Search

Acute leukemia has rapid onset and severe complications. Anticancer peptides from natural sources have demonstrated efficacy in eliminating various cancers through apoptosis signaling pathways. Additionally, extracellular vesicles containing microRNAs play pivotal roles in promoting tumorigenesis. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the impact of PG2, a pomegranate peptide that regulates extracellular vesicles, on the induction of acute leukemia cell apoptosis. NB4 and MOLT-4 leukemia cell lines were treated with PG2 alone or in combination with daunorubicin to assess cell viability using the MTT assay. Extracellular vesicles were extracted from PG2-treated NB4 and MOLT-4 cells. Bioinformatic tools were utilized to predict target proteins and microRNAs, following which mRNA and protein expression were determined by using RT‒qPCR and western blotting, respectively. PG2 significantly reduced the viability of NB4 and MOLT-4 cells. Furthermore, the combination of PG2 with daunorubicin had a synergistic effect on NB4 and MOLT-4 cells. Subsequent treatment with PG2 or PG2-treated extracellular vesicles decreased CDK2 expression while increasing microRNA-339-5p and caspase-3 expression in NB4 and MOLT-4 cells. Our findings revealed that the anticancer activity of PG2 through the CDK2/miR-339-5p/caspase-3 pathway is mediated by extracellular vesicles, ultimately inducing apoptosis. PG2 holds promise as a potential antileukemic drug. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT The present study aims to enrich the genetic marker resources that are amenable for future trait mapping and quality improvement programmes in pomegranate. We analysed 140 well‐characterized genes that belonged to seven important gene families involved in the growth and development of pomegranate. We retrieved 140 representative genes for seven gene families from four draft genomes of pomegranate, cvs. Tunisia, Dabenzi, Taishanhong and Bhagawa, using BLASTn homology search. A total of 245 InDel primers were designed based on the comparison among four pomegranate genomes for the representative gene sequences, focusing on a size difference of at least 8 base pairs (bp). One hundred forty‐eight (60.41%) markers were in silico verified through e‐PCR on the Tunisia genome and further confirmed on the other three genomes, and we identified 107 polymorphic markers with an average PIC value of 0.62. By using 148 InDel markers physically mapped on the genome, we found that Tunisia had the highest syntenic relations with the Bhagawa (100%), Dabenzi (97.97%) and Taishanhong (97.30%) genomes. Experimental validation of 54 InDel primers on six pomegranate genotypes identified a set of 37 (71.15%) polymorphic markers, 24 of which had PIC values of ≥ 0.48. An investigation on genetic diversity and phenotype correlations in 16 pomegranate genotypes using 16 InDel markers demonstrated the utility of these markers. The developed InDel markers are an excellent resource for diverse applications in pomegranate including genetic diversity, trait mapping, gene discovery and gene editing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Pomegranate is one of the most popular fruits worldwide, and it is important to maintain the overall quality and bioaccessibility of freshly squeezed pomegranate juices (PJS). The adverse effects of heat treatment on sensory properties and phytochemicals encourage the use of non‐thermal processes in the juice industry. Hereby, the effects of high‐pressure homogenization (HPH) (50, 100, and 150 MPa) on the physicochemical properties, antimicrobial activity, in vitro bioaccessibility, and antioxidant capacity of freshly‐squeezed PJS from different genotypes were investigated. Instrumental color values (L*, a*, and b*) of PJS generally decreased, while pH and aw values increased with HPH processing (p < 0.05). The antimicrobial activity of PJS was not significantly affected by HPH processing (p > 0.05). Sarıcakaya‐1 had higher bioactive constituent content and antioxidant capacity (DPPH‐ARA, ABTS‐ARA, and FRAP) than other genotypes (p < 0.05). Total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant capacity of PJS were increased by HPH treatment, whereas total anthocyanin content (TAC) and ascorbic acid content (AAC) were decreased (p < 0.05). Accordingly, HPH treatment enhanced the release of phenolics and antioxidant capacity in PJS, while largely maintaining the presence of heat‐sensitive compounds. Regardless of genotype and HPH treatment, in vitro gastrointestinal digestion adversely affected TPC, TAC, AAC, and antioxidant capacity of all PJS. However, the 150 MPa HPH treatment of Saricakaya‐1 had the highest values for TPC bioaccessibility and recovered ABTS‐ARA after in vitro gastrointestinal digestion (p < 0.05). Considering the overall data, 150 MPa HPH treatment can be recommended as an innovative approach to obtain minimally processed PJS to meet new trends in consumer demand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyzed the effects of thermal pre-treatments such as convective drying (P-CD), water (BL_W), and microwave blanching (M_BL) and osmotic enrichment pre-treatments with juices from pomegranate (PG), chokeberry (CH), and sea buckthorn (SB) on microwave-vacuum-dried (MVD) carrot properties. Convective drying (CD) and freeze-drying (FD) were used as a comparative method. The dry matter content and water activity of MVD carrots were varied, but in many cases, the values were comparable to those of FD-dried carrots. Pre-enrichment in CH juice significantly reduced the values of the color parameters L*, a*, and b*, regardless of the drying method. The smallest changes were observed in microwave pre-blanching (M_BL). The lowest loss in carotenoid content was observed in CD-dried carrots (14–34 mg/100 g d.m.). Blanching and enrichment in SB juice allowed significant retention of these compounds. As a result of drying carrots, the total phenolic content (TPC) increased. Compared to the raw material, the TPC content in dried carrots increased 3–9 times. Drying using the FD and MVD methods gave a similar effect of increasing the TPC content, including a greater effect after enrichment in CH juice. The highest average antioxidant activity against the DPPH• and ABTS•+ radicals was recorded for FD-dried carrots (6.9 and 30.0 mg Trolox/g d.m.). SB juice contributed to a significant increase in the total vitamin C content, even by 89.1%, compared to raw carrots. Applying osmotic pre-enrichment in PG juice increased the sugar content in dried FD and CD samples by 37.4–49.9%, and in MVD by 21–59%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Smart colorimetric packaging has been an important method to protect human health from external hazardous agents. However, the currently available colorimetric detectors use synthetic dye probes, which are costly, toxic, difficult to prepare, and non-biodegradable. Herein, an environmentally friendly cellulose nanocrystal (CNC)-supported polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) nanofibrous membrane was developed for the colorimetric monitoring of food spoilage. Anthocyanidin (ACY) is a naturally occurring spectroscopic probe that was isolated from pomegranate (Punica granatum L.). By encapsulating the anthocyanin probe in electrospun polyvinyl alcohol fibers in the presence of a mordant (M), M/ACY nanoparticles were generated. After exposure to rotten shrimp, an investigation on the colorimetric changes from purple to green for the smart nanofibrous fabric was conducted using the coloration parameters and absorbance spectra. In response to increasing the length of exposure to rotten shrimp, the absorption spectra of the anthocyanin-encapsulated nanofibrous membrane showed a wavelength blueshift from 580 nm to 412 nm. CNC displayed a diameter of 12–17 nm. The nanoparticle diameter of M/ACY was monitored in the range of 8–13 nm, and the nanofiber diameter was shown in the range of 70–135 nm. Slight changes in comfort properties were monitored after encapsulating M/ACY in the nanofibrous fabric. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While it is widely accepted that the five main fruit trees that established horticulture in the late prehistoric period are: olive (Olea europaea), common fig (Ficus carica), grapevine (Vitis vinifera), date palm (Phoenix dactylifera), and pomegranate (Punica granatum), there is much less agreement on where, when, and why this happened. This review paper1 gathers all recent archaeological and archaeobotanical information on the topic and suggests that all five founders were first assembled into a package in one geographically small region – the Central Jordan Valley. From this core area, knowledge and/or genetic materials were shifted to nearby regions. Yet, it cannot be ruled out that other parallel independent domestications may have occurred in other regions. 