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To assess the influence of estrogen deficiency on tooth eruption rate (TER) and gene expression of estrogen receptor alpha and beta (ERα and ERβ) in the odontogenic region of teeth with continuous formation in a rat model.Ovariectomies (OVX; n = 25) and sham surgeries (SHAM; n = 25) were performed in female Wistar rats when animals were 25 days old. The TER of the lower incisors, both in impeded (hyperfunction condition) and unimpeded (trimmed incisal edge-hypofunction condition) conditions, was evaluated using standardized digital photographs acquired every 48-72 h for 3 weeks (35th-53rd day of life), using a camera coupled to a stereomicroscope. Quantitative real-time PCR was performed to evaluate the relative gene expression of ERα and ERβ in the odontogenic region.The OVX group showed a significant reduction in TER when compared to the SHAM group, only in the impeded condition (p = 0.03). There was no statistically significant difference between the groups in ERα gene expression (p = 0.33). ERβ showed a significantly higher gene expression in the OVX group (p ≤ 0.05).Estrogen deficiency decreases TER in teeth under impeded condition. Estrogen deficiency also increases ERβ gene expression in the odontogenic region of teeth with continuous formation.Hormonal disturbances affecting estrogen levels can cause alterations in dental formation and teeth eruption.

We evaluated bacterial endotoxin adhesion, superficial micromorphology and mechanical properties of latex and non-latex intermaxillary orthodontic elastics.To quantify the adhered bacterial endotoxin, elastics were divided into 5 groups: experimental (n = 12) latex and non-latex elastics, previously contaminated by an endotoxin solution, negative control (n = 6) latex and non-latex elastics without contamination, and positive control (n = 6) stainless steel specimens (metallic replicas), contaminated by an endotoxin solution. In parallel, the structural micromorphology (n = 6) and surface roughness of latex and non-latex intermaxillary orthodontic elastics were assessed using confocal laser microscopy. Force degradation (g) and deformation of the internal diameter change (mm) were also evaluated. Structural micromorphology, surface roughness (µm), force degradation (g) and internal diameter (mm) change were evaluated at time 0 and after 24 and 72 h in a deformation test. Data were analyzed by the Shapiro-Wilk, Kruskal-Wallis, Dunn, ANOVA and Bonferroni tests (α = 5%).Endotoxin adhered similarly to both types of elastics with scores of 3 ( 1.0 EU/mL). The surface microstructure of both types of elastics showed irregularities and porosities at all times. Initially, the latex elastics had a higher surface roughness (p 0.001) than the non-latex ones. After 24 h loading, surface roughness of the latex elastics was significantly reduced (p 0.001), while after 72 h, the values were similar for both types (p 0.05). The non-latex elastics had significantly higher force generation values (p 0.05) at 0, 24 and 72 h compared with the latex elastics, although there was a significant reduction (p 0.001) in force over time for both elastics. Despite similar initial values, non-latex elastics had a significantly larger internal diameter (p 0.001) after the loading periods of 24 and 72 h compared with the latex elastics.Both elastics showed high affinity with endotoxin and microstructural irregularities of their surface. The non-latex elastics generated higher force values but demonstrated greater deformation of the internal diameter after loading.ZIELSETZUNG: Wir untersuchten die bakterielle Endotoxinadhäsion, die oberflächliche Mikromorphologie und die mechanischen Eigenschaften von latexhaltigen und nicht-latexhaltigen intermaxillären kieferorthopädischen Elastics.Zur Quantifizierung des anhaftenden bakteriellen Endotoxins wurden die Elastics in 5 Gruppen eingeteilt: experimentelle (n = 12) Latex- und Nicht-Latex-Elastics, die zuvor mit einer Endotoxinlösung kontaminiert worden waren, Negativkontrolle (n = 6) Latex- und Nicht-Latex-Elastics ohne Kontamination und Positivkontrolle (n = 6) Edelstahlproben (metallische Nachbildungen), die mit einer Endotoxinlösung kontaminiert waren. Parallel dazu wurden die strukturelle Mikromorphologie (n =6 ) und die Oberflächenrauheit von intermaxillären Elastics aus Latex und aus Nicht-Latex mittels konfokaler Lasermikroskopie untersucht. Ebenfalls bewertet wurden der Kraftabbau (g) und die Verformung des Innendurchmessers (mm). Die strukturelle Mikromorphologie, die Oberflächenrauheit (µm), der Kraftabbau (g) und die Änderung des Innendurchmessers (mm) wurden zum Zeitpunkt 0 sowie nach 24 und 72 h in einem Verformungstest bewertet. Die Daten wurden mit den Tests Shapiro-Wilk, Kruskal-Wallis, Dunn, ANOVA und Bonferroni (α = 5%) analysiert.Das Endotoxin haftete an beiden Arten von Elastics in ähnlicher Weise mit Scores von 3 ( 1,0 EU/ml). Die Oberflächenmikrostruktur beider Arten von Elastics zeigte zu jedem Zeitpunkt Unregelmäßigkeiten und Porositäten. Zu Beginn wiesen die Latex-Elastics eine höhere Oberflächenrauheit auf (p 0,001) als die Nicht-Latex-Elastics. Nach 24 h Belastung war die Oberflächenrauheit der Latex-Elastics deutlich geringer (p 0,001), während nach 72 h die Werte für beide Typen ähnlich waren (p 0,05). Die Nicht-Latex-Elastics wiesen nach 0, 24 und 72 h signifikant höhere Werte für die Krafterzeugung auf (p 0,05) als die Latex-Elastics, auch wenn die Kraft bei beiden Elastics im Laufe der Zeit signifikant abnahm (p 0,001). Trotz ähnlicher Ausgangswerte wiesen die Nicht-Latex-Elastics nach den Belastungszeiten von 24 und 72 h einen signifikant größeren Innendurchmesser (p 0,001) auf als die Latex-Elastics.Beide Elastics zeigten eine hohe Affinität zu Endotoxin und mikrostrukturelle Unregelmäßigkeiten auf ihrer Oberfläche. Die latexfreien Elastics erzeugten höhere Kraftwerte, wiesen aber nach der Belastung eine größere Verformung des Innendurchmessers auf.

