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Henny Suzana Mediani,1,* Fidy Randy Sada,2,* Aan Nuraeni,3,* Muhammad Arsyad Subu4,* 1Department of Pediatric Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia; 2Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Katolik De La Salle Manado, Manado, Indonesia; 3Department of Critical Care of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia; 4Nursing Program, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Henny Suzana Mediani, Department of Pediatric Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, West Java, 40132, Indonesia, Tel +62 822-1739-1965, Email henny.mediani@unpad.ac.idBackground: In the Intensive Care Unit (ICU), it is vital to meticulously monitor symptoms and thoroughly understand the treatment objectives for critically ill patients. This highlights the necessity of integrating palliative care in this environment. Despite the potential advantages, several barriers impede the effective integration of palliative care in the ICU. Notably, many healthcare professionals (HCPs) in Indonesian ICUs have not fully leveraged the incorporation of palliative care.Purpose: This study aimed to investigate and clarify the experiences of healthcare providers (HCPs) involved in administering palliative care to ICU patients in Indonesia.Methods: This research employed a qualitative descriptive phenomenological approach. Semi-structured, in-depth individual interviews were conducted with four nurses and three doctors working in an Indonesian hospital. Colaizzi’s method was used for data analysis.Results: The analysis identified six themes from the interviews, reflecting the experiences of healthcare professionals in delivering palliative care in the ICU. These themes are: 1) Provide Professional Caring, 2) Caring and curing collaboration, 3) Quality Intensive Communication, 4) End-of-Life Care, 5) Controlling Feelings, and 6) Provide Holistic Caring.Conclusion: Providing care for ICU patients demands not only the expertise of HCPs but also compassion, communication skills, and a holistic approach to patient care. By offering comprehensive palliative care in the ICU, healthcare professionals can address the diverse needs of patients and their families, promoting comfort, respect, and an improved quality of life throughout the illness. This inclusive approach enhances the experience for both patients and their families while supporting healthcare providers in delivering empathetic and patient-centered care. It is recommended that hospitals develop policies to enhance palliative care services in Indonesia.Keywords: ICU patient, healthcare professionals, palliative care

Yanny Trisyani,1,* Donny Mahendra,2,* Aan Nuraeni1,* 1Department of Critical Care and Emergency Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, Jawa Barat, Indonesia; 2Vocational Faculty, Universitas Kristen Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Yanny Trisyani, Department of Critical Care and Emergency Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, West Java, 45363, Indonesia, Tel +62 81222073465, Fax +62 22 7795596, Email yanny.trisyani@unpad.ac.idBackground: Due to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, millions of lives were lost globally, including in Indonesia. Some patients with COVID-19 may experience severe symptoms of hypoxia, while some may be critically ill and admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) for survival.Purpose: This study aimed to understand the lived experiences of COVID-19 ICU survivors who were in a critical condition.Methods: This phenomenological study used semistructured interviews with nine participants who were COVID-19 ICU survivors. Data analysis was performed using the Colaizzi approach.Results: The phenomenon of the lived experiences of COVID-19 ICU survivors was presented in seven subthemes and four main themes: struggling in a state of helplessness, fostering a positive spirit from within, amplifying the support from nurses and doctors, and strengthening the connection with family and the Almighty. These themes indicated the essential aspects of psychosocial support needed to boost strength and energy and elevate the body’s immune system, which is crucial to champion life through critical conditions.Conclusion: The new insight resulting from the study is shown in the four main themes, which play a significant role in elevating the healing process and enabling patients to survive critical conditions. Therefore, this study recommends the importance of psychosocial support for patients with critical conditions, which involves family and their significant others, and facilitating the connection between the patient and God.Keywords: COVID-19, ICU survivor, intensive care unit survivors, qualitative study, phenomenological study

