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Patchouli has begun to be widely cultivated by farmers in Burana Village with its easy cultivation and offer a promising profit. This study aims to determine whether or not it is feasible to develop a patchouli farming business in this area. Quantitative research is used to anlyze farm costs, farming profits, farm income, return cost ratio (R/C), capital productivity (n/C) and break-even point analysis (BEP). The results showed that the average area of farmers' land is 47.22 acres, so the average cost of production on patchouli farming is Rp. 23,521,073, and the average revenue obtained is Rp. 30,486,379, then the average profit for each respondent is Rp. 6,965,306, so the R/C ratio obtained is 1.3 because the value of the R/C ratio is greater than 1, so patchouli farming is feasible. The value of π/C 0.29 indicates a profitable business where each additional cost of Rp. 100 then a profit of Rp. 29 (29%). The analysis of break-even point for the production volume in patchouli farming is 53,458 kg, meaning that at 53,458 kg the patchouli business is profitable because the patchouli product number of 53,456 kg is below the average product figure of 69.998 kg. Analysis of the point of return for the cost of production in patchouli farming is Rp. 336,025 shows that it is still below the market price of Rp. 439,995, means that the patchouli business is profitable.

ABSTRACT Here, I describe a “Weekly Flow” strategy for structuring college biology courses and making organization transparent to students. Building a course around an established weekly schedule that consists of the same, or similar, elements (for example, assessments, readings, assignment types, and/or class activities) provides structure and predictability that helps students with time management and therefore enables them to engage more deeply with the course material. This flexible framework can be applied in a wide variety of course types and teaching modalities. Adding this explicit structure to a course, or simply using the framework to make existing course organization more transparent to students, is a simple intervention that supports student learning by facilitating, modeling, and providing an opportunity to practice effective time management, something many undergraduate students struggle with.

Von Willebrand factor (VWF) is a multimeric hemostatic protein primarily synthesized in endothelial cells. VWF is stored in endothelial storage organelles, the Weibel-Palade bodies (WPB), whose biogenesis strongly depends on VWF anterograde trafficking and Golgi architecture. Elongated WPB morphology is correlated to longer VWF strings with better adhesive properties. We previously identified the SNARE SEC22B, which is involved in anterograde endoplasmic reticulum-to-Golgi transport, as a novel regulator of WPB elongation. To elucidate novel determinants of WPB morphology we explored endothelial SEC22B interaction partners in a mass spectrometry-based approach, identifying the Golgi SNARE Syntaxin 5 (STX5). We established STX5 knockdown in endothelial cells using shRNA-dependent silencing and analyzed WPB and Golgi morphology, using confocal and electron microscopy. STX5-depleted endothelial cells exhibited extensive Golgi fragmentation and decreased WPB length, which was associated with reduced intracellular VWF levels, and impaired stimulated VWF secretion. However, the secretion-incompetent organelles in shSTX5 cells maintained WPB markers such as Angiopoietin 2, P-selectin, Rab27A, and CD63. In brief, we identified SNARE protein STX5 as a novel regulator of WPB biogenesis.

Human myeloid leukemia cells (HL-60/S4) exposed to hyperosmotic stress with sucrose undergo dehydration and cell shrinkage. Interphase chromatin and mitotic chromosomes congeal, exhibiting altered phase separation (demixing) of chromatin proteins. To investigate changes in the transcriptome, we exposed HL-60/S4 cells to hyperosmotic sucrose stress (~600 milliOsmolar) for 30 and 60 minutes. We employed RNA-Seq of polyA mRNA to identify genes with increased or decreased transcript levels relative to untreated control cells (i.e., differential gene expression). These genes were examined for over-representation of Gene Ontology (GO) terms. In stressed cells, multiple GO terms associated with transcription, translation, mitochondrial function and proteosome activity, as well as "replication-dependent histones", were over-represented among genes with increased transcript levels; whereas, genes with decreased transcript levels were over-represented with transcription repressors. The transcriptome profiles of hyperosmotically-stressed cells suggest acquisition of cellular rebuilding, a futile homeostatic response, as these cells are ultimately doomed to a dehydrated death. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article, titled "50th Anniversary of the Nucleosome Discovery: a Brief Essay," discusses the groundbreaking discovery of nucleosomes in 1974. Prior to this discovery, it was believed that histone proteins covered DNA, creating irregular fibers. However, electron micrographs revealed that nucleosome beads represent a defined structure with histones on the inside and DNA coiled around the outside. This discovery simplified our understanding of chromatin structure, but subsequent research has shown the complexity of histone variants and epigenetic modifications. Current chromatin research focuses on higher levels of structure and regulation. [Extracted from the article]