Background: The objective of this study was to evaluate wear and surface roughness of in vivo irradiated human enamel and dentin after abrasive challenge. Methods: Using teeth donated by healthy patients or with head and neck cancer who received radiotherapy (RT) or chemoradiotherapy (CRT), 42 enamel and dentin specimens were made, divided into three groups: control, RT and CRT (n = 14 in each group, both for enamel and dentin). The specimens were submitted to an in vitroexperimental abrasive using a brushing machine and wear and surface roughness were evaluated. Results: In enamel specimens, wear profile values of CRT and RT groups were not different from control (p-value >0.05). The RT group presents lower step values than CRT and control groups (p-value p-value >0.05). In dentin specimens, no significant difference in wear profile and step was observed in all groups (p-value >0.05). However, CRT and RT groups present higher values in final surface roughness (p-value Conclusion: The exposure to ionizing radiation (associated or not to chemotherapy) influenced the surface roughness of dentin and the wear (step) of enamel after the in vitro abrasive challenge. Trial registration: Ethical procedures were approved by the FORP/USP Research Ethics Committee (CAAE: 61308416.4.0000.5419) and Hospital do Câncer de Barretos/Fundação Pio XII (CAAE: 61308416.4.3001.5437). Clinical relevance: Considering probable effects of ionizing radiation on teeth structure, understanding the behaviour of enamel and dentin under physiological processes is important to prevent and treat adverse oral side effects related to radiotherapy.

Objectives: High expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in periapical lesions plays an important role in the degradation of the extracellular matrix. This study aimed to investigate the effect of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG)-based endodontic paste as an intracanal dressing on the expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in periapical lesions. Materials and Methodss: Periapical lesions were experimentally induced in 35 mature beagle dog premolars randomly divided into healthy teeth, untreated periapical lesions, periapical lesionstreated in a single session, and periapical lesions treated in two sessions with EGCG or calcium hydroxide-based pastes. The operator monitored the animals and performed euthanasia after 120 days for histopathologic and immunofluorescence analyses to assess the expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9. Then we perform the statistical analysis. Results: Endodontic treatment in two sessions using EGCG and calcium hydroxide-based pastes provided similar levels of repair of the apical and periapical tissues and neoformation of periodontal ligament fibers, cementum and alveolar bone. In both groups, the expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 was minimal,and it was observed in the cytoplasm of fibroblasts, osteoblasts, cementoblasts, cementocytes and vascular endothelium. In healthy teeth, the expression of MMPs was minimal and was found in odontoblasts. Endodontic treatment in a single session did not result in full repair of periapical lesions, and they presented intense expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9, including in the cytoplasm of persistent inflammatory cells, similar to untreated lesions. In both groups treated in two sessions, the expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 was similar to that in healthy teeth, and it was significantly lower than that in periapical lesions treated in a single session or untreated (p Conclusions: The use of EGCG-based endodontic paste reduced the expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 and allowed for the repair of periapical lesions, similar to calcium hydroxide-based paste, and it was superior to treatment performed in a single session. Clinical Relevance: This study was the first one that evaluated the use of EGCG- based paste as intracanal treatment resulted in a reduction of the expression of MMPs 2 and 9 and repair of periapical lesions, similarly to calcium hydroxide-based paste.

Considering that attitudes toward evidence-based dentistry (EBD) may predict implementation behaviors, the objective of this systematic review was to synthesize and evaluate the existing evidence related to dentists' attitudes and practices toward EBD.We included primary studies that collected information from interviews, questionnaires, or conversation sessions with dentists. The following sources were searched: Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Embase, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, in addition to gray literature. The included studies were appraised according to the assessment tools recommended by the Joanna Briggs Institute for qualitative and quantitative observational studies. Descriptive data were collected in standardized tables and descriptively synthesized.The selection process resulted in 36 included studies. Dentists share positive opinions about EBD and predominantly report willingness to learn or adopt these practices. Despite high methodological risks and significant heterogeneity, the results collected in this review indicated that scientific journals, clinical practice guidelines, and trusted colleagues are generally perceived as influential and useful by dentists, who highly consulted these information sources.Despite supportive reported attitudes toward EBD, very low certainty exists about actual EBD-related practices.

Aim: To evaluate the psychological impact of COVID-19 on undergraduate and graduate students of the Dental School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo. Methods: Three questionnaires were used: sociodemographic, WHO Abbreviated Quality of Life Inventory, and General Anxiety Disorder-7. Data were analyzed using Graph Pad Prism 7a (α = 5%). Mann-Whitney or Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn post-tests were used for statistical comparisons. The Spearman test was used as the correlation test. Results: 257 students responded to the online form that assessed their quality of life and anxiety level. On a scale from 1 to 100, with 100 being the best quality of life, the average obtained was 64.71 (± 13.36). In addition, 87.6% of the students rated their quality of life as good or very good. 74.7% reported good or very good health. The anxiety analysis resulted in an average of 10.04 (± 4.5), indicating moderate anxiety levels. There was an inversely proportional correlation between age and degree of anxiety (p = 0.008, r = -0.1628) and self-perceived learning and student commitment (r = 0.69). Conclusion: Despite the good quality of life and the students’ good self-perception of health, they showed a moderate degree of anxiety during the social distancing caused by COVID-19, also demonstrating a decrease in interest and commitment during distance education.

