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المخلص: أهداف البحث: هدفت الدراسة إلى تقييم فعالية مغلي أوراق الشجرة المعروفة بالمورينجا في إزالة الطبقة السميكة مقارنة بمادتين أخريين وكذلك الأنشطة المضادة للميكروبات. طرق البحث: تم استخراج أوراق الشجرة باستخدام مغلي الماء الساخن بتركيزين مختلفين. تم تحضير ما مجموعه ثلاثين سنا بشريا مستخرجا ذو جذر واحد لتقييم فعالية إزالة الطبقة السميكة. تم حساب وجود الطبقة السميكة في الثلث الأوسط من قناة الجذر باستخدام الميكروسكوب الليزري الماسح الضوئي الحويصلي. ثم تم إجراء النشاط المضاد للبكتيريا على نوعين من البكتيريا باستخدام طريقة تشتت الأغار. النتائج: وجدنا أن التراكيز 2,5% و 5% من المغلي أكثر فعالية بشكل ملحوظ في إزالة الطبقة السميكة، ومع ذلك، لم يتم ملاحظة فرق ملحوظ عند المقارنة مع المادتين الأخريين. أظهرت نتائج اختبار المضادات الحيوية المختبرية أن خمسة بالمائة من المغلي يظهر نشاطا مضادا للميكروبات أعلى ضد كلا المسارين التجريبيين. الاستنتاجات: تشير هذه النتائج إلى أن مغلي أوراق الشجرة يمكن اعتباره محلولا فعالا في علاج الجذور. Abstract: Objective: This study evaluated the effectiveness of moringa (Moringa oleifera) leaves decoction for removing a smear layer compared to sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), as well as its antimicrobial activities. Methods: The moringa leaves were extracted using hot water decoction at two different concentrations (2.5% and 5.0% w/v). A total of 30 extracted human single-rooted teeth were prepared to assess the smear layer removal efficacy. The presence of a smear layer in the middle third of the root canal was detected by confocal microscopy. Then the antibacterial effects were assessed against Enterococcus faecalis and Streptococcus mutans bacteria using the agar diffusion method. Results: The 2.5% and 5.0% decoction were significantly more effective than 0.25% NaOCl in removing the smear layer (p 0.05). The in vitro antimicrobial assay showed that 5.0% decoction had higher antimicrobial activity against both of the test pathogens. Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest that moringa leaves decoction can be considered an effective irrigant in endodontics.

Pulp Out, paste-contained jatropha sap, sidaguri roots, and melittin, has been studied to have potency used as an herbal-based devitalizing agent. Prior to clinical application, the toxicity of Pulp Out should be evaluated as it might leak from the cavity unintentionally and get into the digestive systems, which can cause either local or systemic effects. The present study aimed to evaluate the impact of Pulp Out application on periodontal and periapical tissue as well as acute toxicity in Wistar rats. The paste was inserted into the periapical tissue. After 7 days, the periapical tissue was isolated for histopathological evaluation. Pulp Out in an oral suspension of 50, 500 and 2500 mg/kg BW was administered. Autonomic nerve signs were observed intensively every 4 h as well as water and food consumption for 14 days. Biochemical, hematologic parameters and specific organs were evaluated. Therefore, considering the inflammatory lymphocyte cells, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts, Pulp Out is not toxic. The acute toxicity study revealed no treatment-related death was observed, indicating that LD50 is greater than 2500 mg/kg BW. No significant difference statistically either in body weight, water or food consumption as was observed in autonomic clinical signs of treated groups when compared to the control. Similarly, biochemical and hematologic properties showed no significant difference compared to control. Histopathological, slightly hydrophilic degenerative was observed in all organs. In conclusion, Pulp Out showed low acute toxicity in Wistar rats.

Due to the increasing interest in direct restoration, there is a need to address the shortcomings of these restorations, mainly by increasing the longevity of complex direct restorations. The present study aimed to evaluate the tensile strength differences in the complex restoration of posterior teeth with dentin replacement constructed by fiber and non-fiber materials. The samples were extracted from the mandibular permanent-molar and prepared using a complex cavity. The cavity was subsequently restored with the centripetal incremental technique using a nano-fill composite and different base materials, namely fiber dentin replacement, non-fiber dentin replacement, and flowable composite. The universal testing machine was used to consider the tensile strength and the fracture patterns were assessed using stereomicroscopy, followed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) examination. The data were statistically analyzed using the one-way ANOVA test. No significant differences were noted in the tensile strength of the three base materials. By using stereomicroscopy and SEM, the adhesive fracture patterns were observed more clearly in the cavities with fiber-based dentin replacement, whereas mixed fracture patterns were evident in cavities with non-fiber dentin replacement and flowable composite bases. The results indicated that the addition of fiber in dentin replacement did not affect the tensile strength in the complex restoration. Therefore, dentin replacement of both fiber and non-fiber materials is applicable as a base material for complex restoration of the posterior tooth.