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5. Co-limitation towards lower latitudes shapes global forest diversity gradients

Author

Liang, Jingjing, Gamarra, Javier G. P., Picard, Nicolas, Zhou, Mo, Pijanowski, Bryan, Jacobs, Douglass F., Reich, Peter B., Crowther, Thomas W., Nabuurs, Gert-Jan, de-Miguel, Sergio, Fang, Jingyun, Woodall, Christopher W., Svenning, Jens-Christian, Jucker, Tommaso, Bastin, Jean-Francois, Wiser, Susan K., Slik, Ferry, Hérault, Bruno, Alberti, Giorgio, Keppel, Gunnar, Hengeveld, Geerten M., Ibisch, Pierre L., Silva, Carlos A., ter Steege, Hans, Peri, Pablo L., Coomes, David A., Searle, Eric B., von Gadow, Klaus, Jaroszewicz, Bogdan, Abbasi, Akane O., Abegg, Meinrad, Yao, Yves C. Adou, Aguirre-Gutiérrez, Jesús, Zambrano, Angelica M. Almeyda, Altman, Jan, Alvarez-Dávila, Esteban, Álvarez-González, Juan Gabriel, Alves, Luciana F., Amani, Bienvenu H. K., Amani, Christian A., Ammer, Christian, Ilondea, Bhely Angoboy, Antón-Fernández, Clara, Avitabile, Valerio, Aymard, Gerardo A., Azihou, Akomian F., Baard, Johan A., Baker, Timothy R., Balazy, Radomir, Bastian, Meredith L., Batumike, Rodrigue, Bauters, Marijn, Beeckman, Hans, Benu, Nithanel Mikael Hendrik, Bitariho, Robert, Boeckx, Pascal, Bogaert, Jan, Bongers, Frans, Bouriaud, Olivier, Brancalion, Pedro H. S., Brandl, Susanne, Brearley, Francis Q., Briseno-Reyes, Jaime, Broadbent, Eben N., Bruelheide, Helge, Bulte, Erwin, Catlin, Ann Christine, Cazzolla Gatti, Roberto, César, Ricardo G., Chen, Han Y. H., Chisholm, Chelsea, Cienciala, Emil, Colletta, Gabriel D., Corral-Rivas, José Javier, Cuchietti, Anibal, Cuni-Sanchez, Aida, Dar, Javid A., Dayanandan, Selvadurai, de Haulleville, Thales, Decuyper, Mathieu, Delabye, Sylvain, Derroire, Géraldine, DeVries, Ben, Diisi, John, Do, Tran Van, Dolezal, Jiri, Dourdain, Aurélie, Durrheim, Graham P., Obiang, Nestor Laurier Engone, Ewango, Corneille E. N., Eyre, Teresa J., Fayle, Tom M., Feunang, Lethicia Flavine N., Finér, Leena, Fischer, Markus, Fridman, Jonas, Frizzera, Lorenzo, de Gasper, André L., Gianelle, Damiano, Glick, Henry B., Gonzalez-Elizondo, Maria Socorro, Gorenstein, Lev, Habonayo, Richard, Hardy, Olivier J., Harris, David J., Hector, Andrew, Hemp, Andreas, Herold, Martin, Hillers, Annika, Hubau, Wannes, Ibanez, Thomas, Imai, Nobuo, Imani, Gerard, Jagodzinski, Andrzej M., Janecek, Stepan, Johannsen, Vivian Kvist, Joly, Carlos A., Jumbam, Blaise, Kabelong, Banoho L. P. R., Kahsay, Goytom