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Copyright of Acta Odontologica Turcica is the property of Acta Odontologica Turcica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Odontologica Turcica is the property of Acta Odontologica Turcica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Cumhuriyet Dental Journal is the property of Cumhuriyet University, Faculty of Dentistry and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

ÖZET AMAÇ: Diş boyut uyumsuzluğunun hesaplanmasında kullanılan Bolton yöntemi ile Braun yönteminin karşılaştırmalı olarak incelenmesidir. GEREÇ VE YÖNTEM: Çalışma, Gazi Üniversitesi Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi Ortodonti Ana Bilim Dalı kliniğine ortodontik tedavi için başvurmuş hastaların alçı modellerinden oluşmaktadır. Birinci grup (G1), ideal bitim kriterlerine ve Angle Sınıf I molar kapanışına sahip 61 adet modelden oluşmaktayken; ikinci grup (G2), farklı maloklüzyonlara sahip 61 modelden oluşmaktadır. G2; Angle Sınıf I, II ve III olmak üzere alt gruplar halinde değerlendirilmiştir. Bolton ve Braun analizi, iki gruptaki tüm modeller üzerinde uygulanmıştır. Ölçümler, aynı araştırmacı tarafından dijital kumpas kullanılarak yapılmıştır. Verilerin normal dağılım göstermemesi sebebiyle Kruskal-Wallis H testi ve Mann-Whitney U testi kullanılmıştır. Ölçüm hatasına Dahlberg yöntemi ile bakılmıştır. P

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to compare the force losses of nickel-titanium closed springs, elastomeric chains, and active tie-backs over time in an in vitro environment containing artificial saliva. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In the study, elastomeric chains, nickel-titanium closed springs, and active tie-backs from 3 different brands were divided into 9 groups. The percentages of force loss in the samples over time were compared in the in vitro environment containing artificial saliva. Force values were measured and recorded at initial activation, 1st hour, 24th hour, 7th day, 21st day, and 28th day. Statistical analysis of the data were performed with Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Kruskal Wallis, Mann-Whitney U, and Wilcoxon tests. The significance value was considered as p0.05). Although significant force losses were measured in all groups on the 28th day, active tie-backs lost significantly less force than elastomeric chains, regardless of brand. On the 28th day, the lowest and highest forces were measured in elastomeric chains and nickel-titanium closed springs, respectively (p