14C dates provided in this study indicate that the beginning of this development is dated at ca. 7000 years cal. BP., earlier than previously considered. It seems that the primary motivation has been related to political and socioeconomic considerations rather than climatological-environmental concerns or other factors. The paper also discusses the cost-effective benefits of simultaneously cultivating several fruit trees. Understanding the early stages of horticulture sheds light on the history of our civilizations, which, according to this study, preceded urbanization or state formation by more than a millennium and a half. A better understanding of the origin and early stages of this development is also of great importance, given the immediate need to adapt horticultural practices to environmental degradation and global climate changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aril paleness is a physiological disorder that might be related to genetics, climate, and orchard management, and is progressed to negatively influence the quality of pomegranates in Iran. The final fruits are not economically valuable for costumers and not exportable. Thus, the present research investigated the intensity of aril paleness disorder in different cultivars including Shisheh Kab, Malas-e-Saveh, and Malas-e-Yazdi cultivated in Birjand, Southern Khorasan, Iran. Treatments included spraying potassium sulfate concentrations of 0 (control), 3 and 5% at late summer (exactly at aril color change stage) on trees for two consecutive years. Fruit and aril weight, anthocyanins, and phenols significantly increased on treated fruit compared to control. Comparison among cultivars indicated that the lowest amounts of quality parameters were observed in Shisheh Kab. Considering the multiple variables that affect the severity of the aril paleness, attention to cultivar type, climate, and the use of nutritional elements based on the soil and leaf analysis was recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, anthocyanin and phenolic compounds were extracted from pomegranate peel powder with supercritical CO2 and Lepidium perfoliatum seed gum and maltodextrin were used as the nanoencapsulation wall. The nanoencapsulation extract was dried with a freeze dryer. Color stability and antioxidant activity of nanoencapsulation extract were evaluated. The levels of anthocyanin and phenolic compounds were evaluated by differential pH and FolinCiocalteu method, respectively. Particle size, nanoencapsulation efficiency of anthocyanin, nanoencapsulation phenol, color stability at different temperatures and pH as well as antioxidant activity were evaluated by DPPH. The amount of anthocyanin and phenol extracted in this method was 3.943±0.133 mg/g of pomegranate peel powder and 504.521±2.537 mg/g of gallic acid per 100 g, respectively. Nanoencapsulation efficiency was higher for anthocyanin than phenols. The release of anthocyanin at different pHs was different, so that anthocyanin behaved differently at different pHs. Polymerization and color increased with increasing temperature. The antioxidant activity of the fine-grained extract by DPPH method increased with increasing concentration and its IC50 was equivalent to 1.092± 0.024 m /ml. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, food is considered as a source of nutrition. Foods are known as health -giving substances for consumers due to their natural bioactive substances. Phenolic compounds that are found in the peel of pomegranate fruit are among the bioactive compounds. These materials can be used by nanocarriers to enrich food. The purpose of this study is to investigate the phenolic compounds present in five cultivar of Iranian pomegranate peels using the nano method and to further investigate the chemical properties of pomegranate peel extract, including antioxidant, extract extraction efficiency and phenolic properties. This investigation was done by standard curve of gallic acid according to folin -ciocalteu method. Also, the characteristics of the resulting encapsulation were investigated using particle size analysis and zeta potential. The purpose of their comparison is to achieve the highest efficiency among five pomegranate cultivars. The results of the study showed that the peels of the collected pomegranates have significant differences (at the probability level of one percent p<0.05) in terms of physicochemical properties. Examining the results obtained from the physicochemical properties of pomegranate peel extract indicated that white peel pomegranate (Grech Shahwar) had the highest amount of phenolic compounds (78.00±6.72 mg equivalent to gallic acid per 100 grams). It also had the highest antioxidant property of 42%. According to the results obtained from this research, it can be said that the capsules containing pomegranate peel extract (white skin type of Gherch Shahwar) have the best encapsulation efficiency (71%). The use of nanocarriers containing this cultivar of pomegranate in food can have a significant effect on the preservation and stability of compounds sensitive to environmental changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) has a rich historical background in traditional medicine and is currently the subject of scientific exploration due to its potential health benefits. In this review, the biological characteristics of pomegranate, with a specific focus on the diverse phytochemicals found in its various parts were investigated. Additionally, the medicinal and therapeutic properties associated with these phytochemicals were explored. Pomegranates are abundant in bioactive compounds, including flavonoids, flavones, flavonols, anthocyanidins, ellagic acid, anthocyanins, ellagitannins, and punicic acid. These compounds are associated with various potential health benefits based on the laboratory data. Chromatography and mass spectrometry are used to identify these phytochemicals. Traditional medicinal uses of pomegranate span a broad spectrum, from treating ailments like diarrhoea to combating parasites, underscoring its historical significance. Furthermore, modern scientific research sheds light on the therapeutic properties of pomegranate, including its roles as an antioxidant, an anticancer agent, an anti-inflammatory substance, and a supporter of cardiovascular health. Notably, pomegranate's potential in mitigating conditions, such as Alzheimer's disease is also attractive. In summary, exploring phytochemicals in pomegranate underscores its value as a natural source of diverse therapeutic compounds with applications in medicine and health. However, future clinical trials are necessary to validate these potential benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, nano-manufactured materials have been used to treat many diseases, such as healing wounds and other modern biological applications. This study investigates the positive effect of Punica granatum seeds extract on kidney and testicular toxicities induced by iron oxide nanoparticles. Forty mice were randomly divided into four groups; the 1st group was the control group. The 2nd group was dosed daily with PSE at 100 g per kg. The 3rd group was dosed with 10 doses of iron oxide nanoparticles at 30 mg/kg b.wt of a mouse per day, 10 times only, then this toxic substance was withdrawn for the rest of the experimental period (30 days). The 4th group was dosed with the same doses as the second and third groups. In this research, we focused on the possibility of using the positive curative effects of PSE, which were estimated at the level of blood chemistry biomarkers, as well as histological and histochemical examinations for the kidney and testis after exposure of mice to iron oxide nanoparticles. These aim to clarify the effect of iron oxide nanoparticles on kidney and testicular morphology and their functions, as well as the potential ameliorative effects of PSE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pomegranate, hawthorn, gilaburu, blackberry, and rosehip vinegar postbiotic solutions (VPS) were produced by traditional methods. The bioactive components of VPS, antioxidant capacity, antimicrobial activities, minimum inhibition concentration (MIC), and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) assays were determined. While rosehip VPS has the highest amount of lactic acid, phenolic and flavonoids, gilaburu VPS has the highest butyric acid. The highest antimicrobial activities were observed for hawthorn VPS on C. albicans and S. aureus, for gilaburu VPS on S. poona and S. aureus, for blackberry VPS on C. albicans mold and S. agalactiae, for pomegranate VPS on E. coli and S. agalactiae and for rosehip VPS on C. albicans and S. agalactiae. Moreover, the mortality values were reported as MBCs: hawthorn for S. aureus (94.6% at 0.03 mg mL−1) and S. paratyphii A (94.1% at 0.03 mg mL−1), gilaburu for S. aureus (93.4% at 0.06 mg mL−1) and P. aeruginosa (93.2% at 0.13 mg mL−1), rosehip for S. agalactiace and E. coli (93.7–91.7% at 0.06 mg mL−1), pomegranate for methicillin‐resistant S. aureus (96.0% at 0.5 mg mL−1), and blackberry for S. aureus (91.3% at 0.25 mg mL−1) and P. aeruginosa (92.1% at 0.13 mg mL−1), in addition to an equal mixture of the five VPSs for S. aureus and P. aeruginosa (85.6% at 0.06 mg mL−1). The MICs for VPS were generally found in a 0.5 mg mL−1dilution of each vinegar. Remarkably, common and local fruits can be rich sources of bioactive components without the need for imported products or expensive processing methods or equipment. This study demonstrated that rosehip VPS has the greatest potential as both a nutrient and a natural disinfectant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gut microbiota (GM) is an invisible organ that plays an important role in human health. Increasing evidence suggests that polyphenols in pomegranate (punicalagin, PU) could serve as prebiotics to modulate the composition and function of GM. In turn, GM transform PU into bioactive metabolites such as ellagic acid (EA) and urolithin (Uro). In this review, the interplay between pomegranate and GM is thoroughly described by unveiling a dialog in which both actors seem to affect each other's roles. In a first dialog, the influence of bioactive compounds from pomegranate on GM is described. The second act shows how the GM biotransform pomegranate phenolics into Uro. Finally, the health benefits of Uro and that related molecular mechanism are summarized and discussed. Intake of pomegranate promotes beneficial bacteria in GM (e.g. Lactobacillus spp., Bifidobacterium spp.) while reducing the growth of harmful bacteria (e.g. Bacteroides fragilis group, Clostridia). Akkermansia muciniphila, and Gordonibacter spp., among others, biotransform PU and EA into Uro. Uro contributes to