Background The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible association between genetic polymorphisms in DEFB1 (rs1799946 and rs11362) and the development of gingivitis in children from the Amazon region of Brazil. Methods The study included 27 healthy children, 10–12 years old, from public schools in Manaus. For the oral examination, the parameters described in the gingival index of Löe and Silness were used to identify the presence or absence of gingivitis. The dependent variable was categorized as “Yes” for children with gingivitis (experimental group; n = 10) and “No” for children without gingivitis (control group; n = 17). Genomic DNA was extracted from saliva, the selected polymorphisms in the DEFB1 gene (rs1799946 and rs11362) were genotyped by TaqMan PCR and an endpoint analysis was performed. Genotypic and allelic distribution between groups was performed using the Fisher's exact test with an established alpha of 5%. Results It was found that evaluated SNPs in the DEFB1 gene (rs1799946 and rs11362) were not associated with gingivitis (p > 0.05). Conclusion The single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) of references rs1799946 and rs11362 in the DEFB1 gene had no function on gingivitis, promoting neither harmful nor beneficial effects, in children.

The aim of the present in vivo study was to evaluate the bacterial contamination of sports mouthguards, surface roughness, and the efficacy of chlorhexidine gluconate spray in the disinfection of these devices. A randomized, blinded cross-over clinical trial was performed with twenty 9 to 13 years old children who practiced martial arts and participated in all phases of the study. They were instructed to wear mouthguards 3 alternated days a week for 1 hour and, after use, to spray sterile tap water or chlorhexidine 0.12%. The mouthguards were analyzed by MTT assay, Checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization, and confocal laser microscopy prior and after use for 2 weeks. Data were analyzed by Wilcoxon and t-Student, and Pearson correlation tests, with 5% significance level. Were observed that mouthguards of the control group were more contaminated with cariogenic microorganisms than those of the chlorhexidine group (p

In this study, we evaluated the knowledge, attitudes, and psychosocial impacts among Brazilian pediatric dentists during the COVID-19 pandemic. A cross-sectional study with primary data collection was carried out using an online structured questionnaire. Data were submitted to descriptive analysis by using absolute and relative frequencies. A chi-square test was used for association analysis and log-linear regression models to estimate the prevalence ratio (5%). The population comprised mostly women and knowledge regarding COVID-19 was satisfactory (above 80% in most items). N95 masks and faceshields were used, albeit 64.22% reported difficulty in providing dental care to children due to the need for extra Personal Protective Equipment. Thirty eight percent provided urgency/emergency dental care, 59.78% performed invasive procedures, 59.56% used high speed handpieces, 8.44% started using cariostatics, and 6.22% introduced the use of chemomechanical caries removal agents. Fear for the future (PR = 1.21) and use of medications (for anxiety, depression, or insomnia) increased (PR = 1.16) among the ones who had wage losses. Brazilian pediatric dentists have knowledge about COVID-19, and attitudes in their clinical routines changed due the pandemic. Financial life was harmed and a negative impact of the pandemic in psychosocial aspects of workers was found.

The COVID-19 pandemic led to changes in academic teaching and dental education, but the impact on dental professors’ mental health and quality of life remains poorly understood. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the impacts of social distancing and online teaching related to COVID-19 on the quality of life and anxiety of Brazilian dental professors. This was a cross-sectional study conducted from August 2020 to October 2020. Three instruments were used in an online version: a questionnaire about personal data, academic information and online teaching activities, the Generalized Anxiety Disorders 7 (GAD7) scale, and the Abbreviated World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL-bref) scale. All instruments were sent by e-mail, social media, and messaging apps to private and public universities and professors. Of the 318 responses, 187 (58.8%) were from female professors. Moreover, lack of good internet access and adequate place for online teaching, difficulties in producing teaching materials, and housework roles had a significant impact on the quality of life and anxiety scores (all p-values < 0.05). Also, Brazilian dental professors who declared that they would make greater efforts if the activities were face-to-face had significantly worse quality of life and anxiety scores, and female professors had significantly higher anxiety scores (all p-values < 0.05). These results provide evidence of a negative effect of social distancing and online teaching activities related to COVID-19 outbreak on the health-related quality of life and mental health of Brazilian dental professors.

