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Spondyloarthritis is an inflammatory disease characterised by tendon adhesions and sacroiliitis. Herein, we present a case of reactive arthritis (ReA) after Chlamydia infection. The condition was characterised by rotator cuff enthesitis accompanied by inflammation of the rotator cuff muscles and presence of contrast-enhanced lesions at several tendon attachments without pelvic sacroiliitis. Some studies have reported about shoulder joint involvement observed on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in ankylosing spondylitis and psoriatic arthritis. However, there are no reports on shoulder lesions detected on MRI in C. trachomatis infection-associated ReA. The patient presented with hip, lower back and right shoulder pain. MRI of the pelvis revealed inflammation of the tendon attachments such as the spinous process, sciatic tuberosity and greater and lesser trochanter. However, sacroiliitis was not observed. These imaging findings indicated enthesitis. The patient tested positive for C. trachomatis immunoglobulin but negative for HLA-B27 antigen. Hence, he was diagnosed with Chlamydia-related ReA. Antibiotic treatment combined with sulfasalazine was initiated. This resulted in an evident clinical improvement without remission. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case report showing the presence of shoulder lesions on MRI in C. trachomatis infection-associated ReA. Further, this study showed that shoulder lesions in spondyloarthritis, including ReA, are characterised by not only adhesive inflammation but also bone marrow oedema in the tendon attachments and rotator cuff inflammation., (© 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of University of Washington.)

Postpolypectomy syndrome (PPS), also known as postpolypectomy coagulation syndrome or transmural burn syndrome, is a rare complication following colonic polypectomy characterized by abdominal pain, fever, and leukocytosis. Herein, we present a case of a patient in his 70s who developed abdominal pain and fever after a polypectomy. He was diagnosed with PPS, which rapidly progressed to septic shock necessitating left hemicolectomy. Pathological findings confirmed intestinal necrosis and severe electrocoagulation injury. Despite surgical intervention, the patient succum to multiple complications. While usually mild, approximately 0.07% of PPS cases require hospitalization due to localized peritonitis from electrocautery. Conservative management is effective, though severe complications are rare. Despite its generally favorable prognosis, our case highlights rapid progression to fatal septic shock postsurgery. Recognition of PPS is crucial, particularly in patients with abdominal pain postpolypectomy, as it can lead to life-threatening outcomes., (© 2024 The Authors.)

Cryptococcal meningitis is one of the most common fungal meningitis in adults and causes disabling morbidity and mortality worldwide. The occurrence of postinfectious inflammatory response syndrome during cryptococcal meningitis treatment presents a diagnostic challenge. This time course seems paradoxical because patients show worsening symptoms and imaging findings. However, laboratory data improve with antifungal treatments. Herein, we present a case of an older woman diagnosed with cryptococcal meningitis who later developed postinfectious inflammatory response syndrome. Despite the initial antifungal treatment and improvements in cerebrospinal fluid analysis results, the patient's neurological condition deteriorated; imaging findings worsened. Magnetic resonance imaging at the time of postinfectious inflammatory response syndrome showed more prominent meningeal enhancement and brain edema, consistent with postinfectious inflammatory response syndrome, combined with negative repeat cerebrospinal fluid cultures for cryptococcal species. This case highlights the importance of considering postinfectious inflammatory response syndrome when patients with cryptococcal meningitis show clinical worsening during treatment. Prompt corticosteroid therapy significantly improves patient outcomes. Radiologists and clinicians should be aware of postinfectious inflammatory response syndrome to provide appropriate therapeutic options and improve prognosis in patients with cryptococcal meningitis., (Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of University of Washington.)

In 2004, the equine-origin H3N8 canine influenza virus (CIV) first caused an outbreak with lethal cases in racing greyhounds in Florida, USA, and then spread to domestic dogs nationwide. Although transmission of this canine virus to humans has not been reported, it is important to evaluate its zoonotic potential because of the high contact opportunities between companion dogs and humans. To gain insight into the interspecies transmissibility of H3N8 CIV, we tested its adaptability to human respiratory A549 cells through successive passages. We found that CIV acquired high growth properties in these cells mainly through mutations in surface glycoproteins, such as hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Our reverse genetics approach revealed that HA2-K82E, HA2-R163K, and NA-S18L mutations were responsible for the increased growth of CIV in human cells. Molecular analyses revealed that both HA2 mutations altered the optimum pH for HA membrane fusion activity and that the NA mutation changed the HA-NA functional balance. These findings suggest that H3N8 CIV could evolve into a human pathogen with pandemic potential through a small number of mutations, thereby posing a threat to public health in the future., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Hashimoto's encephalopathy is an autoimmune disease characterized by diverse clinical and imaging manifestations, often presenting considerable challenges in its diagnosis, especially when myelitis occurs before the onset of encephalopathy. Anti-N-terminal of α-enolase antibodies targeting the N-terminal of α-enolase are specific serum markers of Hashimoto's encephalopathy; however, studies analyzing their association with myelitis are lacking. Herein, we describe the case of a patient with myelitis who later developed encephalopathy. Owing to positivity for anti-N-terminal of α-enolase antibodies in the serum, a diagnosis of Hashimoto's encephalopathy was made. Detecting anti-NAE antibodies can be useful in diagnosing myelitis of unknown etiology., (© 2024 The Authors.)