strengthening intestinal barrier and reducing inflammatory processes. Yet, Uro production varies greatly among individuals and depend on GM composition. Uro-producing bacteria and precise metabolic pathways need to be further elucidated therefore contributing to personalized and precision nutrition. HIGHLIGHTS: Gut microbiota plays a critical role in maintaining host health. Pomegranate is rich in bioactive components. Consumption of pomegranate positively modulates gut microbiota. Gut microbiota can transform ellagitannins in pomegranate into urolithin. Urolithin has high bioavailability and multiple health benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study was designed to study testicular-histopathology and lipid profile against 50ppm of fluoride (ad labitum) exposure in mice. Moreover, the curative potentials of vitamin E, Punica granatum and Olea europea fruit extracts were also studied. Methods: Five groups (10 animals/group) were treated as follow (a) Control (C) (F free water-15 days); (b) NaF {50ppm F-ions in drinking water (10days) and F free water (5days)}; (c) NaF + vitamin E (NaFE) {50ppm F-ions (10days) and F free water+60µg vitamin E in corn oil (5days)}; (d) NaF+ Punica granatum fruit extract (NaFP) {50ppm F ions (10days) and F free water+0.2mL P. granatum fruit extract (5days)}; (v) NaF+ Olea europea fruit extract (NaFO) {50ppm F-ions (10days) and F free water +0.2mL O. europea extract (5days)}; All animals were sacrificed on day 16 to obtain blood for lipid profile and testes for histopathological studies. Results: Results shows peculiar histopathological changes in the testis, including the loss of interstitial tissues, spermatogonia, spermatocytes, spermatids and maturing sperms. These signs were convincingly recovered in NaFO, followed by other two post treatment groups NaFP and NaFE. Similarly the micrometric data shows significant increase in the number of spermatogonia, spermatocytes and developing spermatozoa, in NaFO (CSA of seminiferous tubules, number of spermatogonia, spermatocytes:, sperms embedded in sertoli cells & number of dislodged sperms). The rise of High Density Lipoproteins (HDL) with a simultaneous decline in plasma cholesterol, Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) and Very Low Density Lipoprotein (VLDL) in NaFO indicate the importance of these post treatments, against altered lipid profile of the F toxicology. Excellent testicular rehabilitation found in NaFO group that indicate the curative potential of O.europea against altered histopatology against F exposure in testes. Conclusions: The severity of the mentioned pathology of NaF group indicates that Olea europea and Punica granatum post treatment can effectively eradicate the toxic changes of F exposure in lipid profile, while Olea europea fruit extract showed more ameliorationative capability against F-exposure in testes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is an ancient fruit crop that has been cultivated worldwide and is known for its attractive appearance and functional metabolites. Fruit color is an important index of fruit quality, but the color formation pattern in the peel of evergreen pomegranate and the relevant molecular mechanism is still unknown. In this study, the contents of pigments including anthocyanins, carotenoids, and chlorophyll in the peel of 'Danruo No. 1' pomegranate fruit during three developmental stages were measured, and RNA-seq was conducted to screen key genes regulating fruit color formation. The results show that pomegranate fruit turned from green to red during development, with a dramatic increase in a* value, indicating redness and anthocyanins concentration, and a decrease of chlorophyll content. Moreover, carotenoids exhibited a decrease–increase accumulation pattern. Through RNA-seq, totals of 30, 18, and 17 structural genes related to anthocyanin biosynthesis, carotenoid biosynthesis and chlorophyll metabolism were identified from differentially expressed genes (DEGs), respectively. Transcription factors (TFs) such as MYB, bHLH, WRKY and AP2/ERF were identified as key candidates regulating pigment metabolism by K-means analysis and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA). The results provide an insight into the theory of peel color formation in evergreen pomegranate fruit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of various formulations of fruit juice concentrates (pomegranate, grape, and sour cherry) on the pH, water activity, density, color, texture, and microstructure characteristics of candies instead of glucose syrup. The experimental points of the study were examined by a D‐optimal mixture design to optimize the concentration of fruits used in the formulation and achieve excellent physicochemical characteristics. Fruit juice concentrates, either singly or in combination, were used as a complete substitute for glucose syrup in the formulation. Total fruit juice concentration used in the formulation was 54.07% and each of the fruit juice concentrations changed between 0 and 54.07% in the formulation. By combining these three fruit juices, 14 gummy candy samples were produced, depending on the Special cubic, cubic, and quadratic models that were used for the effects on the physicochemical properties (pH, water activity, density, L*, a*, b*, and chroma), and the texture profile analysis (TPA) (hardness, cohesiveness, springiness, and resilience) parameters according to independent variables. Results showed that pH, water activity, and density values of the gummy candy samples were found to be in the range of 2.22–3.08, 0.46–0.52, and 1.10–1.53 g/mL, respectively, and were significantly affected by different fruit juice concentrates (p <.05). The texture profile analysis showed that except for springiness, fruit juice concentrations significantly affected the texture profile (p <.05). The texture values, such as hardness, springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and resilience of the gummy candy samples, were determined as 146.1–938.8 N, 0.63–0.99, 0.75–1.19, 136.02–947.94 g, and 0.12–0.51, respectively. In addition, various fruit juice concentrates significantly affected the color parameters of gummy candies, and using pomegranate juice and sour cherry concentrates increased the +a* value of the gummy candies. Therefore, fruit juice‐based gummy candies can be developed as value‐added gummy candies by using fruit juice concentrates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the influence of pomegranate peel extract (PPE) and pomegranate concentrate (PC) on improving the oxidative stability of cream powder in comparison with synthetic antioxidant (Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT)) during the storage period at 20°C (8 weeks) and 45°C (4 weeks) was evaluated. The finding exhibited that peroxide, p‐anisidine, and total oxidation (TOTOX) values increased during the storage period. Samples containing PPE and PC showed suitable performance in controlling the cream powder oxidation. Also, PPE showed the highest antioxidant activity and can be proposed as a suitable replacement for a synthetic antioxidant (BHT). L* and b* values increased, while a* value decreased during the storage period. Also, the pH of the powders decreased significantly throughout the storage (reached nearly 6). Microbial counts of cream powders did not change during the storage period. The control sample showed the highest overall acceptability. Antioxidants of pomegranate can be proposed to control the oxidative stability of fat‐rich food products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pomegranate (Punica granatum) is a well-known fruit tree species and a significant pioneer ecological species on saline–alkali land with moderate resistance to salt stress. To explore its response mechanism to salt stress could provide valuable insights into the molecular and physiological strategies plants employ to adapt and survive in high-salt environments. In this study, changes in physiological parameters and gene expressions were examined following salt treatment. After 72 h of salt treatment, change patterns of SOD and POD differed between high and low salt concentrations. Similar changes were found in the contents of proline and total soluble sugar. RNA-Seq analysis of fifteen samples detected 32,630 genes from the pomegranate genome data. A total of 6571 DEGs, including 374 TFs, were identified across different treatments. Six special modules and 180 hub genes were obtained by WGCNA analysis. Functional annotation highlighted signaling pathways and the accumulation of primary and secondary metabolites as significant pathways. These findings could reveal the salt tolerance mechanism in pomegranate leaves, offering a theoretical foundation for enhancing plant salt tolerance through genetic engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) Background: This systematic review explores the bioactive properties of Punica granatum (pomegranate) and its potential applications in the prevention and treatment of gingivitis, periodontitis, and other oral diseases. (2) Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted using PubMed and Google Scholar, focusing on pomegranate and oral diseases. Inclusion criteria included studies evaluating the effects of pomegranate on oral health, while exclusion criteria eliminated non-peer-reviewed and non-English articles. This review aims to assess the efficacy of pomegranate extracts as a natural alternative to synthetic pharmaceuticals in oral health care. A structured search strategy included key terms such as "pomegranate", "oral health", "gingivitis", and "periodontitis". A total of 125 relevant references were reviewed to identify the most pertinent findings. (3) Results: The results indicate that pomegranate extracts have demonstrated efficacy in reducing