Abraha, Karminov, Viktor, Kartawinata, Kuswata, Kassi, Justin N., Kearsley, Elizabeth, Kennard, Deborah K., Kepfer-Rojas, Sebastian, Khan, Mohammed Latif, Kigomo, John N., Kim, Hyun Seok, Klauberg, Carine, Klomberg, Yannick, Korjus, Henn, Kothandaraman, Subashree, Kraxner, Florian, Kumar, Amit, Kuswandi, Relawan, Lang, Mait, Lawes, Michael J., Leite, Rodrigo V., Lentner, Geoffrey, Lewis, Simon L., Libalah, Moses B., Lisingo, Janvier, López-Serrano, Pablito Marcelo, Lu, Huicui, Lukina, Natalia V., Lykke, Anne Mette, Maicher, Vincent, Maitner, Brian S., Marcon, Eric, Marshall, Andrew R., Martin, Emanuel H., Martynenko, Olga, Mbayu, Faustin M., Mbuvi, Musingo T. E., Meave, Jorge A., Merow, Cory, Miscicki, Stanislaw, Moreno, Vanessa S., Morera, Albert, Mukul, Sharif A., Müller, Jörg C., Murdjoko, Agustinus, Nava-Miranda, Maria Guadalupe, Ndive, Litonga Elias, Neldner, Victor J., Nevenic, Radovan V., Nforbelie, Louis N., Ngoh, Michael L., N’Guessan, Anny E., Ngugi, Michael R., Ngute, Alain S. K., Njila, Emile Narcisse N., Nyako, Melanie C., Ochuodho, Thomas O., Oleksyn, Jacek, Paquette, Alain, Parfenova, Elena I., Park, Minjee, Parren, Marc, Parthasarathy, Narayanaswamy, Pfautsch, Sebastian, Phillips, Oliver L., Piedade, Maria T. F., Piotto, Daniel, Pollastrini, Martina, Poorter, Lourens, Poulsen, John R., Poulsen, Axel Dalberg, Pretzsch, Hans, Rodeghiero, Mirco, Rolim, Samir G., Rovero, Francesco, Rutishauser, Ervan, Sagheb-Talebi, Khosro, Saikia, Purabi, Sainge, Moses Nsanyi, Salas-Eljatib, Christian, Salis, Antonello, Schall, Peter, Schepaschenko, Dmitry, Scherer-Lorenzen, Michael, Schmid, Bernhard, Schöngart, Jochen, Šebeň, Vladimír, Sellan, Giacomo, Selvi, Federico, Serra-Diaz, Josep M., Sheil, Douglas, Shvidenko, Anatoly Z., Sist, Plinio, Souza, Alexandre F., Stereńczak, Krzysztof J., Sullivan, Martin J. P., Sundarapandian, Somaiah, Svoboda, Miroslav, Swaine, Mike D., Targhetta, Natalia, Tchebakova, Nadja, Trethowan, Liam A., Tropek, Robert, Mukendi, John Tshibamba, Umunay, Peter Mbanda, Usoltsev, Vladimir A., Vaglio Laurin, Gaia, Valentini, Riccardo, Valladares, Fernando, van der Plas, Fons, Vega-Nieva, Daniel José, Verbeeck, Hans, Viana, Helder, Vibrans, Alexander C., Vieira, Simone A., Vleminckx, Jason, Waite, Catherine E., Wang, Hua-Feng, Wasingya, Eric Katembo, Wekesa, Chemuku, Westerlund, Bertil, Wittmann, Florian, Wortel, Verginia, Zawiła-Niedźwiecki, Tomasz, Zhang, Chunyu, Zhao, Xiuhai, Zhu, Jun, Zhu, Xiao, Zhu, Zhi-Xin, Zo-Bi, Irie C., and Hui, Cang