Background: Treponema pallidum can invade the central nervous system (CNS) early in its infection, causing neurosyphilis. Neurosyphilis typically presents with meningovasculitis in the acute or subacute phase, while tabes dorsalis and dementia paralytica are classical conditions in the later stages. However, syphilis is often misdiagnosed as other conditions such as tumors or autoimmune diseases including vasculitis and encephalitis, which is why the condition is known as "The Great Mimicker." The increasing incidence of syphilis in recent years emphasizes the importance of early diagnosis and treatment; however, its multiple clinical manifestations impose diagnostic challenges for clinicians because it resembles other diseases. In this case series, we present the impressive manifestations of neurosyphilis through three unique radiological presentations., Case Presentation: Case 1 details optic nerve involvement in an HIV-positive male, where MRI and fundoscopic findings confirmed syphilitic optic neuritis. Case 2 describes a patient in her pregnancy initially suspected of acoustic neuroma on MRI, later diagnosed with syphilitic gumma affecting the inner ear canal. Case 3 is a young male with clinical features mimicking temporal arteritis, ultimately identified as skull osteomyelitis secondarily causing inflammation of the musculus temporalis and meningitis., Conclusions: These cases underscore the necessity of considering syphilis in differential diagnoses, given the diversity of its clinical presentations. Radiology plays an important role in avoiding unnecessary interventions. The increasing prevalence of recurrent syphilis imposes diagnostic challenges, emphasizing the importance of the early diagnosis and treatment of neurosyphilis by clinicians., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Photochromism through excited-state intermolecular proton transfer (ESInterPT) processes based on keto-enol tautomerization was found in phenazine-2,3-diol PD1 and its monoalkoxy derivative PD2 in a glassy matrix at 77 K: the colorless solutions of enol forms PD1-E and PD2-E at 298 K transformed into orange-colored solutions of keto forms PD1-K and PD2-K upon photoirradiation ( λ = 385 nm) at 77 K. Furthermore, this report is the first to achieve the single-crystal X-ray structural analyses of phenazine-2,3-diol PD1 and its monoalkoxy derivative PD2, since the report on the synthesis of PD1 70 years ago. Indeed, it was found that PD1 and PD2 molecules exist in the keto form (PD1-K) and the enol form (PD2-E), respectively, in the crystal, and the neighboring PD1-K and PD2-E molecules are linked by one-dimensional intermolecular NH⋯O and OH⋯N hydrogen bonding, respectively. The fact suggests strongly that for PD1 and PD2, the formation of continuous intermolecular hydrogen bonding in aggregates such as in a glassy matrix at 77 K is involved in the keto-enol tautomerization of phenazine-2,3-diol derivatives based on ESInterPT. More interestingly, the color and the photoabsorption spectrum of the solids obtained by sublimation of crystals of PD2-E are similar to those for the crystals of PD1-K, indicating that the PD2 molecule exists in the keto form (PD2-K) in the solid of the sublimate. Therefore, this study provides a valuable insight for a greater understanding of the keto-enol tautomerization of diazaacene-diol derivatives and their photophysical properties in the solution and in the solid state.

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), one of the neurotrophins, and its specific receptor TrkB, are abundantly distributed in the central nervous system (CNS) and have a variety of biological effects, such as neural survival, neurite elongation, neural differentiation, and enhancing synaptic functions. Currently, there are two TrkB subtypes: full-length TrkB (TrkB-FL), which has a tyrosine kinase in the intracellular domain, and TrkB-T1, which is a tyrosine kinase-deficient form. While TrkB-FL is a typical tyrosine kinase receptor, TrkB-T1 is a main form expressed in the CNS of adult mammals, but its function is unknown. In this study, we performed fluorescent staining of the cerebral cortex of adult mice, by using TrkB-T1 antiserum and various antibodies of marker molecules for neurons and glial cells. We found that TrkB-T1 was expressed not only in neurons but also in astrocytes. In contrast, little expression of TrkB-T1 was found in oligodendrocytes and microglia. TrkB-T1 was expressed in almost all of the cells expressing TrkB-FL, indicating the direct interaction between TrkB subtypes. These findings suggest that a part of various functions of BDNF-TrkB signaling might be due to the interaction and cellular localization of TrkB subtypes in the cerebral cortex., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest Author declares no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Influenza D virus (IDV) is one of the causative agents of bovine respiratory disease complex, which is the most common and economically burdensome disease affecting the cattle industry, and the need for an IDV vaccine has been proposed to enhance disease control. IDVs are classified into five genetic lineages based on the coding sequences of the hemagglutinin-esterase-fusion (HEF) protein, an envelope glycoprotein, which is the main target of protective antibodies against IDV infection. Herein, we prepared a panel of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against the HEF protein of viruses of various lineages to investigate the antigenic characteristics of IDVs and found that the mAbs could be largely separated into three groups. The first, second, and third groups demonstrated lineage-specific reactivity, cross-reactivity to viruses of multiple but not all lineages, and cross-reactivity to viruses of all lineages, respectively. Analyzing the escape mutant viruses from virus-neutralizing mAbs revealed that the receptor-binding region of the HEF molecule harbors virus-neutralizing epitopes that are conserved across multiple lineage viruses. In contrast, the apex region of the molecule possessed epitopes unique to each lineage virus. Furthermore, reverse genetics-generated recombinant viruses with point mutations revealed that amino acids within positions 210-214 of the HEF protein determined the antigenic specificity of each lineage virus. Taken together, this study reveals considerable antigenic variation among IDV lineages, although they are presumed to form a single serotype in terms of HEF antigenicity. Characterization of the antigenic epitope structure of HEF may contribute to selecting and creating effective vaccine viruses against IDV.IMPORTANCEInfluenza D viruses (IDVs) are suggested to create cross-reactive single serotypes in hemagglutinin-esterase-fusion (HEF) antigenicity, as indicated by serological analyses among distinct HEF lineage viruses. This is supported by the high identities of HEF gene sequences among strains, unlike the hemagglutinin (HA) genes of the influenza A virus that exhibit HA subtypes. Herein, we analyzed HEF antigenicity using a monoclonal antibody panel prepared from several virus lineages and found the existence of lineage-conserved and lineage-specific epitopes in HEF molecules. These findings confirm the HEF commonality and divergence among IDVs and provide useful information for constructing a vaccine containing a recombinant IDV virus with an engineered HEF gene, thereby leading to broad immunogenicity., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Introduction: In transbronchial biopsy of peripheral pulmonary lesions, the bronchoscope can reach only a limited depth due to the progressive narrowing of bronchi, which may reduce the diagnostic rate. This study examined the balloon dilatation for bronchoscope delivery (BDBD) technique, employing a novel balloon device to enhance bronchoscopy into the peripheral lung areas., Methods: Anaesthetised swine served as our primary model. Using computed tomography (CT) scans, we positioned virtual targets characterised by a positive bronchus sign and a diameter of 20 mm beneath the pleura. The bronchoscope was navigated along the pathways determined from the CT images. We performed balloon dilatation when bronchial narrowing obstructed progress to assess whether balloon dilatation would enable the bronchoscope to enter further into the periphery., Results: We established 21 virtual targets on the CT scans. An average of 12.1 branches were identified along the pathways on the CT scans; however, bronchoscopy without BDBD only allowed access to an average of 6.7 branches. Based on 72 balloon dilatations with 3.0-mm or 4.0-mm ultra-thin bronchoscopes, there was an average increased access of 3.43 and 5.14 branches per route, respectively, with no significant BDBD complications. The bronchoscope was able to reach the planned location along all pathways, and the mean final bronchoscopic endpoints were at an average distance of 14.7 mm from the pleura. Post-procedure CT confirmed biopsy accuracy., Conclusion: The BDBD technique can enhance access of a flexible bronchoscope into the peripheral lung fields, which could potentially allow more accurate transbronchial interventions for peripheral targets., (© 2024 S. Karger AG, Basel.)

Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) are critical for the immune response against parasite infection and tissue homeostasis and involved in the pathogenesis of allergy and inflammatory diseases. Although multiple molecules positively regulating ILC2 development and activation have been extensively investigated, the factors limiting their population size and response remain poorly studied. Here, we found that CD45, a membrane-bound tyrosine phosphatase essential for T cell development, negatively regulated ILC2s in a cell-intrinsic manner. ILC2s in CD45-deficient mice exhibited enhanced proliferation and maturation in the bone marrow and hyperactivated phenotypes in the lung with high glycolytic capacity. Furthermore, CD45 signaling suppressed the type 2 inflammatory response by lung ILC2s and alleviated airway inflammation and pulmonary fibrosis. Finally, the interaction with galectin-9 influenced CD45 signaling in ILC2s. These results demonstrate that CD45 is a cell-intrinsic negative regulator of ILC2s and prevents lung inflammation and fibrosis via ILC2s.

Background: Mycobacterium obuense (M. obuense) is a rapidly growing mycobacterium (RGM) which has been considered nonpathogenic. Here, we report a case of disseminated non-tuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) infection caused by M. obuense in an immunocompromised patient., Case Presentation: A 16-year-old boy was referred to our hospital due to acute myeloid leukemia. During the treatment of leukemia, the patient exhibited continuous fever, and diffuse miliary nodules with random distribution were found on chest computed tomography. Repeated examinations of bacterial culture tests revealed sputum and urine samples to be smear-positive for acid-fast bacillus, and blood culture from a peripherally inserted central catheter line showed the growth of NTM. The NTM species was identified as M. obuense by mass spectrometry and confirmed by genome sequencing. Combination therapy with amikacin, rifampicin, azithromycin, and moxifloxacin significantly improved the patient's symptoms and radiological findings., Conclusion: We report a case of disseminated NTM infection caused by M. obuense for which combination anti-microbial therapy was effective. An immunocompromised host indwelling catheter is at risk of RGM bloodstream infections. Although relatively rare, M. obuense may be considered as a potential pathogen causing infectious diseases, especially in high-risk patients., (© 2023. BioMed Central Ltd., part of Springer Nature.)

Phenazine-2,3-diol-based dyes, KY-1Na and KY-2Na bearing one and two carboxylic acid sodium salts, respectively, have been newly developed as water-soluble photosensitizers (PSs) possessing the ability to generate singlet oxygen ( 1 O 2 ). In order to evaluate the solubility of KY-1Na and KY-2Na in water, the hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity of the two PSs was investigated by experimental measurement of the logarithms (log  P o/w ) of the 1-octanol/water partition coefficient ( P o/w ) for the PS. The log  P o/w values of both KY-1Na and KY-2Na were determined to be -0.9, indicating that both the PSs are more hydrophilic than Rose Bengal (-0.6) and have hydrophilicity equivalent to methylene blue (-0.9). Both the PSs in water show a broad photoabsorption band in the range of 500 to 600 nm. Thus, we estimated the 1 O 2 quantum yields ( Φ Δ ) of KY-1Na and KY-2Na in water by using 9,10-anthracenediyl-bis(methylene)dimalonic acid (ABDA) as a water-soluble 1 O 2 scavenger. It was found that in water the Φ Δ value (0.19) of KY-2Na is higher than that of KY-1Na (0.06). Density functional theory (DFT) calculations suggested that the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) distributions for the molecular structure of KY-2Na are adequately separated, leading to a decrease in the energy gap (Δ E ST ) between the singlet state (S 1 ) and the triplet state (T 1 ) that causes efficient intersystem crossing (ISC), compared to that for the molecular structure of KY-1Na. Indeed, time-dependent DFT (TD-DFT) calculations demonstrated that the Δ E ST (S 1 -T 1 ) value (0.82 eV) of KY-2Na is smaller than that (0.98 eV) of KY-1Na, resulting in a relatively high Φ Δ value of KY-2Na. Consequently, we demonstrate that phenazine-2,3-diol-based PSs bearing carboxylic acid salts possess high solubility and moderate 1 O 2 generation ability in water.