plaque, inhibiting harmful oral microorganisms, and promoting overall oral health. Furthermore, clinical studies highlight the potential of pomegranate-based products, such as mouthwashes and gels, as viable alternatives to conventional pharmaceuticals, particularly in resource-limited settings. However, the review also notes the need for further research, particularly in the form of clinical trials, to establish optimal formulations and long-term safety. (4) Conclusions: Pomegranate presents a promising, natural solution for preventing and treating gingivitis and periodontitis. Further studies should focus on long-term effects and clinical efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pomegranate extract has potential benefits for women's reproductive health, including fertility enhancement, menstrual cycle regulation, pregnancy support, and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) treatment. It possesses antioxidant properties, reducing oxidative stress and improving fertility. Pomegranate extract may help regulate hormonal imbalances and promote regular menstrual cycles. The extract's rich nutrient profile supports placental development and fetal growth and may reduce the risk of preterm birth. Additionally, pomegranate extract shows promise in improving insulin sensitivity and reducing inflammation and oxidative damage in PCOS. Some studies suggest its potential anticancer properties, particularly against breast cancer. However, further research, including human clinical trials, is necessary to establish its effectiveness and safety. The current evidence is limited and primarily based on in vitro studies, animal studies, and clinical trials. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the benefits of pomegranate extract for women's reproductive health and breast cancer, serving as a reference for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aims to examine the relationship between the chemical composition of juices obtained from fruits of autochthonous wild pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) grown in Montenegro and their cytotoxic effects on cancer cells. Design/methodology/approach: To explore the potential value of wild pomegranate fruits, in vitro biological assays were carried out with juices whose composition was analyzed in detail for sugars, organic acids, vitamin C and phenolic compounds. The effect of juices on survival was determined in human lung A549, cervical HeLa and breast MCF-7 carcinoma cells by MTT assay. As a control, the cytotoxicity against normal fetal lung fibroblasts (MRC-5) was monitored. Findings: Among cancer cell lines, considering the IC50 related to total phenolics, the lowest value – 13 µg/mL was found for the A549. The strongest effect on lung cells was assumed due to the favorable contribution of ellagitannins to total phenolics in juice as well as the given combination of anthocyanins and their synergistic action. For HeLa cells, the lowest IC50 value was obtained at 88 µg/mL, and the cytotoxicity could be matched with the effects of anthocyanins and catechin. For MCF-7 cells, the lowest IC50 was 504 µg/mL, and the elevated levels of vitamin C and ellagic acid derivatives should have a noticeable effect on these cells. Originality/value: This study provides an important contribution to the knowledge on the effect of phytochemicals from wild pomegranate juice on lung, cervical and breast cancer cells, in vitro. The present observations suggest that the juice of wild pomegranate has the potential in the fight against cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: High consumption of fruits and vegetables decrease the risk of bladder cancer (BC). The evidence of specific fruits and vegetables and the BC risk is still limited. Methods: Fruit and vegetable consumptions in relation to BC risk was examined by pooling individual participant data from case–control studies. Unconditional logistic regression was used to estimate study-specific odds ratio's (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) and combined using a random-effects model for intakes of total fruits, total vegetables, and subgroups of fruits and vegetables. Results: A total of 11 case–control studies were included, comprising 5637 BC cases and 10,504 controls. Overall, participants with the highest intakes versus the lowest intakes of fruits in total (OR 0.79; 95% CI 0.68–0.91), citrus fruits (OR 0.81; 95% CI 0.65–0.98), pome fruits (OR 0.76; 95% CI 0.65–0.87), and tropical fruits (OR 0.84; 95% CI 0.73–0.94) reduced the BC risk. Greater consumption of vegetables in total, and specifically shoot vegetables, was associated with decreased BC risk (OR 0.82; 95% CI 0.68–0.96 and OR 0.87; 95% CI 0.78–0.96, respectively). Substantial heterogeneity was observed for the associations between citrus fruits and total vegetables and BC risk. Conclusion: This comprehensive study provides compelling evidence that the consumption of fruits overall, citrus fruits, pome fruits and tropical fruits reduce the BC risk. Besides, evidence was found for an inverse association between total vegetables and shoot vegetables intake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global recognition of eco‐friendly products like plant‐based dyes is escalating, driven by their exceptional biological and Ayurvedic attributes. This study isolates colorants from mango turmeric (Curcuma aromatica) using ultrasonic irradiation, supplemented with bio‐mordants to enhance color retention. Through the utilization of Response Surface Methodology and Central Composite Design, a technique that was optimized was completed to maximize coloring variables using statistical analysis. Results from 32 experimental runs reveal that optimal color depth (K/S = 19.399) was achieved with ultrasonic‐treated silk fabric (20 min exposure) using 65 mL of irradiated aqueous extract (20 min) with a pH of 5, supplemented with 1.5 g/100 mL salt of sodium chloride, maintained the temperature 75°C for the 45 min. Precoloring treatment with acacia, pomegranate, and pistachio extracts at specified concentrations enhanced colorfastness. Postdyeing, alterations in the concentrations of these extracts led to further improvements in colorfastness. Notably, adding Al+3 and Fe+2 salts, alongside tannic acid, exhibited notable effects in both pre‐ and postdyeing stages. While the colorfastness properties of unmordated silk fabric was lower than mordanted dyed silk fabric. Irradiation with ultrasonic waves significantly boosted the amount of dye that could be extracted from rhizomes of mango turmeric. Moreover, the application of bio and synthetic mordants in a strategic manner led to colorfastness ratings on silk fabric that ranged from excellent to satisfactory. This research underscores ultrasonic technologies and bio‐mordants' efficacy in sustainable dyeing processes, offering insights for developing eco‐friendly textile coloration methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) plays an important role in inflammation and immunity as a new therapeutic target for infectious disease and sepsis. Punicalagin (PUN) is a Chinese herbal monomer extract of pomegranate peel that has beneficial anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-infective effects. However, whether PUN is a ligand of AhR, its effect on AhR expression, and its signaling pathway remain poorly understood. In this study, we found that PUN was a unique polyphenolic compound that upregulated AhR expression at the transcriptional level, and regulated the AhR nongenomic pathway. AhR expression in lipopolysaccharide-induced macrophages was upregulated by PUN in vitro and in vivo in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Using specific inhibitors and siRNA, induction of AhR by PUN depended on sequential phosphorylation of 90-kDa ribosomal S6 kinase (p90RSK), which was activated by the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase (PDK)1 pathways. PUN promoted p90RSK-mediated activator protein-1 (AP-1) activation. AhR knockout or inhibitors reversed suppression of interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-1β expression by PUN. PUN decreased Listeria load and increased macrophage survival via AhR upregulation. In conclusion, we identified PUN as a novel selective AhR modulator involved in AhR expression via the MEK/ERK and PDK1 pathways targeting p90RSK/AP-1 in inflammatory macrophages, which inhibited macrophage inflammation and promoted bactericidal activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of producing a gel from pomegranate peel extract for topical application, specifically for antimicrobial and wound healing purposes. Initially, the dry crude pomegranate peel extract (DCPPE) was analyzed for its phenolic profile using HPLC and by determining the total phenolic content (TPC), and total antioxidant activity (TAA). Carbomer-based gels were prepared and subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility tests to determine the optimal concentration of DCPPE (1.25 %, 2.5 %, and 3.75% w/w) in the formulations. Then, gel was produced in larger quantities and submitted to physicochemical and microbiological tests after being stored at room temperature or under refrigeration for 90 days. Gallic acid, ellagic acid, and punicalagin A and B were identified in DCPPE. The TPC was measured at 61.92 mg of gallic acid equivalent per gram (mg.GAE. g −1) and the TAA was 93.8 % (solution at 40 µL.mL−1), demonstrating superiority over butylhydroxytoluene (BHT) and gallic acid solutions at equivalent concentrations. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests indicated a significant difference (p < 0.05) for the 2.5% w/w DCPPE gel against Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans , which was the chosen concentration. Over a 30-day period under both storage conditions, there was no significant difference in pH values, and the reduction of TPC in the refrigerated formulation was <10 %, indicating good stability. Furthermore, the in vitro antimicrobial activity of the gel remained effective against all tested strains. These results suggest that the medicinal carbomer-based gel with DCPPE at 2.5% w/w has potential as a pharmaceutical form for antimicrobial and wound healing purposes. The utilization of DCPPE as a pharmaceutical bio-input for the gel is a sustainable approach to valorizing pomegranate peel biowaste. [Display omitted] • Standardization of DCPPE gel formulation was achieved. • The total phenolic content in the refrigerated gel remained above 90 % for 30 days. • Low concentrations of DCPPE gel demonstrated excellent antimicrobial activity. • DCPPE shows promise as a bio-input for pharmaceutical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although bismuth is a low toxic metal compared to other heavy metals, but its continuous accumulation in living tissues is considered a serious issue for health and environment. The present investigation aims to test the adsorption technique for removing bismuth ions from polluted aqueous medium via pomegranate peels as low-cost medium in an adsorption unit of batch-type at various operating parameters. The obtained results showed that pomegranate peels have a remarkable efficiency in to recover Bi+3 ions from polluted water, reaching approximately 75% at 38 ppm initial bismuth concentration, agitation speed of 350 rpm, 2.4 h contact time, acidity function of 7.5 g dose of pomegranate peel, and 20 °C temperature. Isothermal and kinetic studies indicated that the Langmuir and pseudo-second order models are the closest to describing the adsorption. Furthermore, the adsorption was spontaneous, physical, and of low entropy according to thermodynamic, while the adsorption capacity was 2.26 mg/g. In order to dispose of the residual waste in an environmentally safe manner, it was investigated to convert them into a rodenticide. The pomegranate peels loaded with bismuth ions showed a clear and effective effect against laboratory rats of Sprague Dawley type, and the lethal half dose (LD50) calculated was very close to what was mentioned in the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several chemical analytical methods were applied to characterize the chemical structure of polysaccharides extracted from discarded apples and pomegranate peels using hydrodynamic cavitation methods in a circular economy perspective. In particular, the purity of the polysaccharides and the degrees of acetylation and methylation were evaluated by proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H-NMR) analysis; simple sugars and galacturonic acid were analyzed simultaneously by High-Performance Anion Exchange Chromatography—Pulsed Amperometric Detector (HPAEC-PAD); the molecular weight of the extracted polysaccharides was determined by High-Performance Size Exclusion Chromatography-Refractive Index Detector (HPSEC-RID). The results showed a negligible presence of co-precipitated proteins/tannins, easily removed by dialysis, as well as other co-precipitated molecules such as monosaccharides and organic acids. Polysaccharides from apples consisted mainly of pectic material with a prevalence of homogalacturonans. Polysaccharides from pomegranate peels showed greater compositional variability with significant amounts of arabinose and galactose, a lower content of pectin, and the presence of rhamnogalacturonans I. Both polysaccharides were highly methylated and differed in the degree of acetylation, which could lead to different properties. Polysaccharides from apples presented two main molecular weights (>805 kDa and 348–805 kDa, respectively), while those from pomegranate peel showed a major fraction at 348 kDa and minor fractions < 23 kDa. In conclusion, the research tools proposed by this study have allowed defining the macrostructure of polysaccharides in a quick and efficient way to valorize these food by-products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biologically produced silver nanoparticles are becoming a more appealing option than chemically produced antioxidants and antimicrobial agents, because they are safer, easier to manufacture and have medicinal properties at lower concentrations. In this work, we employed the aqueous pomegranate peel extract (PPE) to synthesize silver nanoparticles (PPE-AgNPs), as peel extract is a rich source of phytochemicals which functions as reducing agent for the synthesis of PPE-AgNPs. Additionally, the PPE was examined quantitatively for total phenolics and total flavonoids content. PPE-AgNPs were characterized using analytical techniques including UV–Vis spectroscopy, DLS, FTIR, XRD, HRTEM and FESEM, evaluated in vitro against the plant pathogenic microbes and also for antioxidant activities. Analytical techniques (HRTEM and FESEM) confirmed the spherical shape and XRD technique revealed the crystalline nature of synthesized PPE-AgNPs. Quantitative analysis revealed the presence of total phenolics (269.93 ± 1.01 mg GAE/g) and total flavonoids (119.70 ± 0.83 mg CE/g). Biosynthesized PPE-AgNPs exhibited significant antibacterial activity against Klebsiella aerogenes and Xanthomonas axonopodis, antifungal activity against Colletotrichum graminicola and Colletotrichum gloesporioides at 50 µg/mL concentration. The antioxidant potential of biosynthesized PPE-AgNPs was analysed via ABTS (IC50 4.25 µg/mL), DPPH (IC50 5.22 µg/mL), total antioxidant (86.68 g AAE/mL at 10 µg/mL) and FRAP (1.93 mM Fe(II)/mL at 10 µg/mL) assays. Cytotoxicity of PPE-AgNPs was valuated using MTT assay and cell viability of 83.32% was determined at 100 µg/mL concentration. These investigations suggest that synthesized PPE-AgNPs might prove useful for agricultural and medicinal purposes in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of GeSec: Revista de Gestao e Secretariado is the property of Sindicato das Secretarias e Secretarios do Estado de Sao Paulo (SINSESP) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: While water availability is important for quality at harvest, it also continues to influence the quality of pomegranates during storage. Reducing the amount of irrigation, in addition to water saving has different effects on bioactive compounds of pomegranate during storage time. This study was conducted to determine the influence of irrigation level on fruit quality changes during storage period of two commercial Iranian pomegranate cultivars ('Shishecap' and 'Malas-Yazdi'). Sustained deficit irrigation (SDI) was applied to plants that received 75% (moderate stress) or 50% (severe stress) of their normal water requirement. A control group received 100% of their water requirement. Results: At harvest time and during storage period, fruit weight loss and some biochemical traits such as fruit total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), pH, total phenolic compounds (TPC), total anthocyanins content (TAC), antioxidant activity and vitamin C were measured in pomegranate fruits. Also, the quantity of the produced product was also measured at the time of harvesting. Results indicated that control fruits exhibited more weight loss than those produced under water deficit during the storage period in both years. According to results, fruit TSS, TAC, and antioxidant activity significantly increased during storage period but fruit TA and vitamin C significantly decreased throughout storage period. Also, reduction in irrigation level resulted in a decline in the yield. Conclusions: This study revealed a crucial link between irrigation level and the quality of pomegranate fruits, despite a reduction in the yield. This included affecting weight loss and the content of bioactive compounds, both at harvest and during storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Investigating the functional properties of treated flour composites derived from fruit by-products of avocado (Persea americana), kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa), pineapple (Ananas comosus), and pomegranate (Punica granatum) skins, peels, and/or seeds combined, aiming to understand their stability and potential applications in food products. Methods: Fruit by-product flours were used to replace all-purpose wheat flour in ratios of 5, 10, 15, and 20%. The treated flours were evaluated for physicochemical characteristics and used in cookie preparation, with 100% allpurpose wheat flour as the control. Results: The water holding capacity (WHC) of composite flours increased with higher substitution levels, regardless of the holding temperature (25, 35, 45, and 55°C), with the most significant increase observed in pomegranate treatments. Furthermore, freeze-thaw stability and viscoelasticity characteristics generally decreased for all composite flours compared to the control, likely due to gluten content dilution. The activation energy of the treated flours ranged from 11.1 to 62.0 kJ/mol. Therefore, gelatinization properties, formulation, and processing were affected by temperature variations due to viscosity dependence and activation energy requirements. Consumer testing indicated that cookies made with fruit by-product flours had an acceptable overall liking score of more than 6 out of 9. Conclusion: Overall, the results suggest that utilizing fruit by-products for treated flours can offer valuable natural sources of nutrients with enhanced functional properties, highlighting potential benefits for various food products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For utilizing biodegradable waste as a natural source for nanofabrication, this study was designed to highlight a simple, sustainable, safe, environmentally friendly, and energy consumption reduction waste management