Yanny Trisyani,1 Etika Emaliyawati,1 Aan Nuraeni,1 Ristina Mirwanti,1 Kusman Ibrahim,2 Iqbal Pramukti,3 Titin Sutini,4 Donny Nurhamsyah1 1Department of Critical Care and Emergency Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, West Java, Indonesia; 2Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, University of Padjadjaran, Sumedang, West Java, Indonesia; 3Department of Community Nursing, Padjadjaran University, Sumedang, West Java, Indonesia; 4Department of Mental Health Nursing, Padjadjaran University, Sumedang, West Java, IndonesiaCorrespondence: Yanny Trisyani, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Raya Ir. Soekarno KM. 21, Hegarmanah, Jatinangor, Sumedang, West Java, 45363, Indonesia, Tel +6281222073465, Fax +622287793411, Email yanny.trisyani@unpad.ac.idBackground: COVID-19 still continue to spread and affects most nations globally to date. In this context, community knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) toward COVID-19 are the most important for controlling and preventing the infectious pandemic disease.Objective: This study aimed to investigate the factors associated with community practices related to COVID-19.Methods: Cross-sectional study was conducted on 330 residents of Sumedang District, Indonesia. Selection of the sample using stratified random sampling. KAP toward COVID-19 was measured using the WHO questionnaire which is valid and reliable. The data were analyzed using the Rasch model, Pearson correlation, and linear regression.Results: This study revealed that most respondents tend to answer correctly on the sociality and disease transmission knowledge (+2.08 logit; SE 1.63), incorrectly in conceptual knowledge (logit measure − 2.05; SE 0.45), tended to have a positive attitude (+1.6 logit; 0.54) and practice (+1.63 logit; SE 0.61). Based on the results of the Wright map, the most challenging statement for respondents was to use masks. Knowledge and attitude were significantly associated with the practice of COVID-19 prevention (p< 0.001). Attitude is the dominant factor influencing society practice towards COVID-19 (Stand. Estimate= 0.2737; 95% CI=0.1608– 0.378; p< 0.001) and knowledge play an important role in improving COVID-19 prevention behaviour.Conclusion: New insight from this research shows that even attitude is the most dominant factor, yet this study also indicated that knowledge is critical for positive attitudes of society to support COVID-19 prevention practices. Since, knowledge is the basis for positive attitudes in preventing the transmission of Covid 19. Therefore, health education that explicates concepts, sociality and disease transmission is important to boost attitudes of the society in the practice of Covid 19 prevention.Keywords: attitude, COVID-19, Indonesia, knowledge, practice

Firman Sugiharto,1 Yanny Trisyani,2 Aan Nuraeni,2 Praneed Songwathana3 1Master Study Program, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, West Java, Indonesia; 2Department of Critical Care and Emergency Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, West Java, Indonesia; 3Faculty of Nursing, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, 90110, ThailandCorrespondence: Firman Sugiharto, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Raya Ir. Soekarno KM. 21, Hegarmanah, Jatinangor, Sumedang, West Java, 45363, Indonesia, Tel +6282218235600, Fax +6282287793411, Email firman17001@mail.unpad.ac.idBackground: Guidelines for early discharge (ED) strategies after primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI) in low-risk patients still need to be informed. Previous meta-analysis evidence is considered to have limitations, from the level of heterogeneity, which is still relatively high, and the sample size still needed to be more significant.Purpose: This study aims to identify the safety of early discharge after PPCI in low-risk patientsMethods: The literature search used five primary databases: CINAHL, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, Taylor and Francis, and one search engine: Google Scholar. Two reviewers independently screened and critically appraised studies using JBI’s and Cochrane’s Risk of Bias tool. Fixed and random effects model were applied to collect standardized mean differences and risk differences. Statistical analysis was performed using Review Manager 5.3 and JAMOVI version 2.4.8.0.Results: Seven RCTs consisting of 1.780 patients and seven cohort studies consisting of 46.710 patients were included in the quantitative analysis. The results of the RCT analysis showed no significant differences in all-cause readmission (RD − 0.01; 95% CI: − 0.04 to 0.01; Z=1.20; p=0.23; I2=0%) and mortality (RD 0.00; 95% CI: − 0.01 to 0.01; Z=0.01; p=0.99; I2=0%) and also significant in reducing LOS in hour (SMD − 2.32; 95% CI: − 3.13 to − 1.51; Z=5.64; p< 0.001; I2=93%) and day (SMD − 0.58; 95% CI: - 1.00 to − 0.17; Z=2.76; p=0.006; I2=84%). In addition, analysis of cohort studies showed that ED strategy was associated with all-cause readmission (RD − 0.00; 95% CI: − 0.01 to − 0.00; Z =2.18; p=0.03; I2=0%) and mortality (RD − 0.01; 95% CI: − 0.02 to − 0.00; Z=2.04; p=0.04; I2=94%).Conclusion: ED strategies in low-risk patients after PPCI can be completely safe. This is proven by the absence of significant differences in readmission and mortality rates as well as reduce the length of stay.Keywords: coronary heart disease, early discharge, meta-analysis, PPCI