We demonstrate for the first time the structure identification and narrow-bandgap property of 1D hybridized SnO/SnO 2 nanoparticles derived from the calcination of a single-source precursor, i.e., tin(II) oxalate. Systematic Raman analysis together with high-resolution TEM (HR-TEM) measurements of the tin oxide samples were carried out by changing the calcination temperatures. These data revealed the simultaneous formation of 1D SnO/SnO 2 in the rod particles that grew in air. It was also found that Sn(II) can be introduced by changing the concentration of Sn(II) salt in the precursor synthesis and the maximum temperature in calcination. Particles measuring 20~30 nm were sintered to produce tin oxide nanorods including tin monoxide, SnO. Photoabsorption properties associated with the formation of the SnO/SnO 2 nanocomposites were also investigated. Tauc plots indicate that the obtained tin oxide samples had a lower bandgap of 2.9~3.0 eV originating from SnO in addition to a higher bandgap of around 3.5~3.7 eV commonly observed for SnO 2 . Such 1D SnO x /SnO 2 hybrids via tin oxalate synthesis with this optical property would benefit new materials design for photoenergy conversion systems, such as photocatalysts.

Group 1 innate lymphoid cells (G1-ILCs), including circulating natural killer (NK) cells and tissue-resident type 1 ILCs (ILC1s), are innate immune sentinels critical for responses against infection and cancer. In contrast to relatively uniform NK cells through the body, diverse ILC1 subsets have been characterized across and within tissues in mice, but their developmental and functional heterogeneity remain unsolved. Here, using multimodal in vivo approaches including fate-mapping and targeting of the interleukin 15 (IL-15)-producing microenvironment, we demonstrate that liver parenchymal niches support the development of a cytotoxic ILC1 subset lacking IL-7 receptor (7 R - ILC1s). During ontogeny, fetal liver (FL) G1-ILCs arise perivascularly and then differentiate into 7 R - ILC1s within sinusoids. Hepatocyte-derived IL-15 supports parenchymal development of FL G1-ILCs to maintain adult pool of 7 R - ILC1s. IL-7R + (7R + ) ILC1s in the liver, candidate precursors for 7 R - ILC1s, are not essential for 7 R - ILC1 development in physiological conditions. Functionally, 7 R - ILC1s exhibit killing activity at steady state through granzyme B expression, which is underpinned by constitutive mTOR activity, unlike NK cells with exogenous stimulation-dependent cytotoxicity. Our study reveals the unique ontogeny and functions of liver-specific ILC1s, providing a detailed interpretation of ILC1 heterogeneity., Competing Interests: TA, SA, GC, AS, TN, HM, SK, KO, JD, MM, AS, HO, KI No competing interests declared, (© 2023, Asahi et al.)

Background/aim: Maxillary sinus cancer is a relatively rare disease, and treatment is still evolving. We compared the efficacy of superselective intra-arterial infusion of high-dose cisplatin (CDDP) with concomitant radiotherapy (RADPLAT) using three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3DCRT) or intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) and analyzed the relationship between the total radiation dose and the treatment outcome in localized maxillary sinus cancer., Patients and Methods: We reviewed the cases of 58 patients with localized maxillary sinus cancer treated with RADPLAT at our institution from March 2004 to November 2020. These 58 patients included 34 who received 3DCRT and 24 who received IMRT., Results: The median follow-up period was 38.4 months. The median prescribed dose to the local lesion was 66 Gy in the 3DCRT group and 70 Gy in the IMRT group. CDDP (100-120 mg/m 2 ) was administered once a week for a median of 6 cycles. The 5-year local control rate and overall survival rate were 69.9% and 72.2%, respectively. The patients treated with 70 Gy had a significantly higher local control rate (87.7%) than those treated with 60 Gy or less (41.0%) (p=0.011). No late grade 3 or higher eye disorders except for cataracts developed in the IMRT group, while grade 4 eye disorders occurred in four patients receiving 3DCRT., Conclusion: IMRT can escalate radiation dose safely with acceptable toxicities. The total dose may have an impact on the local control rate in RADPLAT., (Copyright © 2023 International Institute of Anticancer Research (Dr. George J. Delinasios), All rights reserved.)

Silicone implant arthroplasty is an alternative surgical intervention for painful and deformed osteoarthritis of the distal interphalangeal (DIP) joints. DIP joint stability is essential for hand function; however, it carries a potential risk of postoperative joint instability. To address this concern, an intramedullary implant insetting method was used to maintain joint stability by minimum resection of the head of the middle phalanx and preserving the collateral ligament. In the new method, the length of the bone excision was limited to maintain the lateral cortical bone with the insertion of the collateral ligament, and the medullary cavity of the middle phalanx was partially removed to intentionally set the hinge part of the silicone implant in the medullary canal. Between 20 digits of the conventional approach and 23 digits of the intramedullary insetting method, there were no significant differences in patient demographics (ie, age, affected hand, and finger), and clinical characteristics (ie, active DIP joint arc, DIP joint extension loss, grip strength, visual analog scale, and Quick Disabilities of the Arms, Shoulder and Hand questionnaire score) before and over 6 months after surgery. However, postoperative joint instability was significantly lower with the intramedullary insetting method, with a significantly shorter length of bone excision of the middle phalanx. This new approach is more beneficial than the conventional approach for preventing postoperative joint instability., Competing Interests: The authors have no financial interest to declare in relation to the content of this article., (Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of The American Society of Plastic Surgeons.)