OBJETIVO: Estudos recentes sugerem que citocinas liberadas por células imunes adaptativas e inatas podem regular a infiltração tissular de plasmócitos IgG4+. Diferente da dentição permanente, o perfil imunoistoquímico dos plasmócitos presentes na lesão periapical crônica (LPC) na dentição decídua é desconhecido. O objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar subgrupos de plasmócitos em LPCs afetando dentes permanentes e decíduos. METODOLOGIA: Somente LPCs sem tratamento endodôntico foram selecionadas. 21 cistos radiculares (CRs) e 07 granulomas periapicais (GPs) afetando dentes permanentes, e 19 CRs e 04 GPs afetando dentes decíduos, foram avaliados através de imunomarcadores para cadeia leve de imunoglobulina (Ig) (kappa e lambda), cadeia pesada de Ig (IgG, IgG4, IgA, IgM e IgD), bem como imunomarcadores de plasmócitos (MUM1/IRF4, EMA e CD138). RESULTADOS: Todos os casos foram policlonais (similar proporção Kappa/Lambda). A IgG foi a mais abundante quando comparada com as outras cadeias pesadas de Ig (todos, p0,05). Destaca-se, por outro lado, que a expressão de IgG4 foi maior na dentição permanente do que na primária, tanto no CR (p0,05). A expressão de IgM e IgD foi escassa e variável, enquanto as populações de plasmócitos foram detectadas eficientemente através dos marcadores EMA, CD138 e MUM1/IRF4, com este último sendo mais sensível, em ambas as dentições. CONCLUSÕES: Nossos resultados mostram ligeiras variações no perfil de cadeias leves e pesadas de Ig nas LPCs, comparando as dentições permanente e decídua, sugerindo alterações imunes relacionadas à idade. Relevantemente, a participação de plasmócitos IgG4+, modulando respostas inflamatórias nas LPCs na dentição permanente do que na decídua, deverá ser considerada. AIM: Recent studies suggest that cytokines released from innate and adaptive immune cells can mediate infiltration of IgG4+ plasma cells into tissue. Unlike the permanent dentition, the immunohistochemical (IHC) profile of chronic periapical lesion (CPL)- infiltrating plasma cells in primary dentition is unknown. The aim of this study was to characterize plasma cell subsets in CPLs affecting permanent and primary teeth. METHODOLOGY: Only CPLs without endodontic treatment were selected. 21 one radicular cysts (RCs) and 07 periapical granulomas (PGs) affecting permanent teeth, and 19 RCs and 04 PGs affecting primary teeth, were assessed through immunoglobulin (Ig) light chain (kappa and lambda), Ig heavy chain (IgG, IgG4, IgA, IgM, and IgD), as well as plasma cell (MUM1/IRF4, EMA and CD138) IHC markers. RESULTS: All cases were polyclonal (similar kappa/lambda ratio). The IgG was the most abundant when compared to other Ig heavy chains (for all, p0.05). Noteworthy, conversely, the IgG4 expression was higher in the permanent than primary dentition, for both RC (p0.05).The IgM and IgD expression was scarce and variable, whereas plasma cell populations were detected efficiently through EMA, CD138 and MUM1/IRF4 markers, the latter being the more sensitive, in both dentitions. CONCLUSIONS: Our results show slight variations in the Ig light and heavy chain profiles in CPLs when comparing permanent and primary dentition, which suggest agerelated immune changes. Notably, the participation of IgG4+ plasma cells modulating inflammatory responses in CPLs of the permanent than primary dentition should be considered.

