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Piezoelectric composites, which consist of piezoelectric materials and polymers, are widely employed in various applications such as underwater sonar transducers and medical diagnostic ultrasonic transducers. Acoustic transducers based on piezoelectric composites can have high sensitivity with broad bandwidth. In recent studies, it is demonstrated that 2-2 composites based on single crystals provide further increased sensitivity and wide bandwidth. In order to utilize a 2-2 composite in acoustic sensors, it is required to demonstrate the full material coefficients of the 2-2 composite. In this study, we investigated an analytic solution for determining equivalent material coefficients of a 2-2 composite. Impedance spectrums of the single-phase resonators with equivalent material coefficients and 2-2 composite resonators were compared by the finite element method in order to verify the analytic solutions. Furthermore, the equivalent material coefficients derived from the analytic solution were also verified by comparing the measured and the simulated impedance spectrums. The difference in resonance and anti-resonance frequencies between the measured and simulated impedance spectrums was around 0.5% and 1.2%. By utilizing the analytic solutions in this study, it is possible to accurately derive full equivalent material coefficients of a 2-2 composite, which are essential for the development of acoustic sensors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Relaxor ferroelectric single crystals have important applications in medical ultrasound transducers, hydroacoustic devices and other fields due to their excellent piezoelectric properties. The relaxor ferroelectric single crystals grown by the Bridgman method inevitably suffers from component segregation, resulting in extremely low utilization. In this work, the variation of piezoelectric coefficient (d33) and dielectric constant (ε33 T / ε0) of 0. 24PIN-0. 46PMN-0. 30PT ferroelectric single crystals along the growth direction were tested. The results show that d33 and ε33 T / ε0 are extremely variable along the growth direction, with less than 20 mm of the region maintaining close performance. Polarization modulations were applied in different regions with close ferroelectric-ferroelectric phase transition temperatures through different polarization designing. The d33 and ε33 T / ε0 of more than 60% region of the crystalline maintain in the range of (1 500 ± 140) pC·N-1 and 4 900 ± 350, respectively. In order to verify the consistency of the resonance peaks of the crystal after polarization modulation, the resonance spectra of the k33 vibrators in the two end regions were tested. The results show that the electromechanical coupling coefficients are close to each other, and the peak positions of resonance and anti-resonance are also close to each other. Importantly, there don't exist additional spurious-mode vibrations. These demonstrate the feasibility of employing polarization modulation to regulate the uniformity of the PIN-PMN-PT ferroelectric single crystals along the growth direction. This work provides a reference solution to improve the utilization of PIN-PMN-PT ferroelectric single crystals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, relaxor ferroelectric single crystals have attracted people's attention and research because of their excellent piezoelectric properties at morphotropic phase boundary(MPB). The ternary system Pb(In1/2Nb1/2)O 3 -Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O 3 -PbTiO 3 (PIN-PMN-PT) crystals have higher Curie temperature and coercive field, which have the opportunity to be applied in high-temperature devices. The crystals of the rhombohedral phase have better stability, but their performance is not as good as that of the MPB component crystals. In this paper, the piezoelectric properties of rhombohedral PIN-PMN-28PT single crystals are improved by Sm3+ doping. The piezoelectric coefficient d 33 after AC polarization along [001] direction can reach 3125pC/N, which is 60% higher than that of undoped crystals. Meanwhile, the crystal exhibits excellent optical performance after DC polarization along [110] direction. The crystal has an effective electro-optic coefficient of 386 pm/V at room temperature and a stable frequency-dependent characteristic, which is expected to be an ideal material for electro-optic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

