SSD as a working point. However, because we lacked measured effect concentrations, impacts of only few chemicals were assessed, underlining data limitations for decision support. The aims of this paper were therefore to derive and validate freshwater SSDs by combining measured effect concentrations with in silico methods. Freshwater effect factors (EFs) and uncertainty estimates for use in GLAM-consistent life cycle impact assessment were then derived by combining three elements: (1) using intraspecies extrapolating effect data to estimate EC10s, (2) using interspecies quantitative structure-activity relationships, or (3) assuming a constant slope of 0.7 to derive SSDs. Species sensitivity distributions, associated EFs, and EF confidence intervals for 9862 chemicals, including data-poor ones, were estimated based on these elements. Intraspecies extrapolations and the fixed slope approach were most often applied. The resulting EFs were consistent with EFs derived from SSD-EC50 models, implying a similar chemical ecotoxicity rank order and method robustness. Our approach is an important step toward considering the potential ecotoxic impacts of chemicals currently neglected in assessment frameworks due to limited test data. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;43:1914-1927. © 2024 The Author(s). Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC., (© 2024 The Author(s). Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.)
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- 2024
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22. Green Swans countering chemical pollution.
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Posthuma L, Bloor M, Campos B, Groh K, Leopold A, Sanderson H, Schreiber H, Schür C, and Thomas P
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- Animals, Environmental Pollution, Birds
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- 2024
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23. Regulatory Risk Assessment of Pharmaceuticals in the Environment: Current Practice and Future Priorities.
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Oldenkamp R, Hamers T, Wilkinson J, Slootweg J, and Posthuma L
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- Environmental Monitoring, Retrospective Studies, Risk Assessment, Pharmaceutical Preparations, Ecosystem, Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity, Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis
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How can data on the occurrence of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in the environment and the quality of ecosystems exposed to PPCPs be used to determine whether current regulatory risk assessment schemes are effective? This is one of 20 "big questions" concerning PPCPs in the environment posed in a landmark review paper in 2012. Ten years later, we review the developments around this question, focusing on the first P in PPCPs, that is, pharmaceuticals, or more specifically the active ingredients included in them (active pharmaceutical ingredients, APIs). We illustrate how extensive data on both the occurrence of APIs and the ecotoxicological sensitivity of aquatic species to them can be used in a retrospective risk assessment. In the Netherlands, current regulatory risk assessment schemes offer insufficient protection against direct ecotoxicological effects from APIs: the toxic pressure exerted by the 39 APIs included in our study exceeds the policy-related protective threshold of 0.05 (the "95%-protection level") in at least 13% of sampled surface waters. In general, anti-inflammatory and antirheumatic products (e.g., diclofenac, ibuprofen) contributed most to the overall toxic pressure, followed by sex hormones and modulators of the genital system (e.g., ethinylestradiol) and psychoanaleptics (e.g., caffeine). We formulated three open questions for future research. The first relates to improving the availability and accessibility of good-quality ecotoxicity data on pharmaceuticals for the global scientific, regulatory, and general public. The second relates to the adaptation of regulatory risk assessment frameworks for developing regions of the world. The third relates to the integration of effect-based and ecological approaches into regulatory risk assessment practice. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;43:611-622. © 2022 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC., (© 2022 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.)
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- 2024
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24. Assessing city-wide pharmaceutical emissions to wastewater via modelling and passive sampling.