Os probióticos são micro-organismos vivos que, quando administrados em quantidades adequadas, conferem benefícios à saúde do hospedeiro. Pesquisas em relação ao uso de probióticos para tratamento de doenças na cavidade bucal tem apresentado resultados relevantes. Entretanto, poucos estudos relatam o efeito do uso de probióticos nas infecções pulpares e nenhum estudo in vivo utilizou os probióticos como solução irrigadora de canais radiculares. Assim, o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar, in vitro, a atividade antimicrobiana do probiótico Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis HN019, por meio da técnica do poço, contra 10 micro-organismos podem ser encontrados envolvidos em infecções endodônticas. Além disso, foi avaliado in vivo, por meio da análise microscópica, o efeito desse probiótico quando utilizado como solução irrigadora de canais radiculares de dentes de ratos com lesões periapicais induzidas. Para a análise in vitro, foi feita a atividade antimicrobiana do probiótico sobre os Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus, Lacticaseibacillus casei, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Porphyromonas endodontalis, Prevotella intermedia e Fusobaterium nucleatum. Após 48 a 72 horas de incubação das placas de petri contendo meio de cultura, as cepas dos micro-organismos e o probiótico, as placas foram examinadas para avaliação da uniformidade do crescimento microbiano, presença de contaminantes e do halo de inibição. Após a inspeção visual, a leitura do halo de inibição foi realizada com auxílio de um paquímetro digital utilizando fonte de luz refletida para iluminar a placa invertida sobre um fundo preto e opaco após a remoção da tampa. Desse modo, foram obtidos 3 valores de cada inóculo bacteriano que foram somados e divididos por três para se obter a média dos valores. Já para a avaliação in vivo, os animais foram divididos em seis grupos de acordo com a solução irrigadora utilizada nos canais radiculares após abertura coronária e exposição do tecido pulpar, conforme segue: Grupo I (4 animais/ 8 dentes) dentes hígidos; Grupo II (4 animais/ 4 dentes): Hipoclorito de sódio à 2,5% como solução irrigadora (3 dias); Grupo III (4 animais/4 dentes): Probiótico como solução irrigadora (3 dias); Grupo IV (12 animais/ 24 dentes): Lesão periapical sem nenhum tratamento (7, 21 e 42 dias); Grupo V (12 animais/24 dentes): Hipoclorito de sódio à 2,5% como solução irrigadora (7, 21, 42 dias); Grupo VI (12 animais/24 dentes): Probiótico como solução irrigadora (7, 21, 42 dias). O probiótico Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis (B. lacti) HN019 foi utilizado como solução irrigadora, formulada pela adição do probiótico a 2,7x 109 UFC em meio aquoso, acrescida de 2,0% de carboximetilcelulose, com um volume final de 100mµL. Para a administração local, os canais radiculares foram irrigados no dia 0 e dias 3, 7, 14, 21, 28 e 35 dias após a indução da lesão periapical. Após eutanásia dos animais, as mandíbulas foram submetidas ao processamento histotécnico, as lâminas coradas em hematoxilina e eosina (HE) e analisadas em microscópica óptica para descrição das características do conteúdo do canal radicular e das regiões apical e periapical, paralelamente à análise morfométrica da área das lesões periapicais, em microscopia fluorescente. Foi realizada, ainda, a contagem de osteoclastos, empregando a histoenzimologia para Atividade da Fosfatase Ácida Resistente ao Tartarato (TRAP). Os resultados obtidos foram submetidos à análise estatística por meio diferentes testes de acordo com a natureza dos dados. Para todas as análises foi adotado o nível de significância de 5%. Os resultados do estudo in vitro demonstraram que o probiótico B. animalis subsp. lactis HN019 promoveu a inibição de todas as cepas dos patógenos avaliados, com exceção do Candida albicans, demostrando atividade antimicrobiana sobre esses micro-organismos. Já os resultados do estudo in vivo da análise dos parâmetros histopatológicos demostraram que os grupos III e VI, com probiótico como solução irrigadora, apresentaram melhores resultados quando comparados ao grupo sem tratamento e com a irrigação de hipoclorito de sódio, mostrando menor quantidade de células inflamatórias e menor área da lesão. Em relação ao número de osteoclastos, foi observado diminuição apenas no grupo III, aos 3 dias (p=0,0425), e no grupo VI aos 21 dias (p=0,0043). Após as metodologias e os resultados obtidos, pode-se concluir que o probiótico Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis HN019 apresentou in vitro atividade antimicrobiana contra micro-organismos presentes em infecções endodônticas, além de apresentar, microscopicamente, um potencial terapêutico para administração local como solução irrigadora na progressão da lesão periapical, quando comparado ao hipoclorito de sódio. Probiotics are living microorganisms that, when administered in adequate amounts, confer health benefits to the host. Research regarding the use of probiotics to treat diseases in the oral cavity has shown relevant results. However, few studies report the effect of using probiotics on pulp infections and neither in vivo study has used probiotics as an irrigation solution for root canals. Thus, the objective of the present study was to evaluate, in vitro, the antimicrobial activity of the probiotic Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis HN019, using the well technique, against 10 microorganisms that can be found involved in endodontic infections. In addition, it was evaluated in vivo, through microscopic analysis, the effect of this probiotic when used as an irrigation solution for root canals of rat\'s teeth with induced periapical lesions. For in vitro analysis, probiotic antimicrobial activity was performed on Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus, Lacticaseibacillus caseii, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Porphyromonas endodontalis, Prevotella intermedia e Fusobaterium nucleatum. After 48 to 72 hours of incubation of the petri dish containing culture medium, the strains of the microorganisms and the probiotic, the dishes were examined to assess the uniformity of microbial growth, the presence of contaminants and the halo of inhibition. After visual inspection, the inhibition halo was read with the aid of a digital caliper using a reflected light source to illuminate the inverted plate on a black and opaque background after removing the cover. Thus, 3 values of each bacterial inoculum were obtained, which were added and divided by three to obtain the average of the values. For the in vivo evaluation, the animals were divided into six groups according to the irrigating solution used in the root canals after coronary opening and exposure of the pulp tissue, as follows: Group I (4 animals / 8 teeth) healthy teeth; Group II (4 animals / 4 teeth): 2.5% sodium hypochlorite as an irrigating solution (3 days); Group III (4 animals / 4 teeth): Probiotic as an irrigating solution (3 days); Group IV (12 animals / 24 teeth): Periapical lesion without any treatment (7, 21 and 42 days); Group V (12 animals / 24 teeth): 2.5% sodium hypochlorite as an irrigating solution (7, 21, 42 days); Group VI (12 animals / 24 teeth): Probiotic as an irrigating solution (7, 21, 42 days). The probiotic Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis (B. lacti) HN019 was used as an irrigating solution, formulated by adding the probiotic at 2.7x 109 CFU in aqueous medium, plus 2.0% of carboxymethylcellulose, with a final volume of 100mµL. For local administration, the root canals were irrigated on day 0 and days 3, 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 days after induction of the periapical lesion. After euthanizing the animals, the mandibles were submitted to histotechnical processing, the slides stained in hematoxylin and eosin (HE) and analyzed in optical microscopy to describe the characteristics of the root canal content and the apical and periapical regions, in parallel to the morphometric analysis of the area periapical lesions, under fluorescent microscopy. Osteoclast counting was also performed, using histoenzymology for Tartrate Resistant Acid Phosphatase Activity (TRAP). The results obtained were submitted to statistical analysis through different tests according to the nature of the data. For all analyzes, the significance level of 5% was adopted. The results of the in vitro study demonstrated that the probiotic B. animalis subsp. lactis HN019 promoted the inhibition of all strains of the pathogens evaluated, with the exception of Candida albicans, demonstrating antimicrobial activity on these microorganisms. The results of the in vivo study of the analysis of the histopathological parameters showed that groups III and VI, with probiotic as an irrigating solution, presented better results when compared to the group without treatment and with the irrigation of sodium hypochlorite, showing less inflammatory cells and smaller lesion area. Regarding the number of osteoclasts, a decrease was observed only in group III, at 3 days (p=0.0425), and in group VI at 21 days (p=0.0043). After the methodologies and the results obtained, it can be concluded that the probiotic Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis HN019 showed in vitro antimicrobial activity against microorganisms present in endodontic infections, besides presenting, microscopically, a therapeutic potential for local administration as an irrigating solution in the progression of periapical lesion, when compared to sodium hypochlorite.