0.32Pb(In 1/2 Nb 1/2)O 3 -0.335Pb(Mg 1/3 Nb 2/3)O 3 -0.345PbTiO 3 single crystals were successfully grown by a solid-state crystal growth (SSCG) method through precise control of the key growth parameters. The effects of the sintering temperature and the soaking time on the growth of the PIN-PMN-PT single crystals were investigated. The growth distance is up to 1069 µm for [110]-oriented PIN-PMN-PT single crystal grown at 1150 °C for 50 h. The microstructure, crystal structure and dielectric, ferroelectric and piezoelectric properties were systematically investigated for the SSCG-grown [110]-oriented PIN-PMN-PT single crystals. The [110]-oriented PIN-PMN-PT single crystals exhibit high piezoelectric properties (d 33 ∼ 1041pC/N, d 33 * ∼ 1024 pm/V), Curie temperature (T C ∼ 250 °C) and ferroelectric properties (E C ∼ 8.4 kV/cm and P r ∼33 μC/cm2). Further, the [001]-oriented single crystals also possess outstanding piezoelectric properties (d 33 ∼ 1004pC/N, d 33 * ∼ 1203 pm/V), Curie temperature (T C ∼ 266 °C) and ferroelectric properties (E C ∼ 9.7 kV/cm and P r ∼36 μC/cm2), which are much superior to those of counterpart ceramics.This work opens the door of growth of PIN-PMN-PT single crystals by SSCG method and the SSCG-grown PIN-PMN-PT single crystals are very promising candidates for high performance electromechanical devices with wide temperature and electric field application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Relaxor ferroelectric single crystal Pb(In1/2Nb1/2)O3–Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3–PbTiO3 (PIN–PMN–PT) has received extensive research and attention due to its excellent piezoelectric, electromechanical, and other properties. In particular, tetragonal relaxor ferroelectric single crystals have shown greater application potential in high‐temperature devices due to their higher Curie temperature and better stability. However, the low piezoelectric performance of tetragonal crystals also greatly limits its application, and research on its optical properties is not sufficient. In this paper, the tetragonal phase Sm–PIN–PMN–PT single crystal was obtained by the Bridgman method, and its piezoelectric and electro‐optical properties are studied. At the same time, we gave a complete set of piezoelectric, dielectric, and elastic coefficient matrices. The results show that the crystal has excellent piezoelectric and electromechanical properties. The piezoelectric coefficient can reach 905pC/N, the electromechanical coupling coefficient k33 is 85%, and the kt is 72%. The transmittance of the sample polarized along [001] direction can reach 66%. The effective electro‐optical coefficient γc is 60 pm/V at room temperature and can reach 86 pm/V at 70°C. It has a wide operating temperature range and stable performance with frequency variation, which has certain reference significance for application in new electro‐optical devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Piezoelectric composites, which consist of piezoelectric materials and polymers, are widely employed in various applications such as underwater sonar transducers and medical diagnostic ultrasonic transducers. Acoustic transducers based on piezoelectric composites can have high sensitivity with broad bandwidth. In recent studies, it is demonstrated that 2-2 composites based on single crystals provide further increased sensitivity and wide bandwidth. In order to utilize a 2-2 composite in acoustic sensors, it is required to demonstrate the full material coefficients of the 2-2 composite. In this study, we investigated an analytic solution for determining equivalent material coefficients of a 2-2 composite. Impedance spectrums of the single-phase resonators with equivalent material coefficients and 2-2 composite resonators were compared by the finite element method in order to verify the analytic solutions. Furthermore, the equivalent material coefficients derived from the analytic solution were also verified by comparing the measured and the simulated impedance spectrums. The difference in resonance and anti-resonance frequencies between the measured and simulated impedance spectrums was around 0.5% and 1.2%. By utilizing the analytic solutions in this study, it is possible to accurately derive full equivalent material coefficients of a 2-2 composite, which are essential for the development of acoustic sensors.

Relaxor ferroelectrics play a vital role as functional components in electromechanical devices. The observation of micro-scale domain structure evolution under electric bias in relaxor ferroelectrics has posed challenges due to their complex domain morphology characterized by small-sized domains. The present study aims to investigate the dielectric diffusion–relaxation characteristics, domain structure, and domain switching evolution under electric bias in high-performance single crystals of Pb(In1/2Nb1/2)O3-Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-33PbTiO3. The findings reveal the presence of strip-like domain patterns that interlock irregular small-sized nanodomains in PIN-PMN-33PT single crystals. Furthermore, the sample undergoes three distinct stages under electric bias, including the nucleation of new domains, the gradual forward expansion of domains, and the lateral expansion of domains. These observations provide valuable insights for understanding and exploring domain engineering techniques in relaxor ferroelectrics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fabrication of the optical waveguide