Published
2022
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11. Mapping Planted Forests in the Korean Peninsula Using Artificial Intelligence.

Author

Mitra, Ankita, Alvarez, Cesar Ivan, Abbasi, Akane O., Harris, Nancy L., Shao, Guofan, Pijanowski, Bryan C., Jahanshahi, Mohammad Reza, Gamarra, Javier G. P., Kim, Hyun-Seok, Kim, Tae-Kyung, Ryu, Daun, and Liang, Jingjing

Subjects
MACHINE learning, ARTIFICIAL intelligence, CONVOLUTIONAL neural networks, DATA augmentation, FOREST plants, DEEP learning
Abstract

Forests are essential for maintaining the ecological balance of the planet and providing critical ecosystem services. Amidst an increasing rate of global forest loss due to various natural and anthropogenic factors, many countries are committed to battling forest loss by planting new forests. Despite the reported national statistics on the land area in plantations, accurately delineating boundaries of planted forests with remotely sensed data remains a great challenge. In this study, we explored several deep learning approaches based on Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) for mapping the extent of planted forests in the Korean Peninsula. Our methodology involved data preprocessing, the application of data augmentation techniques, and rigorous model training, with performance assessed using various evaluation metrics. To ensure robust performance and accuracy, we validated the model's predictions across the Korean Peninsula. Our analysis showed that the integration of the Near Infrared band from 10 m Sentinel-2 remote sensing images with the UNet deep learning model, incorporated with unfrozen ResNet-34 backbone architecture, produced the best model performance. With a recall of 64% and precision of 76.8%, the UNet model surpassed the other pixel-based deep learning models, including DeepLab and Pyramid Sense Parsing, in terms of classification accuracy. When compared to the ensemble-based Random Forest (RF) machine learning model, the RF approach demonstrates a significantly lower recall rate of 55.2% and greater precision of 92%. These findings highlight the unique strength of deep learning and machine learning approaches for mapping planted forests in diverse geographical regions on Earth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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14. Acoustic recording complements camera traps for monitoring sensitive penguin populations.

Author

Francomano, Dante, Raya Rey, Andrea N., Gottesman, Benjamin L., and Pijanowski, Bryan C.