O lipopolissacarídeo (LPS) bacteriano de bactérias Gram-negativas está envolvido na patogênese de diversas doenças na Odontologia. A Terapia Fotodinâmica Antimicrobiana (aPDT) têm se mostrado uma modalidade terapêutica complementar promissora para doenças periodontais e endodônticas, em que microrganismos estão diretamente envolvidos. Sendo assim, entender o papel de diferentes componentes da aPDT na inativação do LPS bacteriano pode ajudar a estabelecer melhores protocolos de tratamento e aprimorar ainda mais seu uso clínico. Nesse contexto, o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar in vitro e in vivo a eficácia de diferentes fotossensibilizadores (FSs) empregados na aPDT, na inativação do lipopolissacarídeo (LPS) liofilizado de Escherichia coli. Quatro fotossensibilizadores foram selecionados para este fim, sendo eles os fenotiazínicos Azul de Toluidina (AT), Azul de Metileno (AM), Novo Azul de Metileno (NAM) e Curcumina (CUR). As etapas in vivo consistiram na avaliação da interação do LPS com os derivados fenotiazínicos, por espectrofotometria; degradação da molécula do LPS frente aos corantes por meio do ensaio de LAL (Lymulus Amebocyte Lysate); capacidade inflamatória do LPS após tratamento com os quatro FS, por meio de ensaio funcional em macrófagos derivados de medula óssea (BMDMs) de camundongos; e a resposta sistêmica de camundongos após indução de choque séptico pelo LPS puro ou previamente tratado com os FSs. Nossos resultados em espectrofotometria demonstraram que houve interação do LPS com todos os fotossensibilizadores utilizados, embora a interação tenha ocorrido de forma mais expressiva com AT e NAM. Da mesma forma, os ensaios de LAL revelaram diferenças significativas entre os grupos controles e aqueles em que foi feita associação de FS com LPS, demonstrando uma maior degradação de LPS pelo NAM. Interessantemente, a capacidade inflamatória do LPS diminuiu após tratamento prévio com os quatro FS, especialmente NAM e CUR, resultando em menor secreção de citocinas inflamatórias pelos macrófagos. Corroborando a relevância fisiológica da inibição do LPS pelos FSs in vivo, a pré incubação da Curcumina com o LPS evitou que os animais deste grupo sofressem de choque séptico dentro do tempo estabelecido. Portanto, por meio da utilização de modelos relevantes para estudo da atividade inflamatória do LPS, tanto in vitro quanto in vivo, foi possível observar que houve interação de todos os FSs utilizados neste trabalho com o LPS, com destaque para o Novo Azul de Metileno e Curcumina nos parâmetros de inativação e atenuação dos efeitos inflamatórios da endotoxina, avançando na compreensão dos mecanismos de inibição desta molécula frente ao tratamento com aPDT utilizando estes FSs. The bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Gram-negative bacteria is involved in the pathogenesis of several diseases in Dentistry. Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy (aPDT) is a promising complementary therapeutic modality for periodontal and endodontic diseases, in which microorganisms are directly involved. Therefore, understanding the role of different components of aPDT in the inactivation of bacterial LPS can help to establish better treatment protocols and further improve its clinical use. In this context, this study aimed to evaluate in vitro and in vivo the efficacy of different PSs used in aPDT in LPS inactivation. Four photosensitizers (PSs) were selected for this purpose: Methylene Blue (MB), Toluidine Blue (TBO), New Methylene Blue (NMB) and Curcumin (CUR). In vitro steps consisted of evaluating the interaction of LPS with phenothiazine derivatives, by spectrophotometry; degradation of the LPS molecule against dyes through the LAL test (Lymulus Amebocyte Lysate); inflammatory capacity of LPS after treatment with PSs, using a functional assay in mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs); and the systemic response of mice after induction of septic shock by purified LPS, treated or not with PSs. Our results in spectrophotometry showed that there was an interaction of LPS with all photosensitizers used, although the interaction occurred more significantly with TB and NMB. Likewise, the LAL assays revealed significant differences between the control groups and those in which PS was associated with LPS, demonstrating a greater degradation of LPS by NMB. Interestingly, the inflammatory capacity of LPS decreased after previous treatment with the four PS, especially NMB and CUR, resulting in less inflammatory cytokine secretion by macrophages. Corroborating the physiological relevance of LPS inhibition by PSs in vivo, pre-incubation of Curcumin with LPS prevented animals in this group from suffering septic shock within the established time. Therefore, through the use of relevant models to study the inflammatory activity of LPS, both in vitro and in vivo, it was possible to observe that there was an interaction of all the PSs used in this work with the LPS, with emphasis on the New Methylene Blue and Curcumin in the parameters of inactivation and attenuation of the inflammatory effects of endotoxin, advancing in the understanding of the mechanisms of inhibition of this molecule upon treatment with aPDT using these PSs.