Influenza D virus (IDV) is a causative agent of the bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC), which is the most common and costly disease affecting the cattle industry. For developing a candidate vaccine virus against IDV, we sought to produce a temperature-sensitive strain, similar to the live attenuated, cold-adapted vaccine strain available against the influenza A virus (IAV). To this end, we produced a recombinant IDV (designated rD/OK-AL) strain by introducing mutations responsible for the adaptation of the IAV vaccine strain to cold conditions and conferring sensitivity to high temperatures into PB2 and PB1 proteins using reverse genetics. The rD/OK-AL strain grew efficiently at 33 °C but did not grow at 37 °C in the cell culture, indicating its high-temperature sensitivity. In mice, rD/OK-AL was attenuated following intranasal inoculation. It mediated the production of high levels of antibodies against IDV in the serum. When the rD/OK-AL-inoculated mice were challenged with the wild-type virus, the virus was not detected in respiratory organs after the challenge, indicating complete protection against IDV. These results imply that the rD/OK-AL might be a potential candidate for the development of live attenuated vaccines for IDV that can be used to control BRDC., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

The aim of this study was to develop dual segmentation models for poorly and well-differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), using two-step transfer learning (TSTL) based on dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) computed tomography (CT) images. From 2013 to 2019, DCE-CT images of 128 patients with 80 poorly differentiated and 48 well-differentiated HCCs were selected at our hospital. In the first transfer learning (TL) step, a pre-trained segmentation model with 192 CT images of lung cancer patients was retrained as a poorly differentiated HCC model. In the second TL step, a well-differentiated HCC model was built from a poorly differentiated HCC model. The average three-dimensional Dice's similarity coefficient (3D-DSC) and 95th-percentile of the Hausdorff distance (95% HD) were mainly employed to evaluate the segmentation accuracy, based on a nested fourfold cross-validation test. The DSC denotes the degree of regional similarity between the HCC reference regions and the regions estimated using the proposed models. The 95% HD is defined as the 95th-percentile of the maximum measures of how far two subsets of a metric space are from each other. The average 3D-DSC and 95% HD were 0.849 ± 0.078 and 1.98 ± 0.71 mm, respectively, for poorly differentiated HCC regions, and 0.811 ± 0.089 and 2.01 ± 0.84 mm, respectively, for well-differentiated HCC regions. The average 3D-DSC for both regions was 1.2 times superior to that calculated without the TSTL. The proposed model using TSTL from the lung cancer dataset showed the potential to segment poorly and well-differentiated HCC regions on DCE-CT images., (© 2022. Australasian College of Physical Scientists and Engineers in Medicine.)

With increasing knowledge of the diverse roles of exosomes in biological processes, much attention has been paid to the development of analytical methods for exosome analysis. Here, we developed a new class of amphipathic helical (AH) peptide-based fluorescent probes for highly sensitive detection of exosomes in a mix and read manner. Membrane curvature-sensing AH peptide (ApoC) was coupled with lipophilic tail (C12)-carrying thiazole red (TR) for construction of a self-assembly/disassembly based fluorescence "off-on" sensing system for target exosomes. ApoC-TR C12 has extremely weak emission due to the formation of the aggregates, whereas it becomes emissive in response to the target exosomes through the binding-induced disassembly of ApoC-TR C12 . We demonstrated that the C12 unit attached to the TR unit had a favorable effect on both fluorescence response (signal-to-background: S/B) and binding affinity. ApoC-TR C12 was applicable to rapid and simple detection of exosomes with high detection sensitivity (limit of detection ≈ 10 3 particles/μL).

Molecular photoswitches have been widely used as molecular machines in various fields due to the small structures and simple motions generated in reversible isomerization. However, common photoswitches, as represented by azobenzene (AB), cannot combine both large motions and high thermal stability, which are critically important for some practical applications in addition to high photoisomerization yields. Here, we focus on a promising photoswitch, stiff stilbene (SS), and its derivative, sterically hindered SS (HSS). The detailed investigation of their performance with a comparison to AB demonstrated that HSS is an outstanding photoswitch offering larger motions than AB and SS, ca. 90% photoisomerization in both E -to- Z and Z -to- E directions, and significantly high thermal stability with a half-life of ca. 1000 years at room temperature. The superior performance of HSS promises its use in various applications, even where previous photoswitches have troubles and are unavailable.

We evaluated the basic characteristics and efficacy of our newly developed patient fixation system for head and neck radiotherapy that uses a dedicated mouthpiece and dental impression materials. The present investigation demonstrated that with this system, the changes in the absorbed dose to water depending on the material of the mouthpiece were small, with a maximum of 0.32% for a 10-MV photon beam. For the dental impression material, we selected a silicone material with the lowest Hounsfield unit (HU) value that had little effect on the generation of artifacts and the quality of the X-ray beam. Multiphase magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed that the head-up and -down motions in the thermoplastic shell without the mouthpiece were 5.76 ± 1.54 mm, whereas the motion with the mouthpiece decreased significantly to 1.72 ± 0.92 mm (P = 0.006). Similarly, the head-left and -right motion displacement decreased from 6.32 ± 1.86 mm without the mouthpiece to 1.80 ± 0.42 mm with the mouthpiece (P = 0.003). Regarding the tongue depressor function of the mouthpiece, the median distance from the hard palate to the surface of the tongue was 28.42 mm. The present results indicate that the new immobilization device developed herein that uses a mouthpiece and a thermoplastic shell is useful for suppressing patients' head motions and tongue positions., (© The Author(s) 2022. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Japanese Radiation Research Society and Japanese Society for Radiation Oncology. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