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Zillien C, Groenveld T, Schut O, Beeltje H, Blanco-Ania D, Posthuma L, Roex E, and Ragas A
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- Humans, Pharmaceutical Preparations, Environmental Exposure, Wastewater-Based Epidemiological Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring methods, Wastewater, Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis
- Abstract
With increasing numbers of chemicals used in modern society, assessing human and environmental exposure to them is becoming increasingly difficult. Recent advances in wastewater-based epidemiology enable valuable insights into public exposure to data-poor compounds. However, measuring all >26,000 chemicals registered under REACH is not just technically unfeasible but would also be incredibly expensive. In this paper, we argue that estimating emissions of chemicals based on usage data could offer a more comprehensive, systematic and efficient approach than repeated monitoring. Emissions of 29 active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) to wastewater were estimated for a medium-sized city in the Netherlands. Usage data was collected both on national and local scale and included prescription data, usage in health-care institutions and over-the-counter sales. Different routes of administration were considered as well as the excretion and subsequent in-sewer back-transformation of conjugates into respective parent compounds. Results suggest model-based emission estimation on a city-level is feasible and in good agreement with wastewater measurements obtained via passive sampling. Results highlight the need to include excretion fractions in the conceptual framework of emission estimation but suggest that the choice of an appropriate excretion fraction has a substantial impact on the resulting model performance., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)
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- 2024
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25. To Split or Not to Split: Characterizing Chemical Pollution Impacts in Aquatic Ecosystems with Species Sensitivity Distributions for Specific Taxonomic Groups.
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Oginah SA, Posthuma L, Hauschild M, Slootweg J, Kosnik M, and Fantke P
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Bridging applied ecology and ecotoxicology is key to protect ecosystems. These disciplines show a mismatch, especially when evaluating pressures. Contrasting to applied ecology, ecotoxicological impacts are often characterized for whole species assemblages based on Species Sensitivity Distributions (SSDs). SSDs are statistical models describing per chemical across-species sensitivity variation based on laboratory toxicity tests. To assist in the aligning of the disciplines and improve decision-support uses of SSDs, we investigate taxonomic-group-specific SSDs for algae/cyanobacteria/aquatic plants, invertebrates, and vertebrates for 180 chemicals with sufficient test data. We show that splitting improves pollution impact assessments for chemicals with a specific mode of action and, surprisingly, for narcotic chemicals. We provide a framework for splitting SSDs that can be applied to serve in environmental protection, life cycle assessment, and management of freshwater ecosystems. We illustrate that using split SSDs has potentially large implications for the decision-support of SSD-based outputs around the globe.
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- 2023
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26. Chemical Mixtures and Multiple Stressors: Same but Different?
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Schäfer RB, Jackson M, Juvigny-Khenafou N, Osakpolor SE, Posthuma L, Schneeweiss A, Spaak J, and Vinebrooke R
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- Risk Assessment methods, Food Chain, Research Design, Ecosystem, Ecotoxicology methods
- Abstract
Ecosystems are strongly influenced by multiple anthropogenic stressors, including a wide range of chemicals and their mixtures. Studies on the effects of multiple stressors have largely focussed on nonchemical stressors, whereas studies on chemical mixtures have largely ignored other stressors. However, both research areas face similar challenges and require similar tools and methods to predict the joint effects of chemicals or nonchemical stressors, and frameworks to integrate multiple chemical and nonchemical stressors are missing. We provide an overview of the research paradigms, tools, and methods commonly used in multiple stressor and chemical mixture research and discuss potential domains of cross-fertilization and joint challenges. First, we compare the general paradigms of ecotoxicology and (applied) ecology to explain the historical divide. Subsequently, we compare methods and approaches for the identification of interactions, stressor characterization, and designing experiments. We suggest that both multiple stressor and chemical mixture research are too focused on interactions and would benefit from integration regarding null model selection. Stressor characterization is typically more costly for chemical mixtures. While for chemical mixtures comprehensive classification systems at suborganismal level have been developed, recent classification systems for multiple stressors account for environmental context. Both research areas suffer from rather simplified experimental designs that focus on only a limited number of stressors, chemicals, and treatments. We discuss concepts that can guide more realistic designs capturing spatiotemporal stressor dynamics. We suggest that process-based and data-driven models are particularly promising to tackle the challenge of prediction of effects of chemical mixtures and nonchemical stressors on (meta-)communities and (meta-)food webs. We propose a framework to integrate the assessment of effects for multiple stressors and chemical mixtures. Environ Toxicol Chem 2023;42:1915-1936. © 2023 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC., (© 2023 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.)
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- 2023
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27. Ecotoxicity characterization of chemicals: Global recommendations and implementation in USEtox.
