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Background/aim: Primarily due to wireless communication devices, especially mobile phones, there has been a steady rise in the intensity of nonionizing radiofrequency radiation (RFR). In recent years, increased human health problems raised concerns about whether there is a positive relationship between intense exposure to RFR and public health. The present study aims to investigate the effects of GSM-like RFR exposure on the male reproductive system and the impact of melatonin treatment (synergistic, antagonist, or additive)., Materials and Methods: Thirty-six male Wistar Albino rats were used and separated into six groups: i. Control; ii. Sham; iii. RFR exposure; iv. Control-melatonin; v. Sham-melatonin; vi. Melatonin + RFR exposure. Animals were exposed to 2600 MHz RFR with electric (E) field levels of 21.74 V/m for 30 min per day, 5 days per week, for 4 weeks. All testicular tissue samples were evaluated under a light microscope for hematoxylin-eosin staining. Biochemical analyses were performed by measuring malondialdehyde, total nitric oxide, glutathione, and glutathione peroxidase levels. We evaluated the combined effects of prolonged RFR exposure and melatonin treatment on ROS-mediated structural changes in testicular tissues., Results: Results showed that reactive intermediates (malondialdehyde and total nitric oxide) increased significantly with RFR exposure, while the protective effect of melatonin effectively reduced the radical levels of the tissues. Histological evaluation revealed a decrease in cell population and connective tissue elements under RFR exposure, accompanied by marked edema in the testicular tissues., Conclusion: The structural and functional effects of prolonged RFR exposure might be ROS-based. Moreover, these adverse effects might be compensated with externally treated supplements. There is a need for new extensive research., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest: The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest related to this paper., (© TÜBİTAK.)

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate whether the movements and postures of 3- to 5-month-old infants with torticollis differ from those of infants without torticollis and to determine the relationship between clinical characteristics and the Motor Optimality Score (MOS) in torticollis., Methods: Participants were 40 infants with torticollis and 40 infants developing typically without torticollis. The infants were evaluated with detailed general movement assessment., Results: There were significant differences in the MOS and subcategory scores for age-adequate movement repertoire and observed postural patterns between groups. Clinical characteristics were not related to the reduction in the MOS., Conclusions: Infants with torticollis have differences in movements and postures at 3 to 5 months of age compared with controls. Strategies supporting the movement repertoire of infants with torticollis can be added to rehabilitation programs for infants with the lower MOS to optimize their motor development., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2021 Academy of Pediatric Physical Therapy of the American Physical Therapy Association.)