Firman Sugiharto,1,&ast; Hartiah Haroen,2,&ast; Fania Putri Alya,1,&ast; Ruth Jamlaay,1,&ast; Freda Mai,1,&ast; Hadi Abdillah,1,&ast; Irma Yusanti,1,&ast; Birry Assidiqy,1,&ast; Aan Nuraeni3,&ast; 1Master Study Program, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, West Java, Indonesia; 2Department of Community Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, West Java, Indonesia; 3Department of Emergency and Critical Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, West Java, Indonesia&ast;These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Firman Sugiharto, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Raya Ir. Soekarno KM. 21, Hegarmanah, Jatinangor, Sumedang, West Java, 45363, Indonesia, Tel +6282218235600, Fax +6202287793411, Email firman17001@mail.unpad.ac.idBackground: Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the leading cause of death and disability worldwide, with higher prevalence in low and middle-income countries. Self-efficacy (SE) is an essential element that affects a patients ability to manage their care, and low SE levels in patients with CHD can lead to poor health outcomes and quality of life. Planning suitable methods to improve SE in CHD patients is essential.Purpose: This review explores health education methods to improve SE in patients with CHD.Methods: Scoping review is reported based on the PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR). A literature search was conducted using relevant keywords from six primary databases, such as CINAHL Plus with Full Text and Academic Search Complete, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, Taylor and Francis, and one search engine, Google Scholar. The inclusion criteria were full-text articles in English that were accessible, research articles with experimental designs. The quality of evidence was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal checklist, and data synthesis was used thematically with an explorative, descriptive approach.Results: Fifteen articles were found and included in the review. There are two types of interventions such as traditional and digital-based health education. The media used in traditional health education are booklets, pamphlets, posters, and workbooks. In addition, digital-based health education generally uses websites, social platforms, mobile applications, video players and sound clips.Conclusion: This review found that traditional health education and digital-based interventions improve SE, knowledge, self-esteem and health literacy levels, in CHD patients. Health professionals, including nurses, may used both methods in improving self efficacy in CHD patients.Keywords: coronary heart disease, digital intervention, health education, self-efficacy

