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Defining the basis for the development of a country’s start-up ecosystems as the basis for activating entrepreneurship is an urgent task of restoring the country’s economy. The purpose of this study is to identify ways to improve the country’s start-up ecosystem based on the construction of economic and mathematical models for activating business activities. The research methodology is based on statistical research methods, namely dynamics analysis; to assess the strength of the influence of each component of the start-up ecosystem on the change in position in the rating, regression correlation analysis was chosen, which allows identifying the strength of the influence of factors on the final indicator. The components of the start-up ecosystem were investigated, which means an interactive and interdependent set of institutions whose activities create an environment for the qualitative and quantitative growth of start-ups as subjects of innovative entrepreneurship development. The use of statistical analysis methods for the data of the countries, which were grouped into 5 clusters, allowed determining the absolute changes in the values of the Global Start-up Ecosystem Index rating indicators from Start-up Blink: rating change, quantitative component, qualitative component, business environment, general summary. Based on regression-correlation analysis, economicmathematical models were built, which describe the influence of the components of the country’s ecosystem on the change in the rating positions in the section of four clusters, demonstrating: a strong connection between the factors and the result (Clusters 2, 4). Weak connection for the countries of Clusters 3, 5, which indicates the dependence of the development of start-up ecosystems on other factors that are not considered in their description and which affect the development of start-ups and entrepreneurship in the countries of Clusters 3, 5. The practical value of this paper is that the results of the study can serve as the basis for the local and state authorities to form strategies to develop start-up ecosystems at the national and regional level

The object of research is the financial indicators of urban electric transport enterprises. The problem of modeling of the main financial indicators of the activities of urban electric transport enterprises of Ukraine in the war and post-war period is considered. Their research and analysis are a necessary condition for a general and comprehensive assessment of the effectiveness of the functioning and financial capacity of enterprises in the industry. This will allow assessing the profitability level and will allow predicting the ability of enterprises to fulfill their main duties – to transport passengers within cities, as well as adequately respond to the variability of external and internal factors of influence. The input data used were performance indicators (namely, income and expenses) of enterprises that are part of the Ukrelectrotrans Corporation and are located in large cities of Ukraine – Kyiv, Odesa, Dnipro and Zaporizhzhia. The profit of the specified enterprises was modeled and their forecast values in the future period were determined. A conceptual approach was formed to forecast profit, which includes 6 main stages, which are sequentially described in this work. The trend for determining the profit of enterprises with the best result according to the criterion of reliability of approximation is presented, and the results of modeling of the forecast values of enterprise profits for 2025–2026 are also presented. However, the obtained forecast values indicate a deterioration in the financial indicators of the studied enterprises due to a number of variable internal and external factors. Namely: military operations, objective economic difficulties, a decrease in demand for transport services, the absence of changes in tariff policy, imperfect and outdated methods of enterprise management, insufficient support from the state and local governments, and an almost complete lack of investment in the industry. A number of recommendations are offered to the heads of transport enterprises to ensure the effective use of financial resources for the restoration and further development of urban transport systems in Ukrainian cities. However, the question of how universal these recommendations can be for all urban electric transport enterprises without taking into account the specifics of each city of Ukraine remains debatable. It is important that the proposed measures be adapted to the real conditions, capabilities and needs of each specific enterprise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The δ-opioid receptor (δOR) has been considered as a therapeutic target in multiple neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders particularly as δOR agonists are deemed safer alternatives relative to the more abuse-liable µ-opioid receptor drugs. Clinical development of δOR agonists, however, has been challenging in part due to the seizure-inducing effects of certain δOR agonists. Especially agonists that resemble the δOR-selective agonist SNC80 have well-established convulsive activity. Close inspection suggests that many of those seizurogenic δOR agonists efficaciously recruit β-arrestin, yet surprisingly, SNC80 displays enhanced seizure activity in β-arrestin 1 knockout mice. This finding led us to hypothesize that perhaps β-arrestin 1 is protective against, whereas β-arrestin 2 is detrimental for δOR-agonist-induced seizures. To investigate our hypothesis, we characterized three different δOR agonists (SNC80, ADL5859, ARM390) in cellular assays and in vivo in wild-type and β-arrestin 1 and β-arrestin 2 knockout mice for seizure activity. We also investigated downstream kinases associated with β-arrestin-dependent signal transduction. We discovered that δOR agonist-induced seizure activity strongly and positively correlates with β-arrestin 2 efficacy for the agonist, but that indirect inhibition of ERK activation using the MEK inhibitor SL327 did not inhibit seizure potency and duration. Inhibition of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling with honokiol but not PQR530, attenuated SNC80 seizure duration in β-arrestin 1 knockout, but honokiol did not reduce SNC80-induced seizures in wild-type mice. Ultimately, our results indicate that β-arrestin 2 is correlated with δOR agonist-induced seizure intensity, but that global β-arrestin 1 knockout mice are a poor model system to investigate their mechanism of action.

This paper considers the task to provide state financial protectionism under the conditions of today’s challenges. A model of effective interaction is proposed, which takes into account selective fair financing based on indicators of the investment attractiveness of the i-th region and the priority of the i-th region. The calculations proved the independence of the regional financing priority indicator on the level of investment attractiveness of the region, or vice versa. The methodology was tested on the example of urban passenger transportation entrepreneurship under the conditions of challenges that have arisen. According to the results, those territories that are recognized as the most affected and vulnerable, and the problem of support of which can be solved only with the help of state intervention, are eligible for state protectionism. The results of the calculations show that the distribution of financial funds in the amount of state finances S=1 allocated to support entrepreneurship is carried out proportionally. A comprehensive approach made it possible to determine the regions for state funding, while the most affected regions receive the largest share of financial investments – Luhansk, Chernivtsi, Kherson, Donetsk, Mykolaiv, and Sumy oblasts, which will receive funding to support urban passenger transportation, in the amount of 17.01 %, 16.89 %, 16.74 %, 16.57 %, 16.55 %, and 16.24 %, respectively. This study is of practical interest for state management bodies as it provides methodological recommendations for the allocation of funds to support the most affected regions. It is also useful for researchers studying financial provision, protectionism, and public administration, and it is recommended that future research be conducted taking into account the level of socio-economic development of states [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]