Objective: The purpose of this study is to conduct a bibliometric analysis of the theses published in the Department of Orthodontics at the National Thesis Center of the Council of Higher Education (YÖK) between 1968 and 2023, and to evaluate the current status and development of these theses. Methods: By using the Detailed Search tab on the YÖK National Thesis Center website and selecting the Department of Orthodontics, 1745 published theses were found. The obtained data were transferred to Microsoft Excel and listed. Microsoft Excel program theses are listed according to their types, indexes used, universities where they were published, work intensity, years and current status according to the page. Basic monitoring rates are used in data analysis. Results: According to the findings of the study, a total of 611 theses were published in the field of dentistry as specialty theses, 1053 as doctoral theses, and 81 as master's theses. It was observed that a total of 6351 indexes were used in postgraduate theses in the field of orthodontics. The university that publishes the most theses is Marmara University. When the theses were categorized according to research areas, it was found that the majority were related to clinical studies. The year 2018 had the highest number of theses published. The average length of the theses was determined to be 117.07 pages. Conclusions: It has been concluded that there has been a significant increase in the number of postgraduate theses with the commencement of specialty exams in dentistry, while the proportion of theses published in the doctoral thesis category has decreased over the years. Especially after 2014, there has been a substantial increase in the number of theses. Although clinical studies are predominant in postgraduate theses, interest in computer-assisted experimental studies has been increasing in recent years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Odontologica Turcica is the property of Acta Odontologica Turcica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Odontologica Turcica is the property of Acta Odontologica Turcica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Aydin Dental Journal is the property of Aydin Dental Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is defined as a highly disturbing condition characterized by the patient developing an excessive anxiety and repetitive behaviors. The prevalence of BDD in the orthodontic patients is still not well known. The aim of this study was to evaluate reliability and validity study of the Turkish version of the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale modified for Body Dysmorphic Disorder (TR-YBOCS-BDD) for adolescents. Methods: This study consisted of two groups, the study group and the control group. The study group consisted of 126 patients who were admitted with aesthetic complaints (n=126). The control group consisted of 126 participants who were admitted with non-aesthetic complaints such as dental calculus, caries and pain. Turkish versions of YBOCS-BDD and Body Image Disturbance Questionnaire (T-BIDQ) were administered to 252 patients in total for reliability and validity studies. Results: The internal consistency coefficient of the TR-YBOCSBDD scale was 0.903. The scores of the subareas of the TRYBOCS-BDD scale were analyzed with Principal Components Factor Analysis and it was concluded that 8 factors corresponded to 62.104% of the total variance. The test re-test analysis was carried out by applying the TR-YBOCS-BDD scale to 126 participants and same test re-test was made at one-week interval. High positive correlation was found between the first total scale results and the total score calculated one week later (rho =0.986, p<0.001). Conclusion: The Turkish translation of the BDD-YBOCS has content and construct validity and is also reliable method. The clinicians can apply this test to adolescents in the Turkish-speaking countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The objective of this study, to evaluate the initial alignment effectiveness of two different passive self-ligating brackets (SLBs) and to compare the differences in arch widths. Materials and Methods: The patients with no skeletal discrepancy, Little’s irregularity index (LII) greater than 3 mm on both arches, who were treated with SLBs and whom had undamaged plaster models at the beginning (T0), 10th week (T1), and 20th week (T2) of their treatment period were enrolled to the study group. Group 1 (Damon) was consisted of 17 patients (mean age=14.5 years) and Group 2 (SmartClip) was consisted of 18 patients (mean age=13.6 years). The analogue dental casts were transferred to a digital model by scanning. Maxillary and mandibular intercanine, intermolar widths and LII were measured by MeshLab software. Wilcoxon signed-rank and Mann Whitney U tests was used for statistical evaluation. Results: There were no significant differences between the groups for the mean LII in T0 (maxillary LII, Group 1= 6.59 mm; Group 2= 6.32 mm; mandibular LII, Group 1= 5.95 mm, Group 2= 5.73mm). The rate of decrease in the LII between T0-T2 and between T1-T2 were found to be significantly higher for Group 1 in the mandible but there was no significant difference between T0-T1 (P= 0.031, P= 0.042, P= 0.113). There was no significant difference for the rate of decrease in the LIIs between the groups in the maxilla. When changes of intermolar and intercanine widths were compared according to the follow-up times, no significant differences were found for the treatment groups. Conclusion: Both SLBs groups were effective for reducing the crowding in maxillary arch. The increases in intercanine and intermolar widths were found to be similar for both groups. Group 1 was found to be better in the speed of the resolution of the crowding only in the lower incisor region.

Copyright of Journal of Health Sciences / Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi is the property of Erciyes Universitesi Saglik Bilimleri Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Current Research in Dental Sciences is the property of Ataturk University Coordinatorship of Scientific Journals and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Current Research in Dental Sciences is the property of Ataturk University Coordinatorship of Scientific Journals and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Selcuk Dental Journal is the property of Selcuk Dental Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

AMAÇ: Popülasyonumuzdaki farklı iskeletsel ortodontik paterne sahip hastalarda mandibular kondil, koronoid çıkıntı ve sigmoid çentik morfolojilerini inceleyerek, söz konusu anatomik yapılarda gözlenebilecek olası farklılıkları belirlemeyi ve ilişkilerini değerlendirmeyi amaçlamaktayız. GEREÇ VE YÖNTEMLER: Selçuk Üniversitesi Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi’nde yürütülen retrospektif çalışmamız; Ortodonti Anabilim Dalı’na muayene-tedavi amacıyla başvurmuş sefalometrik radyografları alınmış hastaların görüntüleri sagittal olarak Sınıf 1, Sınıf 2, Sınıf 3, vertikal olarak horizontal, vertikal, normal şeklinde altı adet iskeletsel ortodontik paterne göre sınıflandırılmıştır. Her bir paternde 45 hastanın sefalometrik radyografisi mevcuttur. Kondil (flat,round,konveks,angled), Sigmoid çentik (round,sloping,wide) ve Koronoid çıkıntının sınıflaması (triangular,round,beak,flat) yapılarak elde edilen veriler IBM SPSS Statistics (Versiyon22.0) ile değerlendirilmiştir. İstatistiksel anlamlılık düzeyi p