Firman Sugiharto,1 Aan Nuraeni,2 Yanny Trisyani,2 Azalia Melati Putri,3 Nuraulia Aghnia Armansyah,3 Asroful Hulam Zamroni4 1Master Study Program Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, West Java, Indonesia; 2Department of Critical Care and Emergency Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, West Java, Indonesia; 3Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, West Java, Indonesia; 4Regional General Hospital Dr. Soetomo, Surabaya, East Java, IndonesiaCorrespondence: Firman Sugiharto, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Raya Ir. Soekarno KM. 21, Hegarmanah Jatinangor, Sumedang, West Java, 45363, Indonesia, Tel +6282218235600, Fax +6202287793411, Email firman7001@mail.unpad.ac.idAbstract: Self-efficacy (SE) is the main predictor of self-care behaviour in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD). Several studies identified factors that influence SE in CHD patients. However, review studies have yet to synthesize these results systematically. This review aims to identify SE and the factors influencing SE in CHD patients. This scoping review is reported based on the PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR). We searched using relevant keywords using five databases: CINAHL Plus with Full Text and Academic Search Complete, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, Taylor and Francis, and one search engine: Google Scholar, which was accessed on June 23, 2023. Articles with an observational design were included without date restrictions. The quality of evidence was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal checklist, and data synthesis used thematic analysis. We found 11 articles discussing SE and the factors influencing SE in CHD patients. In this review, most studies reported that the SE level of CHD patients tends to be low to moderate. Factors associated with SE in this population are classified into three categories (low, moderate, and high). Cardiac knowledge and patient activation are the most influential predictors of SE in CHD patients. Public health interventions such as raising awareness about heart disease, modifying health behaviours, early screening, diagnosis, and appropriate treatment are critical to improving SE and cardiac care outcomes.Keywords: coronary heart disease, self-care, self-efficacy

Aan Nuraeni,1 Firman Sugiharto,2 Anastasia Anna,1 Eka Sari,3 Ristina Mirwanti,1 Yanny Trisyani,1 Etika Emaliyawati1 1Department of Critical Care and Emergency Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia; 2Master Program, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia; 3Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, West Java, IndonesiaCorrespondence: Aan Nuraeni, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Raya Ir. Soekarno KM. 21, Hegarmanah, Jatinangor, Sumedang, Bandung, West Java, 45363, Indonesia, Tel +62 85624217606, Fax +62 2287793411, Email aan.nuraeni@unpad.ac.idBackground: Low self-efficacy (SE) can impact decreasing health status, poor self-care, and quality of life among patients with Coronary Heart Disease (CHD). Many factors can affect SE. However, studies on SE in CHD patients with Rasch Model analysis have not been carried out widely.Purpose: This study aims to identify the SE in self-care and its related factors that correlate SE among CHD patients.Patients and Methods: Cross-sectional study was conducted on 104 adult patients (≥ 18 years) diagnosed with CHD. Selection of the sample using convenience sampling technique with several predetermined criteria. SE was measured using the SEQ-CHDM questionnaire, with high validity and reliability results. Data were analyzed using the Rasch model and chi-square test.Results: The results showed that most respondents had a moderate SE (51.5%). Care units (p=0.003) and duration of illness (p=0.049) were significantly correlated to SE among patients with CHD. “Maintaining an ideal body weight” is the most challenging thing. On the other hand, stop smoking is the most confident thing to be performed by the respondents.Conclusion: We conclude that CHD patients in the acute care unit and patients with a duration of illness > 6 months have a lower tendency for SE. Health interventions such as raising awareness about the disease, modifying health behavior, and immediately screening can improve patients’ SE. Besides that, proper diagnosis and ongoing treatment are crucial to improving SE and CHD care outcomes.Keywords: coronary heart disease, self-care, self-efficacy