Subjects
COLONIES (Biology), ANIMAL sexual behavior, ECOLOGICAL disturbances, PENGUINS, ARTIFICIAL satellites, ECOSYSTEMS, SATELLITE-based remote sensing
Abstract

Copyright of Ibis is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Published
2024
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18. Silent·Cities

Author

Challéat, Samuel, Farrugia, Nicolas, Gasc, Amandine, Froidevaux, Jeremy, Hatlauf, Jennifer, Dziock, Frank, CHARBONNEAU, Adrien, Linossier, Juliette, Watson, Christopher, Ullrich, Paul, Jůnek, Tomáš, Hulme, Mark, Deoniziak, Krzysztof, Marchais, Guillaume, Gattus, Jean-Christophe, Beason, Richard, López-Baucells, Adrià, Cibulka, Jan, Barbaro, Luc, VIVAT, Agnès, Sandfort, Robin, Médoc, Vincent, da Silva, Luis, Dodgin, Sarah, Briggs, Philip, Linhart, Pavel, Eldridge, Alice, Mueller, Sandra, Gomez, Oscar, BURENS, albane, Puechmaille, Sébastien, Savage, David, Balbuena, Diego, López-Bosch, David, Belshaw, Simon, Cortes, Eliana, Barbier, Eder, Finch, Domhnall, Ceuppens, Ada, Couturier, Clément, Peyronnet, Peyronnet, Vidal Oliveras, Josep, Moreno-Gómez, Felipe, Jones, Steve, Pajusco, Nicolas, Godet, Laurent, Griesberger, Paul, Hintze, Frederico, Thierry, Besche, Ocampo, David, garcia, juan, Belá, Gívan, Bader, Elias, Jégou, Laurent, Bedoya, Daniela, VINET, Olivier, Gilmour, Lia, VRIGNAULT, Jean-Do., Cardoso, Paulo, Sinclair, Peter, Reginster, Jean-Benoît, Abrahams, Carlos, Tarrant, Ian, Acevedo-Charry, Orlando, Colón-Piñeiro, Zuania, Rocha, Ricardo, Tuninetti, Amaro, Victor, Pierre, Scherer-Lorenzen, Michael, Navarro, Carolina, Wearn, Oliver, Quinn, John, Machado, Ricardo, Challéat, Alain, Matheu, Eloisa, Brinkkemper, Joost, Bredewold, Wijnand, Beeston, Amy, Dubset, Chloé, Lauvin, Gregoire, Elliott, David, Davis, Thomas, Quiroga, Nancy, latifi, milad, Amorim, Francisco, Lace, Natalija, Romaine, Luke, Simon, Victoire, Tucker, David, Ferreira, Diogo, Claus, Caroline, Alice, Baudouin, Thompson, Michelle, Newton, Adrian, Durán, Cárol, Schai-Braun, Stéphanie, Clavijo-Bustos, Julián, Nyssen, Pierrette, Korstjens, Amanda, Deans, Sarah, Drolet, Bruno, Marion, PARISOT, Jacobs, Michel, Lizcano, Diego, Townsend, Karina, Canavero, Andrés, Esztl, Karl, Whyte, Damion, Payor, Eve, sebag, mathilde, Habib, Bilal, Reckinger, Georges, Conde, Sofia, Shaw, Taylor, O'Mara, M., Freitas, Bárbara, Montagne, Basile, Lopes, Ricardo, David, PAPAÏX, Villén-Pérez, Sara, Quentin, Rouy, Aucoin, Serge, Garside, Daniel, Ouertani, Marcolin, Fabio, Godart, Louis, Pinto, Nuno, BELTRAN, JUAN, López-Bao, José, Prugh, Laura, Charnaux, Mina, Marques, Carina, PHILIPPE, Magali, Cusack, Peter, Budinski, Ivana, Roos, Andrei, Martin, Tilla, Paiva, Vitor, Sadhukhan, Sougata, Ferreira, Daniel, Duarte, Marina, Pereira, Jorge, Laranjeiras, Thiago, Mackenzie, Michelle, Soto, Juan, Poff, Zach, Cotão, António, Puccherelli, Ignacio, Santos, Ivo, O'Connell, Darren, haupert, sylvain, Aguiar, Ludmilla, Sébastien, LAGUET, Ducruet, Sylvain, PALACINO, JULIAN, Naka, Luciano, Kitson, James, Windsor, Fredric, Beckmann, Christa, Quaglietta, Lorenzo, Templeton, Christopher, Mande, Claude, Elise, Simon, Vega, Kevin, Owren, Jan, Herrera, José, Geoffray, Ferreira, Sonia, Walton, William, Barreiro, Sílvia, Draganoiu, Tudor-Ion, Nunes, João, Villagra, Jose, Carrasco-Rueda, Farah, Segurado, Pedro, de Lacoste, Nathalie, Alves, Flávia, Briglia-Ferreira, Sylvio, Ascensão, Fernando, Poppele, Jonathan, Aiple, Franz, Ross, Samuel, R, PAULA, Rodríguez-González, Patricia, ENGUEHARD, Arthur, Albert, Cécile, Rivera, Vanesa, Levenson, Jacob, Fialas, Penelope, PARIS, Stephane, Bossaert, Mathieu, Khanwilkar, Sarika, Ventrice, Gabriella, Garcia, Fernando, Lavin, Samuel, Buxton, Rachel, Miller, Leah, Ahlin, Zachary, Bates, Henry, Bradley, Ally, Whitten, Hunter, Larrea, Angela, Herzberger, Sierra, Reed, Mimi, Ryser, Alyssa, Foster-Shaner, Lauren, Hallet, Maddy, Buckner, Emily, Todd, Marcela, Ovale, Fenêtre, Hoecherl, Isabelle, WU, Yanchen, Moreno, JoMari, Marques, J., Xie, Selena, Whiteside, Courtney, Martin, Nate, Dickinson, Paul, Araújo, Pedro, Marcaigh, Fionn, Moore, Allen, Patankar, Swaroop, Hodder, Kathy, Marques, Inês, Beltrão-Mendes, Raone, Power, Andrew, Miller, Kirsten, Dentin, Serge, Cerveira, Lara, Evans, Darren, Duarte, Gonçalo, Choksi, Pooja, Lopes, Pedro, Proppe, Darren, Serronha, Ana, Krähenbühl-Künzli, Kim, Llusia, Diego, Lockett, Marty, Puig-Montserrat, Xavier, Bellisario, Kristen, Pijanowski, Bryan, Tattersall, Fran, Branco, Paulo, Biro, Peter, Santos, José, Khalatbari, Leili, Silva, Bruno, de Almeida Scarpelli, Marina, DE ALMEIDA SCARPELLI, MARINA, Boléat, Cathie, Hyland, Emilia, Zina, Vera, Costa, Maria, Friedman, Nicholas, Lankau, Hedwig, Braz, Luís, Sueur, Jerome, BARRIE, LUIS, and GALOP, Didier