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Owsianiak M, Hauschild MZ, Posthuma L, Saouter E, Vijver MG, Backhaus T, Douziech M, Schlekat T, and Fantke P
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- Models, Theoretical, Ecosystem, Fresh Water chemistry
- Abstract
Chemicals emitted to the environment affect ecosystem health from local to global scale, and reducing chemical impacts has become an important element of European and global sustainability efforts. The present work advances ecotoxicity characterization of chemicals in life cycle impact assessment by proposing recommendations resulting from international expert workshops and work conducted under the umbrella of the UNEP-SETAC Life Cycle Initiative in the GLAM project (Global guidance on environmental life cycle impact assessment indicators). We include specific recommendations for broadening the assessment scope through proposing to introduce additional environmental compartments beyond freshwater and related ecotoxicity indicators, as well as for adapting the ecotoxicity effect modelling approach to better reflect environmentally relevant exposure levels and including to a larger extent chronic test data. As result, we (1) propose a consistent mathematical framework for calculating freshwater ecotoxicity characterization factors and their underlying fate, exposure and effect parameters; (2) implement the framework into the USEtox scientific consensus model; (3) calculate characterization factors for chemicals reported in an inventory of a life cycle assessment case study on rice production and consumption; and (4) investigate the influence of effect data selection criteria on resulting indicator scores. Our results highlight the need for careful interpretation of life cycle assessment impact scores in light of robustness of underlying species sensitivity distributions. Next steps are to apply the recommended characterization framework in additional case studies, and to adapt it to soil, sediment and the marine environment. Our framework is applicable for evaluating chemicals in life cycle assessment, chemical and environmental footprinting, chemical substitution, risk screening, chemical prioritization, and comparison with environmental sustainability targets., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2023
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28. Linking freshwater ecotoxicity to damage on ecosystem services in life cycle assessment.
- Author
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Oginah SA, Posthuma L, Maltby L, Hauschild M, and Fantke P
- Subjects
- Humans, Animals, Ecotoxicology, Fresh Water chemistry, Life Cycle Stages, Ecosystem, Environmental Pollution
- Abstract
Freshwater ecosystems provide major benefits to human wellbeing-so-called ecosystem services (ES)-but are currently threatened among others by ecotoxicological pressure from chemicals reaching the environment. There is an increased motivation to incorporate ES in quantification tools that support decision-making, such as life cycle assessment (LCA). However, mechanistic models and frameworks that can systematically translate ecotoxicity effect data from chemical tests into eventual damage on species diversity, functional diversity, and ES in the field are still missing. While current approaches focus on translating predicted ecotoxicity impacts to damage in terms of species loss, no approaches are available in LCA and other comparative assessment frameworks for linking ecotoxicity to damage on ecosystem functioning or ES. To overcome this challenge, we propose a way forward based on evaluating available approaches to characterize damage of chemical pollution on freshwater ES. We first outline an overall framework for linking freshwater ecotoxicity effects to damage on related ES in compliance with the boundary conditions of quantitative, comparative assessments. Second, within the proposed framework, we present possible approaches for stepwise linking ecotoxicity effects to species loss, functional diversity loss, and damage on ES. Finally, we discuss strengths, limitations, and data availability of possible approaches for each step. Although most approaches for directly deriving damage on ES from either species loss or damage to functional diversity have not been operationalized, there are some promising ways forward. The Threshold Indicator Taxa ANalysis (TITAN) seems suitable to translate predicted ecotoxicity effects to a metric of quantitative damage on species diversity. A Trait Probability Density Framework (TPD) approach that incorporates various functional diversity components and functional groups could be adapted to link species loss to functional diversity loss. An Ecological Production Function (EPF) approach seems most promising for further linking functional diversity loss to damage on ES flows for human wellbeing. However, in order to integrate the entire pathway from predicted freshwater ecotoxicity to damage on ES into LCA and other comparative frameworks, the approaches adopted for each step need to be harmonized in terms of assumptions, boundary conditions and consistent interfaces with each other., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2023
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29. A risk based assessment approach for chemical mixtures from wastewater treatment plant effluents.