Firman Sugiharto,1 Aan Nuraeni,2 Yanny Trisyani,2 Azalia Melati Putri,1 Nuraulia Aghnia Armansyah1 1Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, Jawa Barat, Indonesia; 2Department of Critical Care and Emergency Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, Jawa Barat, IndonesiaCorrespondence: Firman Sugiharto, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Raya Ir. Soekarno KM. 21, Hegarmanah, Jatinangor, Sumedang, West Java, 45363, Indonesia, Tel +6282218235600, Fax +6282287793411, Email firman17001@mail.unpad.ac.idAbstract: Patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) experience many barriers to participate in cardiac rehabilitation (CR) programs. Several studies identify barriers that can affect participation in CR among patients with CHD after reperfusion therapy. However, there has yet to be a review specifically in this population. This review aims to identify the literature systematically that analyzes the barriers that affect the participation of CHD patients after reperfusion therapy in implementing the CR program. This study used the Preferred Reporting Item for PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) with databases PubMed, ScienceDirect, EBSCO-hosted Academic Search Complete, Scopus, Taylor & Francis, and Sage Journals. The keywords used in English were “coronary artery disease OR myocardial infarction OR cardiovascular disease OR heart disease” AND “Barrier OR obstacle”, AND “percutaneous coronary intervention OR PCI OR angioplasty OR coronary artery bypass graft surgery OR CABG” AND “cardiac rehabilitation OR rehabilitation OR recovery”. The inclusion criteria in this review were full-text articles in English, articles with a descriptive, cross-sectional, and cohort design with a minimum of 100 participants that discussed barriers to participation in patients with CHD after undergoing reperfusion therapy, and the CR phases such as I, II, III, and IV have also been identified. Based on the initial search, there are 23 relevant studies out of 7400. The results of this study reported that most of the participants from the studies analyzed had a low level of participation in CR (≤ 50%). We classify the factors that affect the level of CR participation into five categories: individual factors, health history, environmental, logistical, and health system. The most reported barriers in each category were age, comorbidities, lack of support from friends, family and health workers, distance or travel time, and cost and economic status. Professional health workers, especially nurses, can identify various barriers that patients feel so that they can increase their participation in attending CR.Keywords: cardiac rehabilitation, coronary heart disease, patient participation, reperfusion

Firman Sugiharto,1 Yanny Trisyani,2 Aan Nuraeni,2 Ristina Mirwanti,2 Azalia Melati Putri,1 Nuraulia Aghnia Armansyah1 1Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, Jawa Barat, Indonesia; 2Department of Critical Care and Emergency Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, Jawa Barat, IndonesiaCorrespondence: Firman Sugiharto, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Raya Ir. Soekarno KM. 21, Hegarmanah, Jatinangor, Sumedang, West Java, 45363, Indonesia, Tel +6282218235600, Fax +622287793411, Email firman17001@mail.unpad.ac.idAbstract: Several studies identify factors affecting increased length of stay (LOS) in patients with post-primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). However, there has not been a review study that synthesizes these results. This study aimed to describe the duration of LOS and factors associated with increased LOS among patients with STEMI after PPCI. This study used scoping review using EBSCO-host Academic Search Complete, PubMed, Scopus, Taylor & Francis, and Google Scholar databases. The keywords used in English were “adults OR middle-aged” AND “length of stay OR hospital stay” AND “primary percutaneous coronary intervention OR PPCI” AND “myocardial infarction OR coronary infarction OR cardiovascular disease”. The inclusion criteria for articles were: the article was a full-text in English; the sample was STEMI patients who had undergone a PPCI procedure; and the article discussed the LOS. We found 13 articles discussing the duration and factors affecting LOS in patients post-PPCI. The duration of LOS was the fastest 48 hours, and the longest of LOS was 10.2 days. Factors influencing LOS are categorized into three predictors: low, moderate, and high. Post-procedure complications after PPCI was the most influential factors in increasing the LOS duration. Professional health workers, especially nurses, can identify various factors that can be modified to prevent complications and worsen disease prognosis to increase LOS efficiency.Keywords: length of stay, percutaneous coronary, revascularization, STEMI

The study investigates the substitution of wheat flour with beneng taro flour in the production of sable cookies. The aim is to develop a healthier alternative to sable cookies by emphasizing the nutritional benefits of beneng taro, a local food ingredient. Organoleptic tests were conducted to evaluate color, taste, aroma, and texture preferences among 30 semi-trained panelists. The findings indicate that sable cookies with 45% beneng taro flour substitution were well-received and had a shelf life of up to 8 hours when stored in PET jars at low temperatures. The study concludes that beneng taro flour can be a healthier alternative to wheat flour, offering lower energy and fat contents sable cookies. Further research is recommended to optimize the ingredient composition and storage conditions.