Amaç: Üst birinci premolar çekiminin maksiller ve mandibular posterior boşluğa olan etkisinin değerlendirilmesidir. Gereç ve Yöntem: Çalışmanın materyalini, dişsel Sınıf II maloklüzyona sahip, üst iki birinci premolar çekimi ile sabit apareylerle tedavi edilmiş 20 bireyin tedavi öncesi (T1), sonrası (T2) ve pekiştirme sonrası (T3) lateral sefalometrik radyografileri oluşturdu. Lateral sefalometrik radyografiler üzerinde, yedi boyutsal ve dört açısal ölçüm aynı yazar tarafından yapıldı. İstatistiksel analizde, sürekli sayısal değişkenlerin dağılımının normale yakın dağılıp dağılmadığı Shapiro-Wilk testiyle incelendi. Ölçüm ortalamalarında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı değişim olup olmadığı parametrik verilerde Wilks’in Lambda testi, nonparametrik verilerde ise Friedman testiyle incelenerek; Bonferroni düzeltmeli çoklu karşılaştırma ya da Dunn-Bonferroni post-hoc testler uygulandı. p

Copyright of Acta Odontologica Turcica is the property of Acta Odontologica Turcica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Aydin Dental Journal is the property of Aydin Dental Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

ABSTRAK Pendahuluan: Perawatan ortodonti cekat dengan retraksi gigi anterior rahang atas dapat menyebabkan penurunan tinggi puncak tulang alveolar, karena setiap pergerakan gigi menimbulkan proses resorbsi dan aposisi tulang, bila proses resorbsi lebih besar maka dapat terjadi penurunan puncak tulang alveolar. Besarnya retraksi empat gigi insisif rahang atas dapat dinilai dengan mengukur sudut I-NA. Kaitan antara besarnya retraksi dengan perubahan tinggi puncak tulang alveolar perlu dievaluasi. Metode: Metode penelitian ini adalah penelitian analitik komparatif yang melihat hubungan antara perubahan sudut I-NA dengan tinggi puncak tulang alveolar empat gigi insisif rahang atas sesudah perawatan ortodonti pada kasus retraksi empat gigi anterior. Sampel pada penelitian ini berjumlah 38 sampel dari pasien dengan maloklusi Kelas I dan II. Pengukuran tinggi puncak tulang alveolar dilakukan pada gambaran radiografi panoramik digital dengan menggunakan software Image J dan plugin dari Preus. Perubahan sudut I-NA didapatkan dari analisis sefalometri metode Steiner pada rekam medik. Hasil: Hasil analisis t-test berpasangan memperlihatkan bahwa tinggi puncak tulang alveolar empat gigi insisif rahang atas sesudah perawatan ortodonti pada kasus retraksi empat gigi anterior mengalami perubahan signifikan (p0,05). Simpulan: Tinggi puncak tulang alveolar empat gigi insisif rahang atas mengalami penurunan yang signifikan sesudah perawatan ortodonti pada kasus retraksi empat gigi anterior. Perubahan sudut I-NA tidak berhubungan tinggi puncak tulang alveolar empat gigi insisif rahang atas. Kata kunci: alveolar; insisif; software; retraksi; ortodonti; panora ABSTRACT Introduction: Fixed orthodontic treatment with anterior maxillary teeth retraction can cause a decrease in the height of the alveolar bone crest. Bone resorption and apposition are caused by tooth movement; if the resorption process is more significant than apposition, there can be a decrease in the height of the alveolar bone crest. The magnitude of the retraction of the four maxillary incisors can be assessed by measuring the I-NA angle. The relationship between the magnitude of retraction and the alveolar crest height changes needs to be evaluated. Methods: This research method is a comparative analysis to study the relationship between the changes in I-NA angle and the height of the alveolar bone crest of the four maxillary incisors after orthodontic treatment with four anterior teeth retraction. The 38 samples from patients with Class I and II malocclusion were obtained. The height of the alveolar bone was measured on a digital panoramic radiograph using Image J software and a plugin from Preus, and the changes in the I-NA angle were measured with the Steiner cephalometric analysis. Results: The results of paired t-test analysis showed that the height of the alveolar bone crest of the four maxillary incisors after orthodontic treatment with four maxillary incisors retraction experienced a significant change (p0.05). Conclusion: The height of the alveolar bone crest of the four maxillary incisors decreased significantly after orthodontic treatment in the retraction of the four anterior teeth. Changes in the I-NA angle were not related to the height of the alveolar crest of the four maxillary incisors. Keywords : alveolar; incisor; software; retraction; orthodontic ; panoramic

