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Using Panax japonicus as research material, callus induction and culture were carried out, and high-yielding cell lines were screened to establish a suspension culture system that promotes callus growth and the accumulation of the "total saponins" (total content of triterpenoid glycosides or ginsenosides). Using the root as an explant, the medium for callus induction and proliferation was optimized by adjusting culture conditions (initial inoculation amount, carbon source, shaking speed, hormone concentration, culture time) and a high-yielding cell line with efficient proliferation and high total saponins content was screened out. The conditions of suspension culture were refined to find out the most suitable conditions for the suspension culture of callus, and finally, the suspension culture system was established. We found that the lowest (5%) contamination rate was achieved by disinfecting the fresh roots with 75% alcohol for 60 s, followed by soaking in 10% NaClO for 15 min. The highest induction rate (88.17%) of callus was obtained using the medium MS + 16.11 μmol·L−1 NAA + 13.32 μmol·L−1 6-BA + 30.0 g·L−1 sucrose + 7.5 g·L−1 agar. The callus was loose when the callus subcultured on the proliferation medium (MS + 5.37 μmol·L−1 NAA + 13.32 μmol·L−1 6-BA + 30.0 g·L−1 sucrose + 3.8 g·L−1 gellan gum) for 21 days. The callus growth was cultured in a liquid growth medium (MS + 5.37 μmol·L−1 NAA + 13.32 μmol·L−1 6-BA + 30.0 g·L−1 sucrose) with an initial inoculation amount of 40 g·L−1, a shaking speed of 110 r/min and darkness. Cell growth was fastest with a culture period of 21 days. We replaced the growth medium with the production medium (MS + 5.37 μmol·L−1 NAA + 13.32 μmol·L−1 6-BA + 30.0 g·L−1 glucose) for maximum accumulation of total saponins. [Conclusion] A callus induction and suspension culture system for the root of P. japonicus was established. In this way, we can promote the accumulation of total saponins in callus cells and provide a basis for large-scale cell culture and industrial production of medicinal total saponins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is known that electrostatic discharge (ESD) is one of the frequent causes of integrated circuit failure and loss of spacecraft. However, the danger is not only the pulse itself but also the cross talk from it at the near (NEXT) and far (FEXT) ends. To investigate the possibility of their attenuating by meander line (ML) with a broadside coupling, a coupled microstrip line (MSL) was studied. As a result, the structure with a protected active line appeared to be the most promising. Also, the levels of NEXT and FEXT in it do not exceed 2% and 1.5% of half of the e.m.f. at s = 1000 µm, and when s = 100 µm 10% and 3%. In addition to evaluating signal attenuation, N-norms were analyzed as well. The most noteworthy is the nonlinear nature of the change in N2 depending on s. It is also notable that the proposed protection of the line from cross talk leads to a decrease in N1, N2, and N5. However, N3 and N4 increase at the same time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Panax vietnamensis is a valuable medicinal plant and a source of a broad spectrum of biologically active ginsenosides of different structural groups. Overexploitation and low adaptability to planation cultivation have made this species vulnerable to human pressure and prompted the development of cell cultivation in vitro as a sustainable alternative to harvesting wild plants for their bioactive components. Despite high interest in biotechnological production, little is known about themain factors affecting cell growth and ginsenoside biosynthesis of this species under in vitro conditions. In this study, the potential of cell cultures of P. vietnamensis as a biotechnological source of ginsenosides was was assessed. Methods: Six suspension cell lines that were developed from different sections of a single rhizome through a multi-step culture optimization process and maintained for over 3 years on media with different mineral salt base and varying contents of auxins and cytokinins. These cell lines were evaluated for productivity parameters and cytological characteristics. Ginsenoside profiles were assessed using a combination of the reversed-phase ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-Orbitrap-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Orbitrap-MS/MS) and