Sidik Maulana,1 Aan Nuraeni,2 Bambang Aditya Nugraha3 1Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia; 2Department of Critical Care and Emergency Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia; 3Department of Medical-Surgical Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, IndonesiaCorrespondence: Aan NuraeniDepartment of Critical Care and Emergency, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, Indonesia, Tel + 6285624217606, Fax +022-7795596, Email aan.nuraeni@unpad.ac.idBackground: This study sought to determine whether uric acid levels have a relationship with and can potentially be used as a prognosis for coronary heart disease (CHD) biomarkers using a scoping review.Methods: This study was conducted following Arksey and O’Malley’s scoping review framework. It was reported as obeying the Preferred Reporting Item for Systematic Review and Meta-analysis for Scoping Review (PRISMA-ScR). The subject was extensively searched for in PubMed, CINAHL, and ScienceDirect. The inclusion criteria in the study were that the sources were journal articles written in English and were available in full text. The age of the subject in the item is the elderly population to capture the relationship between uric acid levels and the prognosis of CHD. The publication time limit was 2010 to 2020. The study was analyzed using thematic analysis.Results: We identified 592 studies in our initial search, and 21 studies with a cohort design were included in this study’s analysis. The majority of the evidence suggests an independent correlation with a poor prognosis of CHD in the elderly population. The prognosis of gout includes the prognosis of clinical outcome, severity, and mortality, all of which influence the prognosis value, which becomes a marker.Conclusion: Uric acid levels have been identified as a potential biomarker for poor CHD prognosis. Nurses and other healthcare workers should learn how to control poor CHD prognosis.Keywords: biomarker, coronary heart disease, prognosis, uric acid

This research was conducted from April-October 2022. The location of implementation was in the laboratory of the Management Industry of Food Service and Nutrition Vocational School of IPB University and Saraswati Indo Genetec Laboratory (SIG). The results of the chemical analysis of red chili sauce contains the following nutritional values: ash content of 2.54%, fat 31.52%, protein 3.86%, carbohydrates 28.66%, total energy 413.75 Kcal/100 grams, and energy from fat 283.67 Kcal/100 grams, while the nutritional content of green chili sauce contains ash content of 2.32%, fat 31.13%, protein 2.80%, carbohydrates 23.59%, total energy 385.73 Kcal/100 grams, and energy from fat 280.19 Kcal/100 grams. Red chili sauce has a total energy of 413.75 kcal per 100 grams, which is higher than green chili sauce 385.73 kcal per 100 grams. The results of microbiological analysis of red chili sauce with Total Plate Count (ALT) showed numbers 3.6x102 sample (RM2.1), 4.0x101 sample (RM2.2), and 1.2x102 sample (RM2.3), while green chili sauce showed ALT numbers 1.0x102 (RH2.1), 1.0x102 (RH2.2), and 6.0x102 (RH2.3). The value of Escherichia Coli bacteria showed zero. The results of this analysis state that onion sauce Ny. Hang is following SNI’s chili sauce quality requirements (SNI 01-2976-2006).

This review examines the potential of Project-Based Learning (PjBL) to enhance students' life skills in the field of biology, and analyzes the challenges that may hinder its implementation. Using a Systematic Literature Network Analysis (SLNA), which combines Bibliometrics Analysis (BA) and Systematic Literature Review (SLR), this study analyzed articles from SCOPUS that met specific criteria. The findings reveal that PjBL is associated with e-learning and blended learning, and that the majority of articles on PjBL were published in 2020, particularly in the Journal of Microbiology & Biology Education. Additionally, this SLNA highlights the contributions of these articles to the developing of various life skills in biology learning. By identifying key trends and insights from existing literature, this study sheds light on the potential of PjBL to enhance students' biology education and their ability to apply it in their daily lives.