O objetivo do presente estudo clínico randomizado foi avaliar, in vivo, em protetores bucais esportivos: 1) A viabilidade celular bacteriana, com e sem tratamento com clorexidina, por meio do ensaio MTT; 2) A contaminação por 4 espécies bacterianas cariogênicas (S. mutans, S. sobrinus, L. acidophilus e L. casei), e a eficácia da utilização do gluconato de clorexidina a 0,12% sob a forma de spray, por meio da técnica de biologia molecular Checkerboard DNADNA Hybridization (CDDH); e 3) A rugosidade superficial pré e pós-utilização, com e sem tratamento com clorexidina, em microscopia confocal a laser. O estudo foi realizado com a participação de 20 pacientes de 9 a 13 anos de idade, de ambos os sexos, e constou de 2 etapas, com intervalo de 15 dias entre cada uma, de forma que todos os pacientes participassem tanto do grupo controle (água de torneira esterilizada), quanto do grupo experimental (clorexidina). Em cada etapa os pacientes receberam um novo protetor bucal (totalizando 2 aparelhos por indivíduo). Os pacientes de ambos os grupos foram orientados a usar o protetor bucal esportivo por 3 dias alternados, durante o treinamento esportivo (1 hora/dia), sendo a seguir processados pelas técnicas CDDH e MTT. A rugosidade superficial dos protetores bucais foi avaliada nos períodos pré e pós-utilização, com e sem tratamento com clorexidina, em microscopia confocal a laser. Os resultados obtidos foram analisados por meio do teste de Wilcoxon, teste t e teste de correlação de Pearson, utilizando o software GraphPadPrism 4.0 (GraphPad Software Inc). O nível de significância adotado foi de 5%. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, observou-se que houve redução significante (p

O objetivo do presente estudo foi quantificar células da resposta imune e inflamatória (mastócitos, células dendríticas plasmocitóides maduras e imaturas, linfócitos T regulatórios - TREGS - maduros e imaturos, linfócitos T, linfócitos T citotóxicos e Linfócitos B), em cistos radiculares de dentes decíduos e permanentes. Além disso, foi avaliada a presença/ausência, a intensidade e a porcentagem de marcação para beta-defensina-3 (hBD-3). Foram selecionados 19 casos de cistos radiculares de dentes decíduos e 17 cistos radiculares de dentes permanentes, os quais foram submetidos à análise imunohistoquímica por meio de marcadores específicos. Os resultados obtidos foram submetidos aos testes de D\'Agostino & Pearson, Mann Whitney, teste t, Kruskal-Wallis e pós-teste de Dunn, com nível de significância de 5%. Verificou-se que todos os tipos celulares avaliados estavam presentes em todas os cistos radiculares. Os dentes decíduos apresentaram maior expressão de células dendríticas plasmocitóides (maduras e imaturas), Linfócitos B e Linfócitos T (p0,05), enquanto que nos dentes permanentes houve maior expressão na cápsula (p0,05). Concluiu-se que todas as células avaliadas estavam presentes em todos os casos (100%). As células com maior expressão nos dentes decíduos foram as células dendríticas plasmocitóides imaturas, enquanto que nos dentes permanentes foram os Linfócitos T. A hBD-3 foi produzida pelo epitélio/cápsula, tanto em dentes decíduos quanto em dentes permanentes. Nos dentes decíduos observou-se maior produção de hBD-3 nas lesões pequenas, em comparação às lesões grandes. Por outro lado, nos dentes permanentes não foi observada diferença na produção de hBD-3 entre lesões pequenas e lesões grandes. The aim of the present study was to quantify immune and inflammatory response cells (mast cells, mature and immature plasmacytoid dendritic cells, regulatory T lymphocytes - TREGS - mature and immature, T lymphocytes, cytotoxic T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes), in radicular cysts of primary and permanent teeth. In addition, presence/absence, intensity and percentage of immunostaining for betadefensin-3 (hBD-3) were evaluated. Nineteen cases of periapical cysts of deciduous teeth and 17 periapical cysts of permanent teeth were selected, which were submitted to immunohistochemical analysis using specific markers. The results obtained were submitted to D\'Agostino & Pearson, Mann Whitney, t-test, KruskalWallis and Dunn\'s post-test, with a significance level of 5%. All cell types evaluated were present in all radicular cysts. Primary teeth showed higher expression of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (mature and immature) (p0.05) and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (p>0.05). Beta-defensin-3 was expressed in 78.5% of deciduous teeth and in 76.9% of permanent teeth, in the epithelium and capsule. In primary teeth, this expression occurred in a similar way in the capsule and in the epithelium (p>0.05), while in permanent teeth there was greater expression in the capsule (p0.05). It was concluded that all evaluated cells were present in all cases (100%). The cells with the highest expression in primary teeth were the plasmacytoid dendritic cells, while in the permanent teeth the T lymphocytes were the cells with the highest expression. Beta-defensin-3 was produced by the epithelium/capsule in both primary and permanent teeth. In primary teeth, a higher production of hBD-3 was observed in small lesions, compared to large lesions. On the other hand, in permanent teeth, no difference was observed in the production of hBD-3 between small and large lesions.