is essential for the application of high-performance relaxor ferroelectric single crystals in broadband integrated electro-optic devices. Here, a multimode titanium in-diffusion planar waveguide is demonstrated in a rhombohedral phase Pb(In 1/2 Nb 2/3)O 3 –Pb(In 1/2 Nb 2/3)O 3 –PbTiO 3 (PIN-PMN-PT) single crystal. Influences of titanium in-diffusion on the crystalline phase and composition were carefully studied. Guided modes in the planar waveguide were characterized by prism couple measurements. Using the inverse Wentzel-Krames-Brillouin method, the refractive index profile in the waveguide was constructed. The results show that the PIN-PMN-PT crystal retains its single crystal structure and excellent electro-optic response after titanium in-diffusion. The mode refractive index change between the diffused layer and substrate crystal is approximately 3%, which is sufficient to constrain the energy of transmitted light. Moreover, the titanium-diffused PIN-PMN-PT waveguide is confirmed to be a graded optical waveguide with a Gaussian index profile. Our work indicates that the titanium in-diffusion is a feasible way to fabricate waveguides in PIN-PMN-PT crystals, which is of great significance for their application in integrated photonic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the last two decades, PT‐based relaxor ferroelectric crystals such as (1−x)Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3–xPbTiO3 (PZN–PT), (1−x)Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3–xPbTiO3 (PMN–PT), and (1−x−y)Pb(In1/2Nb1/2)O3–yPb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3–xPbTiO3 (PIN–PMN–PT or PIMNT) crystals, are widely studied due to their huge piezoelectric properties and super‐high electro‐mechanical coupling factors. They have excellent properties with compositions around the morphotropic phase boundary (MPB). It is gratifying that the PT‐based relaxor crystals are replacing traditional PZT piezo‐ceramics in many application fields. Most ferroelectrics with oxygen‐octahedral structure, which show outstanding electro‐mechanical properties, also have excellent optical performances. Ferroelectric single crystals with large electro‐optic (EO) modulation are widely applied in laser communication devices. For the practical applications, the knowledge of detailed optical parameters is desirable. This paper tries to show a global review on the optical properties of PT‐based relaxor ferroelectric crystals. In the present review, optical properties of the crystals are systematically summarized, including refractive index dispersion, transmittance, band gap, EO, acousto‐optic, and photorefractive properties. These properties change with the crystal composition, orientation, and poling condition. The purpose of the review is to provide a resource for the researchers who are concerned with basic physical investigation or optical device applications of the PT‐based relaxor ferroelectric crystals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Piezoelectric composites, which consist of a piezoelectric material and a polymer, have been extensively studied for the applications of underwater sonar sensors and medical diagnostic ultrasonic transducers. Acoustic sensors utilizing piezoelectric composites can have a high sensitivity and wide bandwidth because of their high piezoelectric coefficient and low acoustic impedance compared to single-phase piezoelectric materials. In this study, a thickness-mode driving hydrophone utilizing a 2-2 piezoelectric single crystal composite was examined. From the theoretical and numerical analysis, material properties that determine the bandwidth and sensitivity of the thickness-mode piezoelectric plate were derived, and the voltage sensitivity of piezoelectric plates with various configurations was compared. It was shown that the 2-2 composite with [011] poled single crystals and epoxy polymers can provide high sensitivity and wide bandwidth when used for hydrophones with a thickness resonance mode. The hydrophone element was designed and fabricated to have a thickness mode at a frequency around 220 kHz by attaching a composite plate of quarter-wavelength thickness to a hard baffle. The fabricated hydrophone demonstrated an open circuit voltage sensitivity of more than −180 dB re 1 V/μPa at the resonance frequency and a −3 dB bandwidth of more than 55 kHz. The theoretical and experimental studies show that the 2-2 single crystal composite can have a high sensitivity and wide bandwidth compared to other configurations of piezoelectric elements when they are used for thickness-mode hydrophones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Domain switching coupled with polarization reorientation allows ferroelectrics to exhibit high potential for use in nonvolatile memories, electro-optic devices, and nanoelectronics. Although several studies have elucidated domain switching, the research on switching dynamics of complex nanoscale domain structures in relaxor-based ferroelectric