Purpose: Researchers discovered that when students were given the opportunity to change their answers, a majority changed their responses from incorrect to correct, and this change often increased the overall test results. What prompts students to modify their answers? This study aims to examine the modification of scientific reasoning test, with additional exploration on confidence accuracy and its relation to item difficulty. Methodology: A set of pre-test and post-test experiments which included 20 items of scientific reasoning test with confidence judgement on each item were used. The items of the instruments were assessed for their validity by analysing their psychometric properties using the three-parameter (3PL) Item Response Theory, which was carried out in R studio. The set of items were randomly administered to 205 Indonesian undergraduate students with a background in science education related major. The accuracy of confidence was determined by categorising correct or incorrect answers to scientific reasoning questions based on their level of confidence. Findings: The results revealed that responses were modified more frequently from incorrect to correct than from correct to incorrect, resulting in a significant gain in overall scientific reasoning score although these modifications were not shown to be connected to the item's difficulty level. Even though confidence level also increased significantly, it was observed that Indonesian students repeatedly responded with overconfidence even after sitting for the same test after three weeks, which could indicate a lack of metacognitive ability. The findings of this study serve to spur educators to begin actively engaging in metacognitive training in their teaching and learning activities as a result of overconfidence that frequently occurs among Indonesian students in examinations. Significance: This study provides further substantiation in the field of scientific reasoning and cognitive science; that a trend of confidence accuracy change in scientific reasoning test has been observed. It also contributes to uncovering the true ability of Indonesian students when performing such reasoning tests through their repeated attempts.

The application of environmental criminal law has become a major focus in efforts to uphold green justice in the contemporary era. Challenges in the application of environmental criminal law involve widespread dynamics, encompassing a complexity of legal, sociological, and ecological aspects. Ecological Law Theory as a theoretical paradigm that dominates environmental law studies, highlights the central role of criminal law in maintaining ecological integrity and creating green justice. Therefore, this article aims to examine the concrete challenges faced in the implementation of environmental criminal law, considering the existing legal framework, the availability of resources, and the various social factors that influence the implementation of the law. In addition, this article also explores law enforcement and environmental restoration in relation to the realization of the right to the environment. This research adopts a normative juridical methodological approach that involves several analytical techniques, including comparative, conceptual, and statutory approaches. The main source of information used in this research is secondary data. By discussing these issues, this article is expected to provide readers with in-depth insight into the complexity and urgency of upholding green justice through the application of environmental criminal law.

Perusahaan perlu menilai kinerja karyawan mereka untuk berbagai tujuan, termasuk promosi jabatan. Namun, data karyawan yang semakin rumit dapat membuat proses penilaian ini menjadi sulit. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuat model machine learning yang dapat memprediksi apakah karyawan berpotensi untuk dipromosikan atau tidak. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode Machine Learning LifeCycle (MLLC) dan algoritma K-Nearest Neighbor. Untuk mengatasi masalah ketidakseimbangan label kelas dalam dataset, teknik SMOTE (Synthetic Minority Over-sampling Technique) digunakan. Hasil dari penelitian ini, model dibangun dengan melakukan pemisahan data menggunakan cross validation dan menggunakan nilai k=2 dalam implementasi algoritma K-Nearest Neighbor. Hasil evaluasi model menunjukkan kinerja yang sangat baik dengan nilai akurasi 94%, nilai presisi 90,8%, dan nilai recall 97,4%. Selain itu, evaluasi confusion matrix menunjukkan bahwa hanya 562 dari 9377 data testing yang tidak sesuai dengan hasil klasifikasi. Model ini juga memiliki kurva ROC yang baik yang hampir menyentuh sudut kiri atas dan nilai AUC sebesar 94,1% atau 0,94 yang termasuk ke dalam kategori excellent.