approach using hot aqueous extract of Punica granatum (pomegranate) peel waste (PPE) to biosynthesize silver nanoparticles (PPE‐AgNPs). The fabrication of biosynthesized nanosilver was confirmed by UV–visible spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDX), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and atomic force microscope (AFM). The initial pale brown color change upon adding silver nitrate to PPE confirmed bioreduction. For PPE, the absorption spectrum for UV–vis spectroscopy in the visible light region was 230–290 nm, while for PPE‐AgNPs, the graph shows that surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectrum for nanosilver at 360–460 nm. The XRD analysis proved that the PPE‐AgNPs were crystalline in nature. The SEM micrograph revealed that silver nanoparticles were sphere‐shaped, homogenous accumulations with particle size in the range of 21.63–30.97 ± 0.4 nm. The EDX data analysis also proved the presence of a sharp peak of silver element with 8.83% weight at 3 keV. The 3D AFM images of Ag nanoparticles illustrated that the diameter is around 7.20–14.80 nm with a median of 7.16 ± 1.3 nm and the root mean square (RMS) value corresponds to 1.40 ± 0.4 nm. The PPE‐AgNPs efficiently exhibited a potent antioxidant and dose‐dependent DPPH inhibition action. Visual and microscopic observations of fresh human blood when treated with 25, 50, 75, and 100 μg/mL of PPE‐AgNPs were proven to be biocompatible with no morphological changes and no coagulation. This study predicts that PPE can be utilized to synthesize biocompatible nanosilver. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flotation of the mineral lithium aluminate by application of the natural product punicine from Punica granatum and some derivatives as collectors is examined. Punicines, 1‐(2',5'‐dihydroxyphenyl)‐pyridinium compounds, are switchable molecules whose properties can be changed reversibly. They exist as cations, neutral mesomeric betaines, anions, and dianions depending on the pH. In light, they form radicals. Five punicine derivatives were prepared which possess β‐methyl, β‐chlorine, γ‐tert.‐butyl, and γ‐acetyl groups attached to the pyridinium ring, and a pyrogallol derivative. On the other hand, LiAlO2 reacts with water to give species such as LiAl2(OH)7 on its surface. Flotations were performed applying the punicines in daylight (3000 lux), in darkness (<40 lux) and under UV‐irradiation (4500 lux, 390–400 nm). The pH of the suspension, the collector's concentration, the conditioning time as well as the flotation time were varied. The recovery rates strongly depend on these parameters. For example, the recovery rate of lithium aluminate was increased by 116 % on changing the lighting condition from daylight to darkness, when the pyrogallol derivative of punicine was applied. UV, FTIR, TGA and zeta potential measurements as well as DFT calculations were performed in order to gain insight into the chemistry of punicines on the surface of LiAlO2 and LiAl2(OH)7 in water which influence the flotation's results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study proceeded to reduce the environmental hazards spreading worldwide due to synthetic dyes. To overcome these problems, eco-friendly natural dyes are introduced as alternative sources of synthetic dyes. The present study was focused on exploring the bio-colorant of the aqueous and acidic extract of the bark of Melia azedarach L. for the dyeing of both silk and cotton samples. The results of the extraction medium specified that the aqueous extract gave maximum colorant solubility and upon fabric dyeing produced higher color strength in contrast to the acidic medium. The optimization experimentation data showed that excellent color strength of silk fabric was found at 45 min dyeing time duration, in 35:1 mL dye extract, and using 2% salt (NaCl) as an exhausting agent, whereas cotton fabric showed the maximum K/S value at 60 min dyeing time, in a 45:1 mL liquor ratio, and with the use of 2% salt. Bio-mordants produce different shades on both fabrics. Bio-mordanting experiments on silk revealed that pre-mordanting with 2% turmeric and 3% pomegranate, and post-mordanting using 3% turmeric and 2% pomegranate produced a darker shade. In the case of cotton, the pre-mordanted samples with 2% turmeric and 3% pomegranate and the post-mordanted samples with 4% turmeric and 4% pomegranate gave the highest color strengths. All the mordanted samples gave excellent fastness ratings. Overall, it has been found that Bakain bark proved to be an excellent source of tannin. The result of this study showed that it could be a cost-effective and eco-friendly dye source for textile progress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study describes the first genome sequence and analysis of Coniella granati, a fungal pathogen with a broad host range, which is responsible for postharvest crown rot, shoot blight, and canker diseases in pomegranates. C. granati is a geographically widespread pathogen which has been reported across Europe, Asia, the Americas, and Africa. Our analysis revealed a 46.8 Mb genome with features characteristic of hemibiotrophic fungi. Approximately one third of its genome was compartmentalised within 'AT-rich' regions exhibiting a low GC content (30 to 45%). These regions primarily comprised transposable elements that are repeated at a high frequency and interspersed throughout the genome. Transcriptome-supported gene annotation of the C. granati genome revealed a streamlined proteome, mirroring similar observations in other pathogens with a latent phase. The genome encoded a relatively compact set of 9568 protein-coding genes with a remarkable 95% having assigned functional annotations. Despite this streamlined nature, a set of 40 cysteine-rich candidate secreted effector-like proteins (CSEPs) was predicted as well as a gene cluster involved in the synthesis of a pomegranate-associated toxin. These potential virulence factors were predominantly located near repeat-rich and AT-rich regions, suggesting that the pathogen evades host defences through Repeat-Induced Point mutation (RIP)-mediated pseudogenisation. Furthermore, 23 of these CSEPs exhibited homology to known effector and pathogenicity genes found in other hemibiotrophic pathogens. The study establishes a foundational resource for the study of the genetic makeup of C. granati, paving the way for future research on its pathogenicity mechanisms and the development of targeted control strategies to safeguard pomegranate production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) peel is a potential source of bioactive phenolic compounds such as ellagic acid and α- and β-punicalagin. This work explores the efficiency of natural deep eutectic solvents combined with ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) for their extraction. Five NaDESs were evaluated by employing UAE (25 °C, for 50 min) to determine their total phenolic content (Folin–Ciocalteu assay) and ellagic acid and α- and β-punicalagin contents (high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC-DAD)). The NaDES composed of choline chloride (ChCl) and glycerol (Gly) (1:2, molar ratio) was the most efficient in the UAE when compared with the rest of the NaDESs and water extracts. Therefore, ChCl:Gly was further evaluated using PLE at different temperatures (40, 80, 120 and 160 °C). The PLE-NaDES extract obtained at 80 °C for 20 min at 1500 psi exhibited the highest contents of ellagic acid and α- and β-punicalagin compared to the rest of the temperatures and PLE-water extracts obtained under the same extraction conditions. Combining UAE or PLE with a NaDES emerges as a sustainable alternative for extracting ellagic acid and α- and β-punicalagin from pomegranate peel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In previous studies, using transcriptomic analysis, we observed higher levels of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) gene expression in the peripheral blood cells of centenarians compared to octogenarians. This suggests the potential significance of this receptor in maintaining physiological balance and promoting healthy aging, possibly linked to its critical role in detoxifying xenobiotics. In our current study, we confirmed that AHR expression is indeed higher in centenarians. We employed C. elegans as a model known for its suitability in longevity studies to explore whether the AHR pathway has a significant impact on lifespan and healthspan. Our survival assays revealed that two different mutants of AHR-1 exhibited lower longevity. Additionally, we used a mouse model to examine whether supplementation with pomegranate extract modulates the expression of AHR pathway genes in the liver. Furthermore, we studied a nutritional strategy based on pomegranate extract administration to investigate its potential modulation of life- and healthspan in worms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Autochthonous Italian pomegranate accessions are still underexplored, although they could be an important resource for fresh consumption, processing, and nutraceutical uses. Therefore, it is necessary to characterize the local germplasm to identify genotypes with desirable traits. In this study, six old Italian pomegranate landraces and a commercial cultivar (Dente di Cavallo) were investigated, evaluating their fruit pomological parameters, physicochemical (TSS, pH, TA, and color) characteristics, sugar content, and aromatic profiles (HeadSpace Solid-Phase MicroExtraction (HS-SPME)) coupled with Gas Chromatographyass Spectrometry (GC–MS) of pomegranate juices. Significant differences were observed in the size and weight of the seed and fruits (127.50–525.1 g), as well as the sugar content (100–133.6 gL−1), the sweetness (12.9–17.6 °Brix), and the aroma profiles. Over 56 