The poplar cationic cell-wall-bound peroxidase (CWPO-C) mediates the oxidative polymerization of lignin precursors, especially sinapyl alcohols, and high molecular weight compounds that cannot be oxidized by other plant peroxidases, including horseradish peroxidase C. Therefore, CWPO-C is believed to be a lignification-specific peroxidase, but direct evidence of its function is lacking. Thus, the CWPO-C expression pattern in Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) was determined using the β -glucuronidase gene as a reporter. Our data indicated that CWPO-C  was expressed in young organs, including the meristem, leaf, root, flower, and young xylem in the upper part of the stem. Compared with the wild-type control, transgenic Arabidopsis plants overexpressing CWPO-C had shorter stems. Approximately 60% of the plants in the transgenic line with the highest CWPO-C content had curled stems. These results indicate that CWPO-C plays a role in cell elongation. When plants were placed horizontally, induced CWPO-C expression was detected in the curved part of the stem during the gravitropic response. The stem curvature associated with gravitropism is controlled by auxin localization. The time needed for Arabidopsis plants overexpressing CWPO-C placed horizontally to bend by 90° was almost double the time required for the similarly treated wild-type controls. Moreover, the auxin content was significantly lower in the CWPO-C -overexpressing plants than in the wild-type plants. These results strongly suggest that CWPO-C has pleiotropic effects on plant growth and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) accumulation. These effects may be mediated by altered IAA concentration due to oxidation., Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-022-01241-0., Competing Interests: Conflict of interestThe authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article., (© The Author(s) 2022.)

Introduction: Thromboangiitis obliterans (TAO) is a rare disease of unknown cause that causes segmental vasculitis in peripheral blood vessels. It is uncertain whether its presence causes serious adverse events in patients receiving external beam radiotherapy., Patient Concerns: A 73-year-old Japanese man with prostate cancer underwent external beam radiotherapy., Diagnosis: After completion of radiotherapy, fingertip pain occurred, leading to the diagnosis of TAO., Interventions: The patient was instructed to stop smoking, but was unable to do so., Outcomes: Nine months after the completion of radiotherapy, fecaluria appeared, and a rectourethral fistula was diagnosed by contrast enema. The patient's TAO was poorly controlled, and the patient died from aspiration pneumonia 33 months after completion of the radiotherapy regimen. No tumor recurrence was observed during this process, and there were no risk factors other than TAO that may have formed a rectourethral fistula., Lessons: This is the first report of rectourethral fistula caused by external beam radiotherapy for prostate cancer in which TAO was suspected to be involved. Although little is known about the relationship between TAO and radiotherapy, it should be noted that radiotherapy itself may increase the risk of normal tissue toxicity in patients with TAO., Competing Interests: The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose., (Copyright © 2022 the Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.)

The (D-π) 2 -type fluorescent dye OTT-2 with two (diphenylamino)carbazole-thiophene units as D (electron-donating group)-π (π-conjugated bridge) moiety and the (D-π) 2 Ph-type fluorescent dye OTK-2 with the two D-π moieties connected through a phenyl ring were derived by oxidative homocoupling of a stannyl D-π unit and Stille coupling of a stannyl D-π unit with 1,3-diiodobenzene, respectively. Their optical and electrochemical properties were investigated by photoabsorption and fluorescence spectroscopy, time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry (CV) and molecular orbital (MO) calculations. In toluene the photoabsorption and fluorescence maximum wavelengths (λ max,abs and λ max,fl ) of OTT-2 appear in a longer wavelength region than those of OTK-2 . The fluorescence quantum yield (Φ fl ) of OTT-2 is 0.41, which is higher than that (Φ fl = 0.36) of OTK-2 . In the solid state OTT-2 shows relatively intense fluorescence properties (Φ fl-solid = 0.24 nm), compared with OTK-2 (Φ fl-solid = 0.15 nm). CV results demonstrated that OTT-2 and OTK-2 exhibit a reversible oxidation wave. Based on photoabsorption, fluorescence spectroscopy and CV for the two dyes, it was found that the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy level of OTT-2 is lower than that of OTK-2 , but OTT-2 and OTK-2 have comparable highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy levels. Consequently, this work reveals that compared to the (D-π) 2 Ph-type structure, the (D-π) 2 -type structure exhibits not only a bathochromic shift of the photoabsorption band, but also intense fluorescence emission both in solution and the solid state., (Copyright © 2022, Takemura et al.)