- Author
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Finckh S, Beckers LM, Busch W, Carmona E, Dulio V, Kramer L, Krauss M, Posthuma L, Schulze T, Slootweg J, Von der Ohe PC, and Brack W
- Subjects
- Animals, Environmental Monitoring, Risk Assessment, Waste Disposal, Fluid, Wastewater chemistry, Pesticides analysis, Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis, Water Purification
- Abstract
In this study, 56 effluent samples from 52 European wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) were investigated for the occurrence of 499 emerging chemicals (ECs) and their associated potential risks to the environment. The two main objectives were (i) to extend our knowledge on chemicals occurring in treated wastewater, and (ii) to identify and prioritize compounds of concern based on three different risk assessment approaches for the identification of consensus mixture risk drivers of concern. Approaches include (i) PNEC and EQS-based regulatory risk quotients (RQs), (ii) species sensitivity distribution (SSD)-based hazard units (HUs) and (iii) toxic units (TUs) for three biological quality elements (BQEs) algae, crustacean, and fish. For this purpose, solid-phase extracts were analysed with wide-scope chemical target screening via liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS), resulting in 366 detected compounds, with concentrations ranging from < 1 ng/L to > 100 µg/L. The detected chemicals were categorized with respect to critical information relevant for risk assessment and management prioritization including: (1) frequency of occurrence, (2) measured concentrations, (3) use groups, (4) persistence & bioaccumulation, and (5) modes of action. A comprehensive assessment using RQ, HU and TU indicated exceedance of risk thresholds for the majority of effluents with RQ being the most sensitive metric. In total, 299 out of the 366 compounds were identified as mixture risk contributors in one of the approaches, while 32 chemicals were established as consensus mixture risk contributors of high concern, including a high percentage (66%) of pesticides and biocides. For samples which have passed an advanced treatment using ozonation or activated carbon (AC), consistently much lower risks were estimated., (Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2022
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30. Characterization of ecotoxicological risks from unintentional mixture exposures calculated from European freshwater monitoring data: Forwarding prospective chemical risk management.
- Author
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Rorije E, Wassenaar PNH, Slootweg J, van Leeuwen L, van Broekhuizen FA, and Posthuma L
- Subjects
- Environmental Monitoring methods, Fresh Water, Prospective Studies, Risk Assessment methods, Ecosystem, Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis
- Abstract
Current regulatory chemical safety assessments do not acknowledge that ambient exposures are to multiple chemicals at the same time. As a result, potentially harmful exposures to unintentional mixtures may occur, leading to potential insufficient protection of the environment. The present study describes cumulative environmental risk assessment results for European fresh water ecosystems, based on the NORMAN chemical surface water monitoring database (1998-2016). It aims to characterize the magnitude of the mixture problem and the relative contribution of chemicals to the mixture risk, and evaluates how cumulative risks reduce when the acceptable risk per single chemical is fractionally lowered. Available monitoring data were curated and aggregated to 26,631 place-time combinations with at least two chemicals, of which 376 place-time combinations had at least 25 chemicals identified above the Limit of Detection. Various risk metrics were based on measured environmental concentrations (MECs). Mixture risk characterization ratio's (ΣRCRs) ≥ 1 were found for 39% of the place-time combinations, with few chemicals dominating the ΣRCR. Analyses of mixture toxic pressures, expressed as multi-substance Potentially Affected Fractions of species based on No Observed Effect Concentrations (msPAF
NOEC ), showed similar outcomes. Small fractional reductions of the ambient chemical concentrations give a steep increase of the percentage of sufficiently protected water bodies (i.e. ΣRCR < 1 and msPAFNOEC < 5%). Scientific and regulatory aspects of these results are discussed, especially with reference to the representativeness of the monitoring data for characterizing ambient mixtures, the robustness of the findings, and the possible regulatory implementation of the concept of a Mixture Allocation Factor (MAF) for prospective chemicals risk management. Although the monitoring data do not represent the full spectrum of ambient mixture exposures in Europe, results show the need for adapting policies to reach European Union goals for a toxic-free environment and underpin the utility and possible magnitude of a MAF., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)- Published
- 2022
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31. One planet: one health. A call to support the initiative on a global science-policy body on chemicals and waste.