ultra-performance liquid chromatography-time of flight-mass spectrometry (UPLC-TOF-MS). Results: All lines demonstrated good growth with a specific growth rate of 0.1-0.2 day-1, economic coefficient of 0.31-0.70, productivity on dry weight (DW) of 0.30-0.83 gDW (L·day)-1, and maximum biomass accumulation varying from 10 to 22 gDW L-1. Ginsenosides of the protopanaxadiol (Rb1, Rb2/Rb3, malonyl-Rb1, and malonyl-Rb2/Rb3), oleanolic acid (R0 and chikusetsusaponin IV), and ocotillol (vinaginsenoside R1) groups and their isomers were identified in cell biomass extracts. Chikusetsusaponin IV was identified in P. vietnamensis cell culture for the first time. Discussion: These results suggest that suspension cell cultures of Vietnamese ginseng have a high potential for the biotechnological production of biomass containing ginsenosides, particularly of the oleanolic acid and ocotillol groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Low-grade intermediate-risk nonmuscle-invasive bladder cancer is a chronic illness commonly treated by repetitive transurethral resection of bladder tumor. We compared the efficacy and safety of intravesical chemoablation with UGN-102 (a reverse thermal gel containing mitomycin), with or without subsequent transurethral resection of bladder tumor, to transurethral resection of bladder tumor alone in patients with low-grade intermediate-risk nonmuscle-invasive bladder cancer. Materials and Methods: This prospective, randomized, phase 3 trial recruited patients with new or recurrent low-grade intermediate-risk nonmuscle-invasive bladder cancer to receive initial treatment with either UGN-102 on weeks or transurethral resection of bladder tumor. Patients were followed quarterly by endoscopy, cytology, and for-cause biopsy. The primary end point was disease-free survival. All patients were followed for adverse events. Results: Trial enrollment was halted by the sponsor to pursue an alternative development strategy after 282 of a planned 632 patients were randomized to UGN-102 subsequent transurethral resection of bladder tumor (n[142) or transurethral resection of bladder tumor monotherapy (n[140), rendering the trial underpowered to perform hypothesis testing. Patients were predominantly male and 65 years of age. Tumor-free complete response 3 months after initial treatment was achieved by 92 patients (65%) who received UGN-102 and 89 patients (64%) treated by transurethral resection of bladder tumor. The estimated probability of disease-free survival 15 months after randomization was 72% for UGN-102 transurethral resection of bladder tumor and 50% for transurethral resection of bladder tumor (hazard ratio 0.45). The most common adverse events (incidence 10%) in the UGN-102 group were dysuria, micturition urgency, nocturia, and pollakiuria. Conclusions: Primary, nonsurgical chemoablation with UGN-102 for the management of low-grade intermediate-risk nonmuscle-invasive bladder cancer offers a potential therapeutic alternative to immediate transurethral resection of bladder tumor monotherapy and warrants further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to simplify the experimental procedure and treatment procedure, we preserved the embryonic callus (EC) of Fraxinus mandshurica more efficiently. In this paper, we established a method for cryopreservation of EC of F. mandshurica by vitrification. EC was subcultured for 7–10 days (d). Vigorous EC with good growth conditions were selected, and cryopreservation was performed by vitrification. The best pre-culture method was to pre-culture EC on 0.5 mol·L−1 sucrose medium for 3 d, load and culture in the liquid woody plant medium (WPM) supplemented with 2 mol·L−1 glycerol and 0.4 mol·L−1 sucrose for 60 min, then dehydrate in 2 mL of plant vitrification solution 2 (PVS2) (30% glycerol + 15% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) + 15% ethylene glycol + 0.4 mol·L−1 sucrose + liquid WPM). EC was rewarmed in a 40 °C water bath for 2 min after cooling in liquid nitrogen. The procedure for cryopreservation of F. mandshurica EC by the vitrification method established in this experiment is relatively reliable. The results from the present study provide a technical reference for improving the cryopreservation of F. mandshurica EC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]