materials has been lacking. Herein, the domain structure and domain switching dynamics in tetragonal PIMN-PT single crystals were systemically studied via piezoresponse force microscopy. An interlocking multi-type domain pattern comprising irregular 180° ferroelectric domains and regular 90° ferroelastic domains was observed and its formation mechanism was explored. Different domain switching dynamics of field-dependent responses were investigated. The results indicate that T-phase PIMN-PT single crystals exhibit a hierarchical domain switching process. Under a low electrical-bias stimuli (<10 V), the nucleation and growth of 180° domains dominate the switching process. By increasing the electrical bias from 10 V to 80 V, 90° domain switching was gradually completed and the sample achieved a single-domain state. The nucleation and growth mechanism of ferroelectric domains under electrical-bias stimuli were also discussed. Overall, our results deepened the understanding of ferroelectric switching in complex nanoscale domain structures and facilitate the use of precise domain tailoring technology for fabricating T-phase relaxor-based ferroelectric single crystals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Relaxor-based ternary Pb( In 1 / 2 Nb 1 / 2 )O3–Pb( Mg 1 / 3 Nb 2 / 3 )O3–PbTiO3 (PIN–PMN–PT) single crystals and ceramics are promising candidates for high-performance electromechanical conversion devices. It is known that the domain structure and dielectric diffusion–relaxation characteristics are crucial to the excellent performances of relaxor ferroelectrics. In this work, we prepared the PIN–PMN–PT ceramics with various PIN/PMN proportions and systematically investigated their domain structure and dielectric diffusion–relaxation properties. The effect of PIN/PMN proportion on the domain size and dielectric diffusion–relaxation characteristics was also studied. The investigations showed that PIN–PMN–PT ceramics presented multi-type domain patterns comprising irregular island domains and regular lamellar domains. Moreover, the dependent relations of PIN/PMN proportions on the dielectric diffusion and domain size indicated that the PIN composition has a stronger lattice distortion than PMN composition; increasing the PIN proportion can enhance the dielectric diffusion and decrease the domain size. Our results could deepen the understanding of structure–property relationships of multicomponent relaxor ferroelectrics and guide the design and exploration of new high-performance ferroelectric materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Relaxor-based ternary Pb([Formula: see text][Formula: see text])O3–Pb([Formula: see text][Formula: see text])O3–PbTiO3 (PIN–PMN–PT) single crystals and ceramics are promising candidates for high-performance electromechanical conversion devices. It is known that the domain structure and dielectric diffusion–relaxation characteristics are crucial to the excellent performances of relaxor ferroelectrics. In this work, we prepared the PIN–PMN–PT ceramics with various PIN/PMN proportions and systematically investigated their domain structure and dielectric diffusion–relaxation properties. The effect of PIN/PMN proportion on the domain size and dielectric diffusion–relaxation characteristics was also studied. The investigations showed that PIN–PMN–PT ceramics presented multi-type domain patterns comprising irregular island domains and regular lamellar domains. Moreover, the dependent relations of PIN/PMN proportions on the dielectric diffusion and domain size indicated that the PIN composition has a stronger lattice distortion than PMN composition; increasing the PIN proportion can enhance the dielectric diffusion and decrease the domain size. Our results could deepen the understanding of structure–property relationships of multicomponent relaxor ferroelectrics and guide the design and exploration of new high-performance ferroelectric materials.

Relaxor ferroelectrics play a vital role as functional components in electromechanical devices. The observation of micro-scale domain structure evolution under electric bias in relaxor ferroelectrics has posed challenges due to their complex domain morphology characterized by small-sized domains. The present study aims to investigate the dielectric diffusion–relaxation characteristics, domain structure, and domain switching evolution under electric bias in high-performance single crystals of Pb(In1/2Nb1/2)O3-Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-33PbTiO3. The findings reveal the presence of strip-like domain patterns that interlock irregular small-sized nanodomains in PIN-PMN-33PT single crystals. Furthermore, the sample undergoes three distinct stages under electric bias, including the nucleation of new domains, the gradual forward expansion of domains, and the lateral expansion of domains. These observations provide valuable insights for understanding and exploring domain engineering techniques in relaxor ferroelectrics.