- Author
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Brack W, Barcelo Culleres D, Boxall ABA, Budzinski H, Castiglioni S, Covaci A, Dulio V, Escher BI, Fantke P, Kandie F, Fatta-Kassinos D, Hernández FJ, Hilscherová K, Hollender J, Hollert H, Jahnke A, Kasprzyk-Hordern B, Khan SJ, Kortenkamp A, Kümmerer K, Lalonde B, Lamoree MH, Levi Y, Lara Martín PA, Montagner CC, Mougin C, Msagati T, Oehlmann J, Posthuma L, Reid M, Reinhard M, Richardson SD, Rostkowski P, Schymanski E, Schneider F, Slobodnik J, Shibata Y, Snyder SA, Fabriz Sodré F, Teodorovic I, Thomas KV, Umbuzeiro GA, Viet PH, Yew-Hoong KG, Zhang X, and Zuccato E
- Abstract
The chemical pollution crisis severely threatens human and environmental health globally. To tackle this challenge the establishment of an overarching international science-policy body has recently been suggested. We strongly support this initiative based on the awareness that humanity has already likely left the safe operating space within planetary boundaries for novel entities including chemical pollution. Immediate action is essential and needs to be informed by sound scientific knowledge and data compiled and critically evaluated by an overarching science-policy interface body. Major challenges for such a body are (i) to foster global knowledge production on exposure, impacts and governance going beyond data-rich regions (e.g., Europe and North America), (ii) to cover the entirety of hazardous chemicals, mixtures and wastes, (iii) to follow a one-health perspective considering the risks posed by chemicals and waste on ecosystem and human health, and (iv) to strive for solution-oriented assessments based on systems thinking. Based on multiple evidence on urgent action on a global scale, we call scientists and practitioners to mobilize their scientific networks and to intensify science-policy interaction with national governments to support the negotiations on the establishment of an intergovernmental body based on scientific knowledge explaining the anticipated benefit for human and environmental health., Competing Interests: Competing interestsThe authors declare that they have no competing interests. HH is Editor-in-Chief of this Journal., (© The Author(s) 2022.)
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- 2022
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32. The role of the sewer system in estimating urban emissions of chemicals of emerging concern.
- Author
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Zillien C, Posthuma L, Roex E, and Ragas A
- Abstract
The use of chemicals by society has resulted in calls for more effective control of their emissions. Many of these chemicals are poorly characterized because of lacking data on their use, environmental fate and toxicity, as well as lacking detection techniques. These compounds are sometimes referred to as contaminants of emerging concern (CECs). Urban areas are an important source of CECs, where these are typically first collected in sewer systems and then discharged into the environment after being treated in a wastewater treatment plant. A combination of emission estimation techniques and environmental fate models can support the early identification and management of CEC-related environmental problems. However, scientific insight in the processes driving the fate of CECs in sewer systems is limited and scattered. Biotransformation, sorption and ion-trapping can decrease CEC loads, whereas enzymatic deconjugation of conjugated metabolites can increase CEC loads as metabolites are back-transformed into their parent respective compounds. These fate processes need to be considered when estimating CEC emissions. This literature review collates the fragmented knowledge and data on in-sewer fate of CECs to develop practical guidelines for water managers on how to deal with in-sewer fate of CECs and highlights future research needs. It was assessed to what extent empirical data is in-line with text-book knowledge and integrated sewer modelling approaches. Experimental half-lives ( n = 277) of 96 organic CECs were collected from literature. The findings of this literature review can be used to support environmental modelling efforts and to optimize monitoring campaigns, including field studies in the context of wastewater-based epidemiology., Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11157-022-09638-9., Competing Interests: Conflict of interestThe authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article., (© The Author(s) 2022.)
- Published
- 2022
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