Subjects
landscape ecology, SARS-CoV-2, noise pollution, social distancing, deep learning, audioset, urban planning, bioacoustics, ecoacoustics, audio tagging, machine learning, urban ecology, 2019-nCoV, soundscape ecology, environmental geography, urban wildlife
Abstract

A participatory monitoring programme of an exceptional modification of urban soundscapes during Covid-19 containment (Data collection in progress)

Published
2022
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19. The number of tree species on Earth

Author

Cazzolla Gatti, Roberto, Reich, Peter B., Gamarra, Javier Garcia Perez, Crowther, Thomas W., Hui, Cang, Morera, Albert, Bastin, Jean-François, de-Miguel, Sergio, Nabuurs, Gert-Jan, Svenning, Jens-Christian, Serra-Diaz, Josep M., Merow, Cory, Enquist, Brian, Kamenetsky, Maria, Lee, Junho, Zhu, Jun, Fang, Jinyun, Jacobs, Douglass F., Pijanowski, Bryan, Banerjee, Arindam, Giaquinto, Robert A., Alberti, Giorgio, Almeyda Zambrano, Angélica María, Álvarez-Dávila, Esteban, Araujo-Murakami, Alejandro, Avitabile, Valerio, Aymard, Gerardo A., Balazy, Radomir, Baraloto, Christopher, Barroso, Jorcely, Bastian, Meredith, Birnbaum, Philippe, Bitariho, Robert, Bogaert, Jan, Bongers, Frans, Bouriaud, Olivier, Brancalion, Pedro H.S., Brearley, Francis Q., Broadbent, Eben North, Bussotti, Filippo, Castro da Silva, Wendeson, Gomes César, Ricardo, Cesljar, Goran, Chama Moscoso, Victor, Chen, Han Y. H., Cienciala, Emil, Clark, Connie J., Coomes, David A., Dayanandan, Selvadurai, Decuyper, Mathieu, Dee, Laura E., del Aguila Pasquel, Jhon, Derroire, Géraldine, Kamdem Djuikouo, Marie Noel, Van Do, Tran, Dolezal, Jiri, Dordevic, Ilija D., Engel, Julien, Fayle, Tom M., Feldpausch, Ted R., Fridman, Jonas K., Harris, David, Hemp, Andreas, Hengeveld, Geerten M., Herault, Bruno, Herold, Martin, Ibanez, Thomas, Jagodzinski, Andrzej M., Jaroszewicz, Bogdan, Jeffery, Kathryn J., Johannsen, Vivian Kvist, Jucker, Tommaso, Kangur, Ahto, Karminov, Victor N., Kartawinata, Kuswata, Kennard, Deborah K., Kepfer-Rojas, Sebastian, Keppel, Gunnar, Latif Khan, Mohammed, Kumar Khare, Pramod, Kileen, Timothy J., Kim, Hyun Seok, Korjus, Henn, Kumar, Amit, Kumar, Ashwani, Laarmann, Diana, Labriere, Nicolas, Lang, Mait, Lewis, Simon L., Lukina, Natalia, Maitner, Brian S., Malhi, Yadvinder, Marshall, Andrew R., Martynenko, Olga V., Monteagudo Mendoza, Abel L., Ontikov, Petr V., Pallqui Camacho, Nadir C., Paquette, Alain, Park, Minjee, Parthasarathy, Narayanaswamy, Peri, Pablo Luis, Petronelli, Pascal, et al., Cazzolla Gatti, Roberto, Reich, Peter B., Gamarra, Javier Garcia Perez, Crowther, Thomas W., Hui, Cang, Morera, Albert, Bastin, Jean-François, de-Miguel, Sergio, Nabuurs, Gert-Jan, Svenning, Jens-Christian, Serra-Diaz, Josep M., Merow, Cory, Enquist, Brian, Kamenetsky, Maria, Lee, Junho, Zhu, Jun, Fang, Jinyun, Jacobs, Douglass F., Pijanowski, Bryan, Banerjee, Arindam, Giaquinto, Robert A., Alberti, Giorgio, Almeyda Zambrano, Angélica María, Álvarez-Dávila, Esteban, Araujo-Murakami, Alejandro, Avitabile, Valerio, Aymard, Gerardo A., Balazy, Radomir, Baraloto, Christopher, Barroso, Jorcely, Bastian, Meredith, Birnbaum, Philippe, Bitariho, Robert, Bogaert, Jan, Bongers, Frans, Bouriaud, Olivier, Brancalion, Pedro H.S., Brearley, Francis Q., Broadbent, Eben North, Bussotti, Filippo, Castro da Silva, Wendeson, Gomes César, Ricardo, Cesljar, Goran, Chama Moscoso, Victor, Chen, Han Y. H., Cienciala, Emil, Clark, Connie J., Coomes, David A., Dayanandan, Selvadurai, Decuyper, Mathieu, Dee, Laura E., del Aguila Pasquel, Jhon, Derroire, Géraldine, Kamdem Djuikouo, Marie Noel, Van Do, Tran, Dolezal, Jiri, Dordevic, Ilija D., Engel, Julien, Fayle, Tom M., Feldpausch, Ted R., Fridman, Jonas K., Harris, David, Hemp, Andreas, Hengeveld, Geerten M., Herault, Bruno, Herold, Martin, Ibanez, Thomas, Jagodzinski, Andrzej M., Jaroszewicz, Bogdan, Jeffery, Kathryn J., Johannsen, Vivian Kvist, Jucker, Tommaso, Kangur, Ahto, Karminov, Victor N., Kartawinata, Kuswata, Kennard, Deborah K., Kepfer-Rojas, Sebastian, Keppel, Gunnar, Latif Khan, Mohammed, Kumar Khare, Pramod, Kileen, Timothy J., Kim, Hyun Seok, Korjus, Henn, Kumar, Amit, Kumar, Ashwani, Laarmann, Diana, Labriere, Nicolas, Lang, Mait, Lewis, Simon L., Lukina, Natalia, Maitner, Brian S., Malhi, Yadvinder, Marshall, Andrew R., Martynenko, Olga V., Monteagudo Mendoza, Abel L., Ontikov, Petr V., Pallqui Camacho, Nadir C., Paquette, Alain, Park, Minjee, Parthasarathy, Narayanaswamy, Peri, Pablo Luis, Petronelli, Pascal, and et al.

Abstract

One of the most fundamental questions in ecology is how many species inhabit the Earth. However, due to massive logistical and financial challenges and taxonomic difficulties connected to the species concept definition, the global numbers of species, including those of important and well-studied life forms such as trees, still remain largely unknown. Here, based on global ground-sourced data, we estimate the total tree species richness at global, continental, and biome levels. Our results indicate that there are ∼73,000 tree species globally, among which ∼9,000 tree species are yet to be discovered. Roughly 40% of undiscovered tree species are in South America. Moreover, almost one-third of all tree species to be discovered may be rare, with very low populations and limited spatial distribution (likely in remote tropical lowlands and mountains). These findings highlight the vulnerability of global forest biodiversity to anthropogenic changes in land use and climate, which disproportionately threaten rare species and thus, global tree richness.