xPb(In1/2Nb1/2)O3-(1−x−y)Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3−yPbTiO3 (PIN–PMN–PT) bulks possess excellent electromechanical coupling and dielectric properties, but the corresponding epitaxial PIN–PMN–PT thin films have not yet been explored. This paper adopts a nonlinear thermodynamics analysis to investigate the influences of misfit strains on the phase structures, electromechanical properties, and electrocaloric responses in epitaxial PIN–PMN–PT thin films. The misfit strain–temperature phase diagram was constructed. The results reveal that the PIN–PMN–PT thin films may exist in tetragonal c-, orthorhombic aa-, monoclinic M-, and paraelectric PE phases. It is also found that the c-M and aa-PE phase boundaries exhibit a superior dielectric constant ε 11 which reached 1.979 × 106 with um = −0.494%, as well as the c-M phase boundary showing a large piezoelectric response d15 which reached 1.64 × 105 pm/V. In comparison, the c-PE and M-aa phase boundaries exhibit a superior dielectric constant ε33 over 1 × 105 around um = 0.316% and the piezoelectric response d33 reached 7235 pm/V. The large electrocaloric responses appear near the paraelectric- ferroelectric phase boundary. These insights offer a guidance for experiments in epitaxial PIN–PMN–PT thin films. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mn-doped Pb(In1/2Nb1/2)O3-Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-PbTiO3 (Mn:PIN-PMN-PT) single crystals are attractive piezoelectric materials owing to their high mechanical quality factor. However, the single crystal boules grown by the conventional Bridgman method show compositional variation along the growth direction. In particular, the Mn content exhibits large variation due to its severe segregation. To improve the compositional uniformity, we applied the continuous-feeding Bridgman method to the growth of a Mn:PIN-PMN-PT single crystal boule. Then, the composition and property distributions of the boule along the growth direction were evaluated. The results showed that excellent composition and property uniformity were carried out over 80mm in boule length. The ranges of the electromechanical coupling coefficient (k33) and the piezoelectric coefficient (d33) were 0.931–0.934 and 1352–1517 pC/N, respectively. The ranges of the mechanical quality factor (Qm31) and the depolarization field (Ed) were 417–535 and 785–859 V/mm, respectively. The Qm31 and the Ed values were higher than those of the non-doped PIN-PMN-PT single crystals. The continuous-feeding Bridgman method is therefore an effective technique for improving the uniformity of the Mn content. As a result, the Mn:PIN-PMN-PT single crystal grown by the continuous-feeding Bridgman method possesses excellent property uniformity with characteristics suitable for high power piezoelectric applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Laser scanners with mechanically driven mirrors have exhibited increasing potential for various applications, such as displays and laser radar. Resonant scanners are the predominantly used scanners; however, non-resonant scanners are required for applications where point-to-point driving is desirable. Because a non-resonant drive cannot amplify the drive angle owing to the resonance phenomenon, high values are difficult to achieve for the main performance metrics of the scanners: mirror area, drive angle, and operating frequency. In this paper, we present a two-axis scanner with a piezoelectric actuator made of a piezoelectric single-crystal Pb(In1/2Nb1/2)O3-Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-PbTiO3 as the actuation force source. The scanner contains a circular mirror with a diameter of 7 mm and achieves an average static mechanical deflection angle amplitude of 20.8° in two axes with a resonant frequency of 559 Hz. It is equipped with a transmission mechanism that can decouple each axis to achieve high linearity; in our study, the nonlinearity error was less than 1°. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Elevating both the mechanical quality factor and piezoelectric properties is pivotal for enhancing the efficiency of high-power piezoelectric devices. Mn-doped Pb (In 1/2 Nb 1/2) O 3 -Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3) O 3 -PbTiO 3 (Mn: PIN-PMN-PT) single crystals have previously exhibited a notable mechanical quality factor, yet encountered a substantial decline in piezoelectric coefficient. In pursuit of the concurrent optimization of these parameters, we explored the co-enhancement of mechanical quality factor and piezoelectric coefficient in [001]-oriented Mn: PIN-PMN-PT single crystals by employing a synergistic approach (DCP-ACP) involving direct-current poling (DCP) and alternating-current poling (ACP). Our investigation reveals a remarkable improvement, with the piezoelectric coefficient and mechanical quality factor experiencing a notable surge of 53% and 118%, respectively, compared to the outcomes achieved with DCP alone. Compared to the ACP method, the piezoelectric coefficient and the mechanical quality factor were improved more than 7% and 18%, respectively. Moreover, the coercive field and remnant polarization of the single crystals witnessed a substantial upswing post DCP-ACP. The results are attributed to the elimination of the 71° domain walls, as observed through polarized light microscopy. Here we demonstrate Mn: PIN-PMN-PT single crystals are expected to has high mechanical quality factor and strong piezoelectric constants through DCP-ACP, thus suggesting a new route to high performance ferroelectrics. • The DCP-ACP offer a unique capability to enhance both the mechanical quality factor and piezoelectric coefficient of Mn: PIN-PMN-PT simultaneously. • The elimination of 71° domains after DCP-ACP is the main reason for the enhanced piezoelectric properties of single crystals. • Mn: PIN-PMN-PT single crystals exhibit excellent performances, such as coercive field (5.2~6.5 kV·cm-1), remnant polarization (26.3~27.9 uC·cm-2) and phase transition temperature (119~131 ℃). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mn-doped Pb(In1/2Nb1/2)O3-Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-PbTiO3 (Mn:PIN-PMN-PT) single crystals are attractive piezoelectric materials owing to their high mechanical quality factor. However, the single crystal boules grown by the conventional Bridgman method show compositional variation along the growth direction. In particular, the Mn content exhibits large variation due to its severe segregation. To improve the compositional uniformity, we applied the continuous-feeding Bridgman method to the growth of a Mn:PIN-PMN-PT single crystal boule. Then, the composition and property distributions of the boule along the growth direction were evaluated. The results showed that excellent composition and property uniformity were carried out over 80mm in boule length. The ranges of the electromechanical coupling coefficient (k33) and the piezoelectric coefficient (d33) were 0.931–0.934 and 1352–1517 pC/N, respectively. The ranges of the mechanical quality factor (Qm31) and the depolarization field (Ed) were 417–535 and 785–859 V/mm, respectively. The Qm31 and the Ed values were higher than those of the non-doped PIN-PMN-PT single crystals. The continuous-feeding Bridgman method is therefore an effective technique for improving the uniformity of the Mn content. As a result, the Mn:PIN-PMN-PT single crystal grown by the continuous-feeding Bridgman method possesses excellent property uniformity with characteristics suitable for high power piezoelectric applications.

