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Simple Summary: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in bacteria is a critical issue threatening both human and animal health. This paper focuses on Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, a bacterium causing lung disease in pigs, leading to significant economic losses in the swine industry worldwide. The problem is that this bacterium has developed resistance to many antibiotics, making treatment difficult. The study aims to understand the genetic basis of AMR by analyzing the reported genome of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae strains using advanced techniques like whole genome sequencing. Key findings indicate that genetic mutations in certain genes are responsible for this resistance. This review paper suggests a multidisciplinary approach combining genetic, phenotypic, and bioinformatics data is essential in combating ever-increasing AMR in Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. These insights could lead to better treatment strategies, ultimately benefiting the swine industry by improving animal health and reducing economic losses. Understanding and managing AMR in Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae is crucial for developing more effective antimicrobial agents and securing sustainable food production, which has a direct impact on society by ensuring food security and animal welfare. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, the causative agent of Enzootic Pneumonia in swine, poses a significant challenge to the swine industry. This review focuses on the genetic foundations of AMR in M. hyopneumoniae, highlighting the complexity of resistance mechanisms, including mutations, horizontal gene transfer, and adaptive evolutionary processes. Techniques such as Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) and multiple-locus variable number tandem repeats analysis (MLVA) have provided insights into the genetic diversity and resistance mechanisms of M. hyopneumoniae. The study underscores the role of selective pressures from antimicrobial use in driving genomic variations that enhance resistance. Additionally, bioinformatic tools utilizing machine learning algorithms, such as CARD and PATRIC, can predict resistance traits, with PATRIC predicting 7 to 12 AMR genes and CARD predicting 0 to 3 AMR genes in 24 whole genome sequences available on NCBI. The review advocates for a multidisciplinary approach integrating genomic, phenotypic, and bioinformatics data to combat AMR effectively. It also elaborates on the need for refining genotyping methods, enhancing resistance prediction accuracy, and developing standardized antimicrobial susceptibility testing procedures specific to M. hyopneumoniae as a fastidious microorganism. By leveraging contemporary genomic technologies and bioinformatics resources, the scientific community can better manage AMR in M. hyopneumoniae, ultimately safeguarding animal health and agricultural productivity. This comprehensive understanding of AMR mechanisms will be beneficial in the adaptation of more effective treatment and management strategies for Enzootic Pneumonia in swine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Veterinarians must develop strong clinical reasoning skills to effectively manage both routine and complex cases. This review focuses on how veterinary learners can improve their clinical reasoning abilities, using mastitis as a case study to explain key ideas. Clinical reasoning involves various activities such as gathering information, analyzing data, and making decisions about patient care. Despite its importance, there is limited guidance on how to teach these skills in veterinary education. This review outlines strategies for teaching clinical reasoning, including the importance of understanding the concepts, collecting and analyzing data, taking appropriate actions, and reflecting on the outcomes. It also highlights effective practices like using examples from real cases and encouraging learners to think both forward and backward when diagnosing and treating animals. By implementing these strategies in clinical reasoning, veterinary learners will be better prepared to handle a wide range of cases, leading to improved outcomes for both animals and their owners. Effective clinical reasoning is essential for veterinary medical education, particularly in managing complex cases. This review explores strategies for learning clinical reasoning by veterinary medical learners, using a case example of mastitis to illustrate key concepts. Clinical reasoning encompasses cognitive, metacognitive, social, and situational activities, yet the literature on practical applications in veterinary education remains limited. The review discusses various stages of clinical reasoning, including data collection, problem representation, differential diagnosis, and management planning. It emphasizes the importance of integrating client-centered care and iterative evaluation into the clinical decision-making process. Key learning strategies include facilitation in using the domains of clinical reasoning—concepts, data collection, and analysis, taking action, and reflection on encounters. This review highlights best practices such as forward and backward reasoning, reflective practice, and the use of practical examples to enhance learners' diagnostic accuracy and patient outcomes. The insights provided aim to enhance the training of veterinary learners, ensuring they can navigate day 1 as well as complex cases with improved diagnostic accuracy and patient outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clinical reasoning is an essential competence of veterinary graduands. It is a complex competence with cognitive, metacognitive, social, and situational activities. The literature on clinical reasoning in veterinary medical education is relatively scarce or focused on theoretical rather than practical applications. In this review, we address the practicality of teaching clinical reasoning to veterinary learners utilizing a practical