Published
2022

20. The number of tree species on Earth

Author

Gatti, Roberto Cazzolla, Reich, Peter B., Gamarra, Javier G.P., Crowther, Tom, Hui, Cang, Morera, Albert, Bastin, Jean Francois, de-Miguel, Sergio, Nabuurs, Gert Jan, Svenning, Jens Christian, Serra-Diaz, Josep M., Merow, Cory, Enquist, Brian, Kamenetsky, Maria, Lee, Junho, Zhu, Jun, Fang, Jinyun, Jacobs, Douglass F., Pijanowski, Bryan, Banerjee, Arindam, Giaquinto, Robert A., Alberti, Giorgio, Zambrano, Angelica Maria Almeyda, Alvarez-Davila, Esteban, Araujo-Murakami, Alejandro, Avitabile, Valerio, Aymard, Gerardo A., Balazy, Radomir, Baraloto, Chris, Barroso, Jorcely G., Bastian, Meredith L., Birnbaum, Philippe, Bitariho, Robert, Bogaert, Jan, Bongers, Frans, Bouriaud, Olivier, Brancalion, Pedro H.S., Brearley, Francis Q., Broadbent, Eben North, Bussotti, Filippo, da Silva, Wendeson Castro, César, Ricardo Gomes, Češljar, Goran, Moscoso, Víctor Chama, Chen, Han Y.H., Cienciala, Emil, Clark, Connie J., Coomes, David A., Dayanandan, Selvadurai, Decuyper, Mathieu, Dee, Laura E., Del Aguila Pasquel, Jhon, Derroire, Géraldine, Djuikouo, Marie Noel Kamdem, van Do, Tran, Dolezal, Jiri, Đorđevic, Ilija, Engel, Julien, Fayle, Tom M., Feldpausch, Ted R., Fridman, Jonas K., Harris, David J., Hemp, Andreas, Hengeveld, Geerten, Herault, Bruno, Herold, Martin, Ibanez, Thomas, Jagodzinski, Andrzej M., Jaroszewicz, Bogdan, Jeffery, Kathryn J., Johannsen, Vivian Kvist, Jucker, Tommaso, Kangur, Ahto, Karminov, Victor N., Kartawinata, Kuswata, Kennard, Deborah K., Kepfer-Rojas, Sebastian, Keppel, Gunnar, Khan, Mohammed Latif, Khare, Pramod Kumar, Kileen, Timothy J., Kim, Hyun Seok, Korjus, Henn, Kumar, Amit, Kumar, Ashwani, Laarmann, Diana, Labrière, Nicolas, Lang, Mait, Lewis, Simon L., Lukina, Natalia, Maitner, Brian S., Malhi, Yadvinder, Marshall, Andrew R., Martynenko, Olga V., Monteagudo Mendoza, Abel L., Ontikov, Petr V., Ortiz-Malavasi, Edgar, Pallqui Camacho, Nadir C., Paquette, Alain, Park, Minjee, Parthasarathy, Narayanaswamy, Peri, Pablo Luis, Petronelli, Pascal, Pfautsch, Sebastian, Phillips, Oliver L., Picard, Nicolas, Piotto, Daniel, Poorter, Lourens, Poulsen, John R., Pretzsch, Hans, Ramírez-Angulo, Hirma, Correa, Zorayda Restrepo, Rodeghiero, Mirco, Del Pilar Rojas Gonzáles, Rocío, Rolim, Samir G., Rovero, Francesco, Rutishauser, Ervan, Saikia, Purabi, Salas-Eljatib, Christian, Schepaschenko, Dmitry, Scherer-Lorenzen, Michael, Šebeň, Vladimír, Silveira, Marcos, Slik, Ferry, Sonké, Bonaventure, Souza, Alexandre F., Stereńczak, Krzysztof Jan, Svoboda, Miroslav, Taedoumg, Hermann, Tchebakova, Nadja, Terborgh, John, Tikhonova, Elena, Torres-Lezama, Armando, van der Plas, Fons, Vásquez, Rodolfo, Viana, Helder, Vibrans, Alexander C., Vilanova, Emilio, Vos, Vincent A., Wang, Hua Feng, Westerlund, Bertil, White, Lee J.T., Wiser, Susan K., Zawiła-Niedźwiecki, Tomasz, Zemagho, Lise, Zhu, Zhi