volatile compounds, predominantly alcohols (56%), aldehydes (24%), and terpenes (9%), were simultaneously quantified. Large variability among the genotypes was also statistically confirmed. The results indicate a strong potential for commercial exploitation of this germplasm, both as fresh and processed fruit, and highlight its versatility for diverse applications. The genetic diversity of the autochthonous pomegranate accessions represents a precious heritage to be preserved and enhanced. This work represents a preliminary step toward a more comprehensive characterization and qualitative valorization of the Italian pomegranate germplasm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salinity is a major problem, impeding soil productivity, agricultural sustainability, and food security, particularly in dry regions. This study integrates quinoa, a facultative halophyte, into a pomegranate-based agroforestry with saline irrigation in northeast Morocco. We aim to explore this agroforestry model's potential in mitigating salinity's effects on quinoa's agronomic and biochemical traits and evaluate the land equivalent ratio (LER). Field experiments in 2020 and 2021 used a randomized block design with three replicates, including monocropping and agroforestry systems, two salinity levels (1.12 and 10.5 dS m−1), four quinoa genotypes (Titicaca, Puno, ICBA-Q4, ICBA-Q5), and a pomegranate control. Salinity significantly decreased total dry matter (40.5%), root dry matter (50.7%), leaf dry matter (39.2%), and root-to-shoot ratio (7.7%). The impact was more severe in monoculture than in agroforestry, reducing dry matter (47.6% vs. 30.7%), grain yield (46.3% vs. 26.1%), water productivity (47.5% vs. 23.9%), and total sugar (19.2% vs. 5.6%). LER averaged 1.86 to 2.21, indicating 86–121% higher productivity in agroforestry. LER averaged 1.85 at 1.12 dS m−1 and 2.18 at 10.5 dS m−1, reaching 2.21 with pomegranate-ICBA-Q5 combination. Quinoa–pomegranate agroforestry emerges as an innovative strategy, leveraging quinoa's salt resistance and agroforestry's potential to mitigate salinity impacts while enhancing land use efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To enhance pomegranate production on marginal gravelly lands, standardized planting techniques were evaluated in an 8-year-old orchard. Trenching, wider pit excavation, pit digging, and auger digs with dimensions of 1 and 2 m were employed. Utilizing native soil from barren land, with or without spent wash, and mixing it with black soil up to 1 m deep, growth parameters, leaf nutrients, fruit production, and fruit quality were assessed. The trench and wider pit methods outperformed others, yielding greater above-ground biomass (>70.3 kg tree−1), root biomass (>24.5 kg, tree−1), and cross-sectional area (>3.30 m2 tree−1). These methods also produced longer roots (>4.0 m tree−1) and higher leaf phosphorus (>0.28%) and potassium (>1.81%) levels, fruit juice content (>48.50%), and total soluble solids (>16.05°) compared to other planting methods. This resulted in higher and more sustainable fruit yield production under the trench and wider pit planting methods (>7.21 t ha−1). Similarly, the native and black soil mixture produced healthy fruit trees, improved fruit quality, and sustainably higher fruit yield over the native soil alone. In summary, the trench and wider pit methods (2–3 m3), combined with a soil mixture, are recommended for sustainable, high-quality fruit production in shallow gravelly terrains, thereby improving food security and the livelihoods of farmers in arid regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pomegranate fruit is valued for its nutritional and medicinal properties, and the composition and content of primary and secondary metabolites are the main factors impacting its nutritional and medicinal properties. However, a deep understanding of metabolites in different parts of fruit is still lacking. Here, the peel, aril, and seed of mature pomegranate fruits were analyzed separately to compare metabolic component differences using UPLC/MS–MS. A total of 858 metabolites belonging to 11 classes were identified, of which flavonoids, such as delphinidin‐3‐O‐glucoside and cyanidin‐3‐O‐glucoside; tannins, such as ellagic acid and punicalin; and terpenoids, such as corosolic acid and madasiatic acid, were upregulated in the peel. Lipids, such as punicic acid, methyl linolenate, and linoleic acid; alkaloids, such as indole and choline; nucleotides and derivatives mainly including 2‐deoxyribose‐1‐phosphate and 9‐(arabinosyl)‐hypoxanthine, were upregulated in seeds. Phenolic acids, such as 1‐O‐galloyl‐4,6‐(S)‐HHDP‐β‐D‐glucose and 1,7‐di‐O‐galloyl‐D‐sedoheptulose, and flavonoids, such as cyanidin‐3‐O‐glucoside, cyanidin‐3‐O‐(2″‐O‐xylosyl) galactoside, and delphinidin‐3‐O‐glucoside, were upregulated in aril. The flavone and flavonol biosynthesis (ko00944) pathways were significantly enriched between the peel and seed, as were the anthocyanin biosynthesis (ko00944) pathways between the aril and seed and the flavonoid biosynthesis (ko00941) pathways between the peel and aril. Additionally, functional antioxidants, such as 10,16‐dihydroxypalmitic acid, 3‐O‐methylellagic acid, and 3,3'‐O‐dimethylellagic acid, were first identified in pomegranate fruits. Our results revealed the composition and abundance of primary and secondary metabolites in pomegranate fruit, which can lay the foundation for further elucidation of its nutritional and medicinal properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Repairing the skin barrier with moisturizers is one of the five main pillars of treating atopic dermatitis. Petrolatum is considered the gold standard, but its consistency is too thick and oily making it less comfortable to use. Moisturizers containing pomegranate extract (Punica granatum) can be an alternative choice that is more comfortable to use. The effectiveness of this pomegranate extract can be evaluated using TEWL and pH examinations which are considered accurate indicators for changes in skin barrier conditions. Effectiveness of topical administration of 0.1% pomegranate extract in reducing TEWL and skin pH in sufferers with a history of AD. Single blind randomized clinical trial with two parallel group pre and post design. 34 sufferers with a history of AD were randomly divided into treatment groups (topical 0.1% pomegranate extract, 17 subjects) and control group (topical 100% petrolatum, 17 subjects). Moisturizer was applied twice daily to the volar area of the forearm for 4 weeks. Both groups showed a significant decrease in TEWL after 4 weeks with a TEWL delta of -5.2±2.31g/m2/hour (p<0.001) in the pomegranate extract group and -7.0±7.95g/m2/hour (p=0.003) in the petrolatum group. There was no significant difference in TEWL reduction between the two study groups.The pomegranate extract group showed a significant decrease in pH after 4 weeks with a pH delta of -0.5±0.10 (p<0.001), while the petrolatum group actually showed a slight increase with a pH delta of 0.0±0.59 (p=0.6). The pomegranate extract group showed a significantly greater decrease in pH (p<0.001).Topical 0.1% pomegranate extract is as effective as 100% petrolatum in reducing TEWL, but more effective in lowering skin pH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study was carried out to assess the alkaloid‐enriched constituents of Prosopis juliflora (Fabaceae) against bacterial blight of pomegranate. Utilising plant extracts for disease management offers an eco‐friendly approach. In vitro assessment of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for alkaloid‐enriched fractions from the leaves and inflorescence of P. juliflora revealed a 14 mm zone of inhibition, with the lowest MIC value being 30 mg/mL. Untargeted metabolomics analysis of alkaloid‐rich fractions (ARF) from four different tissues of P. juliflora, subjected to LC–MS for alkaloid identification, detected a total of 1489 peaks in positive mode and 240 peaks in negative mode. The highest peaks were detected in the leaves, where 47 metabolites and 9 alkaloids were identified. Ellipticine and ormosanine were found in relatively high concentrations across all four tissues, as indicated by their peak areas. The inflorescence had significantly high concentrations of sparteine, solanidine‐I and puberanidine compared with other parts. Additionally, acetylsolanine was more abundant in the inflorescence, while solasodine‐I was more prevalent in the leaves. A substantial amount of strictosidine was also found in the inflorescence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research aimed to identify and characterize six samples of P. chrysogenum isolated from pomegranate fruits in Duhok City – Iraq. The study used morphological, internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region anitsd PCR-RFLP markers. The morphological examination revealed consistent characteristics across all six samples, indicating their classification as P. chrysogenum. The macroscopic features showed dense, blue-green colonies with a velvety texture, revealing brush-like conidiophores and distinctive conidia structures. Molecular analysis of the ITS region showed an approximately 600bp band that confirmed the morphological identification, providing additional support for the presence of P. chrysogenum in the pomegranate samples. The obtained sequences using 28S rRNA partial gene of 1200bp showed a high degree of similarity with known P. chrysogenum reference sequences, further validating the identification. Furthermore, the enzymes Rsa I, Hae III, and Alu I were chosen to study the restriction site amplification of the affected ITS region of all examined P. chrysogenum. The results showed significant identical amplified bands among the studied isolates. This study may pave the way for the distribution