Recently, ultrahigh-frequency (UHF) ultrasonic transducers (> 100 MHz) have been widely applied in research fields such as medical diagnostics, nondestructive testing, energy harvesting, and so on, due to their capability of creating high-resolution ultrasonic images and detecting micro-scale defects. To accomplish this, in this study, ternary Pb(In1/2Nb1/2)O 3 -Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O 3 -PbTiO 3 (i.e., PIN-PMN-PT) polycrystalline single-phase thin film was fabricated for UHF ultrasonic transducers due to their extraordinary piezoelectric properties and electromechanical coupling coefficients. A tri-layered structure (of 1) aluminum substrate, 2) the PIN-PMN-PT thin film, and 3) a silver electrode) was used to create a PIN-PMN-PT thin film compatible with intense thermal treatment and having low cost. To analyze the performance of the newly developed PIN-PMN-PT thin film, data were collected on its crystallographic and piezoelectric characteristics, fabrication process, analysis of piezoelectric constants, and ultrasonic pulse-echo response waveforms according to different design conditions (various front matching layers, backing materials, and media). These data were provided by X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence, X-ray reflectometry, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and polarization-electric field hysteresis curves. Moreover, pulse-echo simulation was conducted using PiezoCAD software based on the Krimholtz-Leedom-Matthaei model. The results showed that the proposed PIN-PMN-PT thin film exhibited ultrahigh-resonance frequencies of ∼ 500 MHz. Ultimately, it was concluded that the new high-frequency PIN-PMN-PT thin film could be applied in a variety of fields because its performance has been verified. [Display omitted] • A ternary PIN-PMN-PT single crystal-based thin film for ultrahigh-frequency ultrasonic transducers was fabricated. • The performance of the newly developed PIN-PMN-PT thin film was analyzed in various ways to provide its characteristics. • In addition, pulse-echo simulations were conducted based on the Krimholtz-Leedom-Matthaei model for performance evaluation. • The results showed that the proposed PIN-PMN-PT thin film exhibited ultrahigh-resonance frequencies of ∼ 500 MHz. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transparent piezoelectric materials are capable of coupling several physical effects such as optics, acoustics, electricity, and mechanical deformation together, which expands applications for mechanical-electro-optical multifunctional devices. However, piezoelectricity, transparency, and Curie temperature restrict each other, so it is difficult to achieve high piezoelectricity with both good transparency and a high Curie point. In this paper, Sm-doped 24Pb(In 1/2 Nb 1/2 )O 3 -42Pb(Mg 1/3 Nb 2/3 )O 3 -34PbTiO 3 (PIN-PMN-PT) transparent ceramic with a high piezoelectric coefficient of 905 pC/N, excellent electro-optical coefficient of 814 pm/V, and high Curie-point of 179 °C is fabricated. Sm doping effect on the phase structures, piezoelectricity, ferroelectricity, optical transparency, electro-optical properties, and thermal stability is systematically investigated. Compared with PMN-PT transparent ceramics, PIN-PMN-PT transparent ceramics exhibit better temperature stability. Electro-optical modulation and energy conversion are achieved using PIN-PMN-PT transparent piezoelectric ceramic, which indicates that it has great potential to develop mechanical-electrical-optical multifunctional coupling devices for optical communication, energy harvesting, photoacoustic imaging, and so on.