O objetivo geral do presente trabalho foi comparar in vitro e in vivo a liberação de Bisfenol-A (BPA) de um sistema restaurador resinoso isento de BPA adaptado para uso na colagem de bráquetes ortodônticos (Adesivo Ambar APS e Resina Vittra APS), ao padrão-ouro Transbond XT. Os objetivos específicos incluíram a análise da Resistência ao Cisalhamento e Índice de Remanescente Adesivo (IRA) e parâmetros clínicos de quantificação de biofilme dentário, avaliação da saúde gengival e taxa de sobrevida (descolagem) dos bráquetes. Na etapa in vitro, discos fotopolimerizados de Transbond XT e Resina Vittra APS foram avaliados quanto à liberação de BPA por meio de cromatografia gasosa nos tempos de 30 minutos, 24 horas, 7 e 30 dias. Na análise de resistência ao cisalhamento e IRA, bráquetes foram fixados em pré-molares provenientes de biobanco com três protocolos de colagem (Transbond XT; e Adesivo Ambar APS associado à Resina Vittra APS pelas técnicas convencional e modificada) e analisados por máquina de ensaios universais e estereomicroscópio. A análise in vivo do BPA foi realizada em amostras salivares de 19 pacientes que tiveram bráquetes colados com Transbond XT ou com Adesivo Ambar APS e Resina Vittra APS (técnica modificada). A coleta foi realizada previamente à instalação do aparelho fixo, e após 30 minutos, 24 horas, 7 e 30 dias da colagem de bráquetes, sendo as amostras de saliva analisadas por cromatografia gasosa. Foi efetuada a quantificação de biofilme dentário e a avaliação da condição gengival, juntamente com a autopercepção de higiene bucal, com o uso do evidenciador de biofilme GC Tri Plaque ID GelTM. A taxa de sobrevida (descolagem) dos bráquetes foi avaliada por 12 meses. Os dados foram analisados por meio de testes estatísticos apropriados, com nível de significância de 5%. Verificou-se que apenas os discos de Transbond XT apresentaram traços de BPA no tempo de 30 dias, de acordo com o limite inferior da técnica. Nas análises in vitro de resistência ao cisalhamento e IRA, a técnica convencional (Adesivo Ambar APS e Resina Vittra APS) apresentou resultados inferiores, já técnica modificada e o Transbond XT não foram diferentes entre si. As maiores concentrações de BPA salivar encontraram-se no grupo controle (Transbond XT), em 30 minutos, 24 horas e 7 dias, retornando ao baseline em 30 dias. Por outro lado, não observou-se liberação adicional de BPA nos bráquetes colados pela técnica modificada. O biofilme dentário e o índice gengival foram menores no grupo experimental (Resina Vittra APS e adesivo Ambar APS) aos 7 dias da colagem de bráquetes. A autopercepção da higiene bucal dos pacientes apresentou diferença estatística pré e pós-utilização do GC Tri Plaque ID GelTM. A ausência de BPA não influenciou na taxa de sobrevida dos bráquetes. Conclui-se que o uso da Resina Vittra APS e do Adesivo Ambar APS pela técnica modificada não ocasionou a liberação de BPA, apresentou resistência ao cisalhamento e IRA adequados e menores índices clínicos de placa visível e saúde gengival. Ainda, demonstrou taxa de sobrevida semelhante ao controle após 12 meses, justificando sua indicação para uso clínico na colagem de bráquetes ortodônticos. The overall aim of this study was to compare in vitro and in vivo the release of Bisphenol-A (BPA) from a BPA-free restorative resin system adapted for use in bonding orthodontic brackets (Ambar APS Adhesive and Vittra APS Resin) to the gold standard Transbond XT. The specific aims included the analysis of the shear bond strength, Adhesive Remainder Index (ARI), and clinical parameters of dental biofilm quantification, assessment of gingival health and bracket survival rate (debonding). In the in vitro section, light-cured discs of Transbond XT and Vittra APS Resin were evaluated for the release of BPA by gas chromatography in 30 minutes, 24 hours, 7 and 30 days. In the analysis of shear bond strength and ARI, brackets were fixed in premolars from a biobank with three bonding protocols (Transbond XT; and Ambar APS Adhesive and Vittra APS Resin by conventional and modified techniques), and analyzed by universal testing machine and stereomicroscope. The in vivo analysis of BPA included salivary samples from 19 patients who had brackets bonded with Transbond XT or with Ambar APS Adhesive and Vittra APS Resin (modified technique). The sample was collected prior to the installation of the fixed appliance, and after 30 minutes, 24 hours, 7 and 30 days after bonding the brackets, and analyzed by gas chromatography. The quantification of dental biofilm and the evaluation of the gingival condition were carried out, together with the self-perception of oral hygiene, using the GC Tri Plaque ID GelTM biofilm disclosing agent. The bracket survival rate (debonding) was evaluated for 12 months. Data were analyzed using appropriate statistical tests, with a significance level of 5%. Only the Transbond XT discs showed traces of BPA within 30 days, according to the lower limit of the technique. In the in vitro analysis of shear bond strength and ARI, the conventional technique (Ambar APS Adhesive and Vittra APS Resin) showed inferior results, whereas the modified technique and the Transbond XT were not different from each other. The highest concentrations of salivary BPA were found in the control group (Transbond XT), at 30 minutes, 24 hours and 7 days, returning to baseline in 30 days. Moreover, there was no additional release of BPA in brackets bonded by the modified technique. Dental biofilm and gingival index were lower in the experimental group (Vittra APS Resin and Ambar APS adhesive) at 7 days after bracket bonding. The patients\' self-perception of oral hygiene showed a statistical difference before and after the use of the GC Tri Plaque ID GelTM. The absence of BPA did not influence the bracket survival rate. It is concluded that the use of Vittra APS Resin and Ambar APS Adhesive by the modified technique did not cause the release of BPA, showed adequate shear bond strength and ARI, and showed lower clinical indexes of visible plaque and gingival health. Furthermore, it showed a bracket survival rate similar to the control after 12 months, justifying its indication for clinical use in bonding of orthodontic brackets.