Xin, Zo-Bi, Irié C., Liang, Jingjing, Gatti, Roberto Cazzolla, Reich, Peter B., Gamarra, Javier G.P., Crowther, Tom, Hui, Cang, Morera, Albert, Bastin, Jean Francois, de-Miguel, Sergio, Nabuurs, Gert Jan, Svenning, Jens Christian, Serra-Diaz, Josep M., Merow, Cory, Enquist, Brian, Kamenetsky, Maria, Lee, Junho, Zhu, Jun, Fang, Jinyun, Jacobs, Douglass F., Pijanowski, Bryan, Banerjee, Arindam, Giaquinto, Robert A., Alberti, Giorgio, Zambrano, Angelica Maria Almeyda, Alvarez-Davila, Esteban, Araujo-Murakami, Alejandro, Avitabile, Valerio, Aymard, Gerardo A., Balazy, Radomir, Baraloto, Chris, Barroso, Jorcely G., Bastian, Meredith L., Birnbaum, Philippe, Bitariho, Robert, Bogaert, Jan, Bongers, Frans, Bouriaud, Olivier, Brancalion, Pedro H.S., Brearley, Francis Q., Broadbent, Eben North, Bussotti, Filippo, da Silva, Wendeson Castro, César, Ricardo Gomes, Češljar, Goran, Moscoso, Víctor Chama, Chen, Han Y.H., Cienciala, Emil, Clark, Connie J., Coomes, David A., Dayanandan, Selvadurai, Decuyper, Mathieu, Dee, Laura E., Del Aguila Pasquel, Jhon, Derroire, Géraldine, Djuikouo, Marie Noel Kamdem, van Do, Tran, Dolezal, Jiri, Đorđevic, Ilija, Engel, Julien, Fayle, Tom M., Feldpausch, Ted R., Fridman, Jonas K., Harris, David J., Hemp, Andreas, Hengeveld, Geerten, Herault, Bruno, Herold, Martin, Ibanez, Thomas, Jagodzinski, Andrzej M., Jaroszewicz, Bogdan, Jeffery, Kathryn J., Johannsen, Vivian Kvist, Jucker, Tommaso, Kangur, Ahto, Karminov, Victor N., Kartawinata, Kuswata, Kennard, Deborah K., Kepfer-Rojas, Sebastian, Keppel, Gunnar, Khan, Mohammed Latif, Khare, Pramod Kumar, Kileen, Timothy J., Kim, Hyun Seok, Korjus, Henn, Kumar, Amit, Kumar, Ashwani, Laarmann, Diana, Labrière, Nicolas, Lang, Mait, Lewis, Simon L., Lukina, Natalia, Maitner, Brian S., Malhi, Yadvinder, Marshall, Andrew R., Martynenko, Olga V., Monteagudo Mendoza, Abel L., Ontikov, Petr V., Ortiz-Malavasi, Edgar, Pallqui Camacho, Nadir C., Paquette, Alain, Park, Minjee, Parthasarathy, Narayanaswamy, Peri, Pablo Luis, Petronelli, Pascal, Pfautsch, Sebastian, Phillips, Oliver L., Picard, Nicolas, Piotto, Daniel, Poorter, Lourens, Poulsen, John R., Pretzsch, Hans, Ramírez-Angulo, Hirma, Correa, Zorayda Restrepo, Rodeghiero, Mirco, Del Pilar Rojas Gonzáles, Rocío, Rolim, Samir G., Rovero, Francesco, Rutishauser, Ervan, Saikia, Purabi, Salas-Eljatib, Christian, Schepaschenko, Dmitry, Scherer-Lorenzen, Michael, Šebeň, Vladimír, Silveira, Marcos, Slik, Ferry, Sonké, Bonaventure, Souza, Alexandre F., Stereńczak, Krzysztof Jan, Svoboda, Miroslav, Taedoumg, Hermann, Tchebakova, Nadja, Terborgh, John, Tikhonova, Elena, Torres-Lezama, Armando, van der Plas, Fons, Vásquez, Rodolfo, Viana, Helder, Vibrans, Alexander C., Vilanova, Emilio, Vos, Vincent A., Wang, Hua Feng, Westerlund, Bertil, White, Lee J.T., Wiser, Susan K., Zawiła-Niedźwiecki, Tomasz, Zemagho, Lise, Zhu, Zhi Xin, Zo-Bi, Irié C., and Liang, Jingjing