This study used cine-magnetic resonance imaging (cine-MRI) to evaluate the safety and efficacy of a novel airbag system combined with a shell-type body fixation system in reducing respiratory motion in normal volunteers. The airbag system consists of a six-sided polygon inflatable airbag, a same shape plate, a stiff air supply tube, an air-supply pump and a digital pressure load cell monitor. Piezoelectric sensors were installed in the plate to detect compression pressure load changes; pressure load data were transferred to the digital pressure load cell monitor through Bluetooth. Five volunteers underwent cine-MRI with and without airbag compression to detect differences in the respiratory motion of the organs. The volunteers' physiologic signs were stable during the experiment. The maximum inspiration pressure load was 4.48 ± 0.86 kgf (range, 4.00-6.00 kgf), while the minimum expiration pressure load was 3.69 ± 0.95 kgf (range, 2.8-5.3 kgf). Under airbag compression, the right diaphragm movement was reduced from 19.50 ± 6.43 mm to 9.60 ± 3.61 mm (P < 0.05) in the coronal plane and 23.12 ± 6.30 mm to 11.00 ± 3.69 mm (P < 0.05) in the sagittal plane. The left diaphragm, pancreas and liver in the coronal plane and the right kidney and liver in the sagittal plane also showed significant movement reduction. This novel airbag abdominal compression system was found to be safe during the experiment and successful in the reduction of internal organ respiratory motion and promises to be a convenient and efficient tool for clinical radiotherapy., (© The Author(s) 2022. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Japanese Radiation Research Society and Japanese Society for Radiation Oncology. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Akabane virus (AKAV) is an etiological agent that is teratogenic to the fetus of domestic ruminants, causing a significant loss of reproduction in livestock. In East Asia, AKAV isolates form two major clusters: genogroups I and II. In recent years, genogroup I isolates have also been associated with postnatal encephalomyelitis, mainly in calves. Here, we compared the pathogenicity in mice using genogroup I Iriki and genogroup II OBE-1 strains. Only mice infected intraperitoneally with the Iriki strain died and showed marked replication in the central nervous system (CNS) and lymphoid tissues. A more elevated blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability was found in the Iriki-infected mice in the clinical phase, indicating that the BBB might be a possible route of viral transmission from the periphery to the CNS. These findings demonstrate that the Iriki strain presents greater neurovirulence and neuroinvasiveness compared with the OBE-1 strain, determining different AKAV pathogenicity among genogroups., (Copyright © 2022. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Background: The standardized T1-weighted/T2-weighted (sT1w/T2w) ratio for the middle cerebellar peduncle (MCP) has been reported to be sensitive for detecting degenerative changes in the cerebellar subtype of multiple system atrophy (MSA-C), even in the early stages. We aimed to investigate the diagnostic value of the MCP sT1w/T2w ratio for differentiating between MSA-C and spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA)., Methods: We included 32 MSA-C, 8 SCA type 3 (SCA3), 16 SCA type 6 (SCA6) patients, and 17 controls, and the MCP sT1w/T2w ratio was analyzed using a region-of-interest approach. The diagnostic performance of the MCP sT1w/T2w ratio in discriminating among MSA-C, SCA3, and SCA6 was assessed and compared with diagnosis based on visual interpretation of MCP hyperintensities and the "hot cross bun" (HCB) sign., Results: MCP sT1w/T2w ratio values were markedly lower in patients with MSA-C than in those with SCA3, those with SCA6, and controls (p < 0.001). The MCP sT1w/T2w ratio showed high diagnostic accuracy for distinguishing MSA-C from SCA3 (area under curve = 0.934), SCA6 (area under curve = 0.965), and controls (area under curve = 0.980). The diagnostic accuracy of the MCP sT1w/T2w ratio for differentiating MSA-C from SCA3 or SCA6 (90.0% for MSA-C vs. SCA3, and 91.7% for MSA-C vs. SCA6) was comparable to or superior than that of visual interpretation of MCP hyperintensities (80.0-87.5% in MSA-C vs. SCA3 and 87.6-97.9% in MSA-C vs. SCA6) or the HCB sign (72.5-80.0% in MSA-C vs. SCA3 and 77.1-93.8% in MSA-C vs. SCA6)., Conclusions: The MCP sT1w/T2w ratio might be a sensitive imaging-based marker for detecting MSA-C-related changes and differentiating MSA-C from SCA3 or SCA6., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

The effect of polymers (gelatin, starch, and maltodextrin) on the physical properties of freeze-dried model soup (sodium chloride, sucrose, and monosodium glutamate) was investigated. The polymers were added to the soup solution at 1 or 3% (w/v), which was then freeze-dried at 25 or 50 °C. Gelatin and maltodextrin prevented crystallization of sodium chloride to a greater extent than starch under freezing. Freeze-drying was conducted above the freeze-concentrated glass transition temperature. Polymer addition prolonged drying time, but prevented structural deformation. Gelatin enhanced the physical strength of the freeze-dried solid more than starch and maltodextrin because of its gel-network. In a dissolution test, 1% gelatin, and 1 and 3% maltodextrin exhibited greater dissolution than the other samples. The drying rate was lower at 50 °C, with minor modifications to the other properties. From these results, it was concluded that 1% gelatin was useful as a physical stabilizer for freeze-dried soup., Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13197-021-05161-x., Competing Interests: Conflict of interestThe authors declare that they have no conflict of interest., (© Association of Food Scientists & Technologists (India) 2021.)

Taq1A polymorphism is a DRD2 gene variant located in an exon of the ANKK1 gene and has an important role in the brain's dopaminergic functions. Some studies have indicated that A1 carriers have an increased risk of developing Parkinson's disease (PD) and show poorer clinical performance than A2 homo carriers. Previous studies have suggested that A1 carriers had fewer dopamine D2 receptors in the caudate and increased cortical activity as a compensatory mechanism. However, there is little information about morphological changes associated with this polymorphism in patients with PD. The study's aim was to investigate the relationship between brain volume and Taq1A polymorphism in PD using voxel-based morphometry (VBM). Based on Taq1A polymorphism, 103 patients with PD were divided into two groups: A1 carriers (A1/A1 and A1/A2) and A2 homo carriers (A2/A2). The volume of the left prefrontal cortex (PFC) was significantly decreased in A2 homo carriers compared to A1 carriers. This finding supports the association between Taq1A polymorphism and brain volume in PD and may explain the compensation of cortical function in A1 carriers with PD., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Kenji Ohira et al.)