of P. chrysogenum pathogens in Duhok City and highlights the importance of integrating molecular and morphological techniques for accurate identification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate the antioxidant activity of pomegranate peel extract and its effects on the survival of colorectal cancer cells (Caco-2) and kidney cells (HEK293). Methods: An ethanol extract was prepared from the outer layer of pomegranate peels. The chemical composition of the extract was examined using high-performance liquid chromatography with diodearray detection (HPLC-DAD) and liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS). Antioxidant activity was determined using DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and ABTS (2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)) assays. Cytotoxicity was tested against Caco-2 colorectal cancer cells and HEK293 normal kidney cells using MTT assay. Results: The pomegranate peel extract was rich in phenolic compounds and demonstrated significant antioxidant activity, with IC50 values comparable to Trolox in DPPH and ABTS assays. The extract exhibited selective and concentration-dependent cytotoxicity against Caco-2 cells, with an EC50 of 121.05 ± 13.12 µg/mL, while showing minimal toxicity towards HEK293 cells. Conclusion: Pomegranate peel extract's high phenolic content and potent antioxidant properties highlight its potential as a therapeutic agent against colorectal cancer. The findings suggest that this extract could serve as a viable, natural alternative with reduced toxicity for colorectal cancer treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Punicic acid (PuA) is a conjugated fatty acid with a wide range of nutraceutical properties naturally present in pomegranate seed oil. To meet the rising demand for pomegranate seed oil, a single-cell oil enriched in PuA provides a sustainable biomass-derived alternative. This study describes the production of a PuA-enriched single-cell oil through the engineering of the red yeast Rhodotorula toruloides grown in glucose and a low-cost substrate, crude glycerol. The gene for Punica granatum fatty acid conjugase, PgFADX, was randomly integrated into the genome of R. toruloides without disrupting the carotenoid synthesis. In shake flask studies, the effects of three promoters (PPGI1, PNAR1, and PPMA1) on PuA production were evaluated. PuA titers of 105.77 mg/L and 72.81 mg/L were obtained from engineered cells expressing PgFADX from the PPMA1 promoter cultivated for 72 h in glucose and for 168 h in crude glycerol, respectively. Furthermore, the detailed lipid analysis revealed a high enrichment PuA in the triacylglycerol lipid structures, even without substantial modifications to the metabolic pathways. This report demonstrates the high potential of R. toruloides in the upcycling of a low-cost substrate, crude glycerol, into a value-added product such as PuA. The findings support the feasibility of using engineered R. toruloides for sustainable production of PuA-enriched single-cell oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the fluoroquinolone antibiotics, levofloxacin (LEV), is used to treat a variety of illnesses leading to oxidative stress and cellular damage. Peel from Punica granatum is a waste product abundant in phytochemicals with various biological activities. This study aimed to evaluate P. granatum peel extract's (PGPE) potential to mitigate oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and liver damage caused by LEV. There were four groups of rats: control, PGPE, LEV, and PGPE + LEV, respectively, and they were orally administered their daily treatments for 2 weeks. Results revealed that PGPE has a large number of phytochemical components with high antioxidant activity. PGPE intake alone enhanced the antioxidant status and decreased oxidative stress. On the other hand, pretreatment of the LEV group with PGPE restored oxidative stress, antioxidant enzymes, glutathione content, liver function biomarkers, and hematological parameters. Also, normalization of gene expressions (cyclooxygenase-2, transforming growth factor-beta1, caspase-3, heme oxygenase-1, B cell lymphoma-2, interleukin [IL]-10, and IL-1) and improvement in liver architecture, and immunohistochemical alpha-smooth muscle actin, were seen in comparison to the LEV group. Conclusively, PGPE exhibits strong anti-inflammatory, antiapoptotic, and antioxidant properties that shield rat liver from the damaging effects of LEV and offer a fresh viewpoint on the application of fruit waste products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The water relation strategy is a key issue in climate change. Given the difficulty of determining water relations strategy, there is a need for simple traits with a solid theoretical basis to estimate it. Traits associated with resource allocation patterns along a 'fast-slow' plant economics spectrum are particularly compelling, reflecting trade-offs between growth rate and carbon allocation. Avocado (Persea americana), fig tree (Ficus carica), mandarin (Citrus reticulata), olive (Olea europaea), pomegranate (Punica granatum), and grapevine (Vitis vinifera) were characterised in terms of iso-anisohydric strategy through stomatal behaviour, water potential at the turgor loss point (TLP), and hydroscape area. Additionally, the association of these metrics with leaf mass per area (LMA) and wood density (WDen) was explored. We observed high coordination between LMA and WDen, and both traits were related to metrics of water relation strategy. More anisohydric species tended to invest more carbon per unit leaf area or unit stem volume, which has implications for hydraulic efficiency and water stress tolerance. WDen and TLP were the most powerful traits in estimating the water relation strategy for six fruit species. These traits are easy to measure, time-cost efficient, and appear central to coordinating multiple traits and behaviours along the water relations strategies. Water relations strategy of plants is a complex but important trait in selecting cultivars and design management for adaptation to climate change. Among the possible estimating traits, those associated with the 'fast-slow' plant economics spectrum are interesting, regarding this, we observed an association between the water deficit tolerance of six fruit tree species and their leaf and wood density. These traits are easy to measure, time-cost efficient, and appear central to coordinating traits and behaviours along the water relations strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pomegranate is a notable source of nutrients, containing a considerable proportion of organic acids, polysaccharides, vitamins, fatty acids, and polyphenols such as flavonoids, phenolic acids, and tannins. It is also rich in nutritionally important minerals and chemical elements such as K, P, Na, Ca, Mg, and N. The presence of several bioactive compounds and metabolites in pomegranate has led to its incorporation into the functional food category, where it is used for its numerous therapeutic properties. Pomegranate's bioactive compounds have shown antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer effects. Aging is a process characterized by the chronic accumulation of damages, progressively compromising cells, tissues, and organs over time. Inflammaging is a chronic, subclinical, low-grade inflammation that occurs during the aging process and is linked to many age-related diseases. This review aims to summarize and discuss the evidence of the benefits of pomegranate extract and its compounds to slow the aging processes by intervening in the mechanisms underlying inflammaging. These studies mainly concern neurodegenerative and skin diseases, while studies in other fields of application need to be more practical. Furthermore, no human studies have demonstrated the anti-inflammaging effects of pomegranate. In the future, supplementation with pomegranate extracts, polyphenols, or urolithins could represent a valuable low-risk complementary therapy for patients with difficult-to-manage diseases, as well as a valid therapeutic alternative for the topical or systemic treatment of skin pathologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Punica granatum (Pomegranate) is widely accessible and used by natural health professionals for a range of medicinal purposes. The purpose of the current study to use a derivatization method in conjunction with FT-IR, colorimetry, and UV-Visible spectroscopy to determine the total phenolic and flavonoid content of various pomegranate sections. Pomegranate is used to treat ulcers, diarrhoea, Male infertility and so on. Currently, pomegranate is marketed in different novel drug formulations such as nanoparticles for local mucosal drug delivery, niosomes, hydrogels for chronic ınflammation, microemulsion for skin care and analytical techniques using HPLC, GC and GC-MS, LC-MS for carrying out the various quantitative and qualitative analyses are some examples of these developments. In this study, a part of pomegranate was extracted and evaluated by using Microscopical and Macroscopical evaluation, Fluorescence Analysis, FT-IR studies using derivatisation method and finally quantified the phenol and flavonoid content using UVVisible Spectroscopy. Results of the study revealed that the pomegranate extract gives data about the linearity, precision, accuracy of peel and bark ethanolic and aqueous extract gives linearity 1-5µg/ml, Regression 0.998, LOD 0.691µg/ml, LOQ 1.32µg/ml. Through the appropriate selection of Solvents, we successfully developed a stable and effective method for the determination and estimation of phenol and flavonoid content by derivatization and FTIR studies. Method was developed, optimized and validated with its parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]