Abstract

One of the most fundamental questions in ecology is how many species inhabit the Earth. However, due to massive logistical and financial challenges and taxonomic difficulties connected to the species concept definition, the global numbers of species, including those of important and well-studied life forms such as trees, still remain largely unknown. Here, based on global ground-sourced data, we estimate the total tree species richness at global, continental, and biome levels. Our results indicate that there are ∼73,000 tree species globally, among which ∼9,000 tree species are yet to be discovered. Roughly 40% of undiscovered tree species are in South America. Moreover, almost one-third of all tree species to be discovered may be rare, with very low populations and limited spatial distribution (likely in remote tropical lowlands and mountains). These findings highlight the vulnerability of global forest biodiversity to anthropogenic changes in land use and climate, which disproportionately threaten rare species and thus, global tree richness.

Published
2022

21. The number of tree species on Earth

Author

Cazzolla Gatti, Roberto, primary, Reich, Peter B., additional, Gamarra, Javier G. P., additional, Crowther, Tom, additional, Hui, Cang, additional, Morera, Albert, additional, Bastin, Jean-Francois, additional, de-Miguel, Sergio, additional, Nabuurs, Gert-Jan, additional, Svenning, Jens-Christian, additional, Serra-Diaz, Josep M., additional, Merow, Cory, additional, Enquist, Brian, additional, Kamenetsky, Maria, additional, Lee, Junho, additional, Zhu, Jun, additional, Fang, Jinyun, additional, Jacobs, Douglass F., additional, Pijanowski, Bryan, additional, Banerjee, Arindam, additional, Giaquinto, Robert A., additional, Alberti, Giorgio, additional, Almeyda Zambrano, Angelica Maria, additional, Alvarez-Davila, Esteban, additional, Araujo-Murakami, Alejandro, additional, Avitabile, Valerio, additional, Aymard, Gerardo A., additional, Balazy, Radomir, additional, Baraloto, Chris, additional, Barroso, Jorcely G., additional, Bastian, Meredith L., additional, Birnbaum, Philippe, additional, Bitariho, Robert, additional, Bogaert, Jan, additional, Bongers, Frans, additional, Bouriaud, Olivier, additional, Brancalion, Pedro H. S., additional, Brearley, Francis Q., additional, Broadbent, Eben North, additional, Bussotti, Filippo, additional, Castro da Silva, Wendeson, additional, César, Ricardo Gomes, additional, Češljar, Goran, additional, Chama Moscoso, Víctor, additional, Chen, Han Y. H., additional, Cienciala, Emil, additional, Clark, Connie J., additional, Coomes, David A., additional, Dayanandan, Selvadurai, additional, Decuyper, Mathieu, additional, Dee, Laura E., additional, Del Aguila Pasquel, Jhon, additional, Derroire, Géraldine, additional, Djuikouo, Marie Noel Kamdem, additional, Van Do, Tran, additional, Dolezal, Jiri, additional, Đorđević, Ilija Đ., additional, Engel, Julien, additional, Fayle, Tom M., additional, Feldpausch, Ted R., additional, Fridman, Jonas K., additional, Harris, David J., additional, Hemp, Andreas, additional, Hengeveld, Geerten, additional, Herault, Bruno, additional, Herold, Martin, additional, Ibanez, Thomas, additional, Jagodzinski, Andrzej M., additional, Jaroszewicz, Bogdan, additional, Jeffery, Kathryn J., additional, Johannsen, Vivian Kvist, additional, Jucker, Tommaso, additional, Kangur, Ahto, additional, Karminov, Victor N., additional, Kartawinata, Kuswata, additional, Kennard, Deborah K., additional, Kepfer-Rojas, Sebastian, additional, Keppel, Gunnar, additional, Khan, Mohammed Latif, additional, Khare, Pramod Kumar, additional, Kileen, Timothy J., additional, Kim, Hyun Seok, additional, Korjus, Henn, additional, Kumar, Amit, additional, Kumar, Ashwani, additional, Laarmann, Diana, additional, Labrière, Nicolas, additional, Lang, Mait, additional, Lewis, Simon L., additional, Lukina, Natalia, additional, Maitner, Brian S., additional, Malhi, Yadvinder, additional, Marshall, Andrew R., additional, Martynenko, Olga V., additional, Monteagudo Mendoza, Abel L., additional, Ontikov, Petr V., additional, Ortiz-Malavasi, Edgar, additional, Pallqui Camacho, Nadir C., additional, Paquette, Alain, additional, Park, Minjee, additional, Parthasarathy, Narayanaswamy, additional, Peri, Pablo Luis, additional, Petronelli, Pascal, additional, Pfautsch, Sebastian, additional, Phillips, Oliver L., additional, Picard, Nicolas, additional, Piotto, Daniel, additional, Poorter, Lourens, additional, Poulsen, John R., additional, Pretzsch, Hans, additional, Ramírez-Angulo, Hirma, additional, Restrepo Correa, Zorayda, additional, Rodeghiero, Mirco, additional, Rojas Gonzáles, Rocío Del Pilar, additional, Rolim, Samir G., additional, Rovero, Francesco, additional, Rutishauser, Ervan, additional, Saikia, Purabi, additional, Salas-Eljatib, Christian, additional, Schepaschenko, Dmitry, additional, Scherer-Lorenzen, Michael, additional, Šebeň, Vladimír, additional, Silveira, Marcos, additional, Slik, Ferry, additional, Sonké, Bonaventure, additional, Souza, Alexandre F., additional, Stereńczak, Krzysztof Jan, additional, Svoboda, Miroslav, additional, Taedoumg, Hermann, additional, Tchebakova, Nadja, additional, Terborgh, John, additional, Tikhonova, Elena, additional, Torres-Lezama, Armando, additional, van der Plas, Fons, additional, Vásquez, Rodolfo, additional, Viana, Helder, additional, Vibrans, Alexander C., additional, Vilanova, Emilio, additional, Vos, Vincent A., additional, Wang, Hua-Feng, additional, Westerlund, Bertil, additional, White, Lee J. T., additional, Wiser, Susan K., additional, Zawiła-Niedźwiecki, Tomasz, additional, Zemagho, Lise, additional, Zhu, Zhi-Xin, additional, Zo-Bi, Irié C., additional, and Liang, Jingjing, additional

Published
2022
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