example of a cow with allergic rhinitis. Learners should be guided through all the domains of clinical reasoning, including concepts, data collection and analysis, take action, and reflection on an encounter. Each of these domains needs to be clearly but concisely explained and practiced repeatedly by learners throughout the veterinary curricula. The teaching of clinical reasoning should start as early in the curriculum as possible, preferably in the pre-clinical years, with a gradual scaffolding and building of complexity before work-based learning begins, with an increase in demanding for advanced clinical reasoning competence. The teaching of clinical reasoning is best performed in specialized sessions and continued as a horizontally and vertically integrated activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC) is caused by a variety of pathogens, as well as contributing environmental and host-related risk factors. BRDC is the costliest disease for feedlot cattle globally. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a valuable tool for enhancing our understanding of BRDC given its specificity, sensitivity, cost-effectiveness, and capacity to provide information on antigen localization and immune response. Emerging trends in IHC include the use of multiplex IHC for the detection of coinfections, the use of digital imaging and automation, improved detection systems using enhanced fluorescent dyes, and the integration of IHC with spatial transcriptomics. Overall, identifying biomarkers for early detection, utilizing high-throughput IHC for large-scale studies, developing standardized protocols and reagents, and integrating IHC with other technologies are some of the opportunities to enhance the accuracy and applicability of IHC. We summarize here the various techniques and protocols used in IHC and highlight their current and potential role in BRDC research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surface temperature recording has shown promise in older pigs and in piglets but only under controlled conditions. The aim of this experiment was to compare surface temperatures using an infrared thermal camera (pointer), verified by the maximum temperature from the thermal images extracted by an algorithm (MATLAB®R2020), at the base, tip of ear, or eye, with rectal temperature under production conditions. The influence of bodyweight (BWC1; ≤0.80 kg, BWC2; 0.81 kg to 1.10 kg and BWC3; >1.10 kg), time post-partum (0 and 24 h) and colostrum intake (CI1; <200 g and CI2, ≥200 g) were investigated. Ear tip pointer temperatures showed low correlations with rectal temperature (r < 0.39; P = 0.20). Both the ear base and eye had moderate correlations (r = 0.53 and 0.55, respectively; P < 0.001 for both) to rectal temperature, and high correlations between pointer and extracted values (r = 0.73 and 0.82, respectively; P < 0.001 for both). At birth, eye temperatures had a moderate correlation with rectal temperature. The extracted eye, but not rectal or ear base, temperatures were higher (P = 0.01) in piglets consuming greater amounts of colostrum. In contrast to research settings, production conditions are highly variable and increase the inaccuracy of the surface temperature recordings. Therefore, overall, surface temperatures were not appropriate for commercial application in neonatal piglets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High‐temperature short‐time (HTST) pasteurisation is not sufficient for complete elimination of Bacillus sp. in milk. Hence, it is important to assess their prevalence, phenotypic and genetic antimicrobial resistance profiles in pasteurised milk. In this study, we investigated Bacillus prevalence and their phenotypic resistance to 25 antimicrobials and prevalence of five plasmid antimicrobial resistance genes. All isolates were resistant to β‐lactams; most isolates were susceptible to chloramphenicol (n = 52), ciprofloxacin, meropenem, sulphonamides, tetracycline and vancomycin (n = 56). Intriguingly, despite phenotypic sulphonamide and tetracycline sensitivity, Sul2 and tetA genes were detected in different Bacillus species, signifying a potential risk of horizontal gene transfer of these mobile resistance genes through pasteurised milk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presence of horns in domestic ruminants, such as cattle, sheep and goats, has financial and welfare implications. The genetic interactions that lead to horn development are not known. Hornless, or polled, cattle occur naturally. The known causative DNA variants (Celtic, Friesian, Mongolian and Guarani) are in intergenic regions on bovine chromosome 1, but their functions are not known. It is thought that horns may be derived from cranial neural crest stem cells and the POLLED variants disrupt the migration or proliferation of these cells. Relaxin family peptide receptor 2 ( RXFP2 ) is more highly expressed in developing horns in cattle compared to nearby skin and has been shown to play a role in horn development in sheep. However, the role of RXFP2 in horn formation is not understood. Histological analyses of cranial tissues from homozygous horned and polled cattle fetuses at day 58 of development was carried out to determine the differences in the structure of the horn bud region. Condensed cells were only observed in the horn bud mesenchyme of horned fetuses and could be the progenitor horn cells. The distribution of neural crest markers (SOX10 and NGFR) and RXFP2 between horned and polled tissues by immunohistochemistry was also analysed. However, SOX10 and NGFR were not detected in the condensed cells, and therefore, these cells are either not derived from the neural crest, or have differentiated and no longer express neural crest markers. SOX10 and NGFR were detected in the peripheral nerves, while RXFP2 was detected in peripheral nerves and in the horn bud epidermis. Previous research has shown that RXFP2 variants are associated with horn phenotypes in cattle an sheep. Therefore, the RXFP2 variants may affect the development of the epidermis or peripheral nerves in the horn bud.