Objective: More than half of patients with depression display eating disorders, such as bulimia nervosa and anorexia nervosa. Feeding centers are located in the hypothalamus, and hypothalamic adult neurogenesis has an important role in feeding and energy balance. Antidepressants, which can regulate adult neurogenesis in the hippocampus, olfactory bulb, and neocortex, are used for eating disorders, but it is unclear whether antidepressants change hypothalamic adult neurogenesis. In this study, we used immunohistological analysis to assess effects of the antidepressant fluoxetine (FLX) on hypothalamic adult neurogenesis of adult mice., Results: Expressions of the proliferating cell marker, Ki67, and the neural stem cell marker, nestin, were significantly decreased in the hypothalamus by FLX. As regard to postmitotic cells, the number of the neural marker, NeuN, positive cells was significantly upregulated by FLX, but that of the astrocytic marker, S100B, positive cells was significantly reduced by FLX. The number of the oligodendrocyte marker, Olig2, positive cells was not changed by FLX. Interestingly, FLX treatment did not affect the total number of newly generated cells in the hypothalamus, comparing that in controls. These results suggest that FLX treatment influence hypothalamic adult neurogenesis and shift the balance between the numbers of neurons and astrocytes under studied conditions., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Current deep learning-based cerebral aneurysm detection demonstrates high sensitivity, but produces numerous false-positives (FPs), which hampers clinical application of automated detection systems for time-of-flight magnetic resonance angiography. To reduce FPs while maintaining high sensitivity, we developed a multidimensional convolutional neural network (MD-CNN) designed to unite planar and stereoscopic information about aneurysms. This retrospective study enrolled time-of-flight magnetic resonance angiography images of cerebral aneurysms from three institutions from June 2006 to April 2019. In the internal test, 80% of the entire data set was used for model training and 20% for the test, while for the external tests, data from different pairs of the three institutions were used for training and the remaining one for testing. Images containing aneurysms > 15 mm and images without aneurysms were excluded. Three deep learning models [planar information-only (2D-CNN), stereoscopic information-only (3D-CNN), and multidimensional information (MD-CNN)] were trained to classify whether the voxels contained aneurysms, and they were evaluated on each test. The performance of each model was assessed using free-response operating characteristic curves. In total, 732 aneurysms (5.9 ± 2.5 mm) of 559 cases (327, 120, and 112 from institutes A, B, and C; 469 and 263 for 1.5T and 3.0T MRI) were included in this study. In the internal test, the highest sensitivities were 80.4, 87.4, and 82.5%, and the FPs were 6.1, 7.1, and 5.0 FPs/case at a fixed sensitivity of 80% for the 2D-CNN, 3D-CNN, and MD-CNN, respectively. In the external test, the highest sensitivities were 82.1, 86.5, and 89.1%, and 5.9, 7.4, and 4.2 FPs/cases for them, respectively. MD-CNN was a new approach to maintain sensitivity and reduce the FPs simultaneously., Competing Interests: YT is employed by ZOZO Technologies, Inc. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Terasaki, Yokota, Tashiro, Maejima, Takeuchi, Kurosawa, Yamauchi, Takada, Mukai, Ohira, Ota, Horikoshi, Mori, Uno and Suyari.)

Introduction: Appendiceal intussusception sometimes results from appendiceal cancer. Ileocecal resection instead of appendectomy is often chosen as a treatment as it is technically difficult to resect the appendix alone without causing dissemination of appendiceal cells to the abdominal cavity. Herein, we present the first report of a case in which appendiceal intussusception was treated by resection of the appendix alone via simultaneous colonoscopy and laparoscopy., Presentation of Case: A 40-year-old man underwent laparoscopic appendectomy for appendiceal intussusception. Since a neoplastic cause could not be completely ruled out, we planned to carry out oncologically safe appendectomy that would not expose the tumor to the abdominal cavity. The resection was performed in the lumen of the cecum rather than in the abdominal cavity to prevent dissemination of appendiceal cells to the peritoneal cavity during surgery. Histopathologic examination revealed chronic inflammation of the appendix but no malignancy. The postoperative course was uneventful., Discussion: Here, we present a case in which laparoscopic resection of the mesoappendix and colonoscopy-assisted resection of the appendix were performed in combination in a patient with appendiceal intussusception. When the possibility of malignancy is low, this maneuver may prevent patients from undergoing ileocecal resection with lymph node dissection as it prevents exposure of the abdominal cavity to the tumor., Conclusion: Simultaneous performance of laparoscopy and intraoperative colonoscopy is feasible and, from an oncological viewpoint, may be preferable when the cause of appendiceal intussusception is unknown or malignancy is not suspected., (Copyright © 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Astrocyte- and tanycyte-like neural stem cells (NSCs) were recently detected in the area postrema (AP) and central canal (CC) of the adult medulla oblongata, respectively. The present study aimed to examine dynamical behaviors of the astrocyte- and tanycyte-like NSCs of the mouse medulla oblongata to leptin. The neurosphere assay identified astrocytes in the AP and tanycytes in the CC as NSCs based on their self-renewing neurospherogenic potential. Both NSCs in neurosphere cultures were multipotent cells that generate astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and neurons. Astrocyte-like NSCs actively proliferated and tanycyte-like NSCs were quiescent under physiologically-relevant in vivo conditions. Chronic leptin treatment promoted proliferation of astrocyte-like NSCs in the AP both in vitro and in vivo. Leptin receptors were expressed in astrocyte-like, but not tanycyte-like NSCs. Food deprivation significantly diminished proliferation of astrocyte-like NSCs. Therefore, the present study indicates that proliferation of astrocyte-like, but not tanycyte-like NSCs is regulated by nutritional conditions., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. and Japan Neuroscience Society. All rights reserved.)

Influenza D virus (IDV) may cause the bovine respiratory disease complex, which is the most common and costly disease affecting the cattle industry. Previously, we revealed that eight segments could be actively packaged in its single virion, suggesting that IDV with the seven-segmented genome shows an agnostic genome packaging mechanism. Herein, we engineered an eight-segmented recombinant IDV in which the NS1 or NS2 genes were separated from NS segment into independent segments (NS1 or NS2 segments, respectively), leading to monocistronic translation of each NS protein. We constructed two plasmids: one for the viral RNA (vRNA)-synthesis of the NS1 segment with a silent mutation at the splicing acceptor site, which controls NS2 transcription in the NS segment; and another for the RNA synthesis of the NS2 segment, with deletion of the intron in the NS segment. These plasmids and six other vRNA-synthesis plasmids were used to fabricate an infectious eight-segmented IDV via reverse genetics. This system enables analysis of the functions of NS1 or NS2. We tested the requirement of the N-terminal overlapping region (NOR) in these proteins for viral infectivity. We rescued a virus with NOR-deleted NS2 protein, which displayed a growth rate equivalent to that of the eight-segmented virus with intact NS2. Thus, the NOR may not influence viral growth. In contrast, a virus with NOR-deleted NS1 protein could not be rescued. These results indicate that the eight-segmented rescue system of IDV may provide an alternative method to analyze viral proteins at the molecular level.