Copyright of Acta Odontologica Turcica is the property of Acta Odontologica Turcica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Dental Sciences is the property of Turkiye Klinikleri and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Dental Sciences is the property of Turkiye Klinikleri and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Health Sciences / Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi is the property of Erciyes Universitesi Saglik Bilimleri Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Aydin Dental Journal is the property of Aydin Dental Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: To determine treatment expectations of patients and parents, and the initial effects of fixed functional devices on oral health-related quality of life. Materials and Method: The study comprised 50 patients (39 female, 11 male, mean age 16.24 years) with Angle Class II,1 malocclusion, who were planned to be treated with forsus fatigue resistant device (FFRD). Treatment expectations of the patients and their parents/legal guardians were assessed before the treatment. The Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-14) was assessed 1-month after bonding (T1), and repeated 1-month after placement of FFRD (T2). Statistical analysis included Wilcoxon Signed Rank test for the evaluation of the differences in scores between treatment periods and Mann-Whitney U test for the evaluation of gender differences. Results: Main motivation for seeking orthodontic treatment was to improve dental appearance for the patients, and facial esthetics for their parents. Results declared that girls took their orthodontic problems more seriously than boys (p

Copyright of Journal of Ege University School of Dentistry / Ege Üniversitesi Dis Hekimligi Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of Ege University Faculty of Dentistry and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Anatolian Clinic Journal of Medical Sciences is the property of Hayat Saglik ve Sosyal Hizmetler Vakfi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Banyak pasien dewasa membutuhkan perawatan ortodonti karena alasan estetis. Selain itu, perawatan ortodonti untuk mengoreksi maloklusi dapat membantu pasien untuk melakukan prosedur kontrol plak yang adekuat. Namun, klinisi tidak dapat memulai perawatan ortodonti ketika jaringan periodontal belum stabil dan dalam kondisi inflamasi. Oleh karena itu, klinisi harus dapat mendiagnosa dan mempersiapkan kondisi periodontal agar dalam kondisi yang sehat dan stabil sebelum memulai perawatan ortodonti. Selain itu, diperlukan waktu untuk mencapai kondisi periodontal yang sehat dan stabil setelah terapi periodontal. Prosedur pembedahan dan regenerasi memerlukan waktu penyembuhan yang jauh lebih lama dibandingkan pendekatan yang lebih sederhana. Tujuan penulisan laporan kasus ini adalah untuk menunjukkan pendekatan terapi periodontal yang lebih sederhana agar perawatan ortodonti dapat dimulai lebih awal. Terapi periodontal yang sederhana seperti scaling, root planing, dan kuretase, efektif untuk meningkatkan kondisi periodontal kompromis menjadi lebih sehat dan stabil. Selain itu, terapi periodontal tetap harus dilanjutkan selama dan sesudah perawatan ortodonti, untuk mempertahankan kondisi periodontal yang bebas inflamasi.

Copyright of Journal of Ege University School of Dentistry / Ege Üniversitesi Dis Hekimligi Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of Ege University Faculty of Dentistry and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Istanbul Gelisim University Journal of Health Sciences / İstanbul Gelişim Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi is the property of Istanbul Gelisim Universitesi Saglik Bilimleri Yuksekokulu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Odontologica Turcica is the property of Acta Odontologica Turcica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Dental Sciences is the property of Turkiye Klinikleri and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Dental Sciences is the property of Turkiye Klinikleri and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Dental Sciences is the property of Turkiye Klinikleri and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Health Sciences / Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi is the property of Erciyes Universitesi Saglik Bilimleri Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Odontologica Turcica is the property of Acta Odontologica Turcica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)