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Biodegradable polymer-based nanocomposite coatings provide multiple advantages to modulate the corrosion resistance and cytocompatibility of magnesium (Mg) alloys for biomedical applications. Biodegradable poly(glycerol sebacate) (PGS) is a promising candidate used for medical implant applications. In this study, we synthesized a new PGS nanocomposite system consisting of hydroxyapatite (HA) and magnesium oxide (MgO) nanoparticles and developed a spray coating process to produce the PGS nanocomposite layer on pretreated Mg substrates, which improved the coating adhesion at the interface and their cytocompatibility with bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). Prior to the spray coating process of polymer-based nanocomposites, the Mg substrates were pretreated in alkaline solutions to enhance the interfacial adhesion strength of the polymer-based nanocomposite coatings. The addition of HA and MgO nanoparticles (nHA and nMgO) to the PGS matrix, as well as the alkaline pretreatment of the Mg substrates, significantly enhanced the interfacial adhesion strength when compared with the PGS coating on the nontreated Mg control. The average BMSC adhesion densities were higher on the PGS/nHA/nMgO coated Mg than the noncoated Mg controls under direct contact conditions. Moreover, the addition of nHA and nMgO to the PGS matrix and coating the nanocomposite onto Mg substrates increased the average BMSC adhesion density when compared with the PGS/nHA/nMgO coated titanium (Ti) and PGS coated Mg controls under direct contact. Therefore, the spray coating process of PGS/nHA/nMgO nanocomposites on Mg substrates or other biodegradable metal substrates could provide a promising surface treatment strategy for biodegradable implant applications.

Thermoelectrics are an important class of materials with great potential in alternative energy applications. In this study, two-dimensional (2D) nanoplates of the layered chalcogenides, Sb2Te3 and Bi2Te3, are synthesized and composites of the two are investigated for their thermoelectric properties. The two materials, Sb2Te3 and Bi2Te3, were synthesized as hexagonal, 2D nanoplates via a colloidal polyol route. The as-synthesized Sb2Te3 and Bi2Te3 vary drastically from one another in their lateral and vertical dimensions as revealed by scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. The single crystalline nanoplate nature is deduced by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and selected area electron diffraction. Nanoplates have well-defined hexagonal facets as seen in the scanning and transmission electron microscopy images. The nanoplates were consolidated as an anisotropic nanostructured pellet via spark plasma sintering. Preferred orientation observed in the powder X-ray diffraction pattern and scanning electron microscopy images of the fractured pellets confirm the anisotropic structure of the nanoplates. Thermoelectric properties in the parallel and perpendicular directions were measured, revealing strong anisotropy with a significant reduction to thermal conductivity in the perpendicular direction due to increased phonon scattering at nanoplate interfaces. All compositions, except that of the 25% Bi2Te3 nanoplate composite, behave as degenerate semiconductors with increasing electrical resistivity as the temperature increases. The Seebeck coefficient is also increased dramatically in the nanocomposites, the highest reaching 210 μV/K for 15% Bi2Te3. The increase in Seebeck is attributed to energy carrier filtering at the nanoplate interfaces. Overall, these enhanced thermoelectric properties lead to a drastic increase in the thermoelectric performance in the perpendicular direction, with zT ∼ 1.26, for the 15% Bi2Te3 nanoplate composite at 450 K.

Mineral-polymer composites found in nature exhibit exceptional structural properties essential to their function, and transferring these attributes to the synthetic design of functional materials holds promise across various sectors. Biomimetic fabrication of nanocomposites introduces new pathways for advanced material design and explores biomineralization strategies. This study presents a novel approach for producing single platelet nanocomposites composed of CaCO3 and biomimetic peptoid (N-substituted glycines) polymers, akin to the bricks found in the brick-and-mortar structure of nacre, the inner layer of certain mollusc shells. The significant aspect of the proposed strategy is the use of organic peptoid nanosheets as the scaffolds for brick formation, along with their controlled mineralization in solution. Here, we employ the B28 peptoid nanosheet as a scaffold, which readily forms free-floating zwitterionic bilayers in aqueous solution. The peptoid nanosheets were mineralized under consistent initial conditions (σcalcite = 1.2, pH 9.00), with variations in mixing conditions and supersaturation profiles over time aimed at controlling the final product. Nanosheets were mineralized in both feedback control experiments, where supersaturation was continuously replenished by titrant addition and in batch experiments without a feedback loop. Complete coverage of the nanosheet surface by amorphous calcium carbonate was achieved under specific conditions with feedback control mineralization, whereas vaterite was the primary CaCO3 phase observed after batch experiments. Thermodynamic calculations suggest that time-dependent supersaturation profiles as well as the spatial distribution of supersaturation are effective controls for tuning the mineralization extent and product. We anticipate that the control strategies outlined in this work can serve as a foundation for the advanced and scalable fabrication of nanocomposites as building blocks for nacre-mimetic and functional materials.

Solid polymer electrolytes (SPE) obtained from polyesters are viable alternatives to polyethylene oxide‐based materials, especially for room‐temperature applications. In SPEs, the ion conduction is dependent on the polymer segmental mobility and is thus facilitated by low glass transition temperature (Tg). Here, the study synthesizes an ester‐funtionalized polysiloxane‐based polymer electrolyte with an exceptionally low Tg of −76 °C, resulting in a high ionic conductivity of 2.6 × 10−5 S cm−1 at room temperature and a lithium transference number of 0.72. However, the low Tg and consequently low mechanical stability require reinforcement to promote the formation of stable lithium‐electrolyte interfaces in lithium plating stripping experiments and stable battery cycling in lithium‐metal batteries (LMBs). For this, the SPE is incorporated into a network structure to yield a semi‐interpenetrating network electrolyte (SPE20‐SIPN) which results in significantly improved storage modulus by three orders of magnitude and ionic conductivity is maintained upon crosslinking. The SPE20‐SIPN exhibits stable cycling for up to 50 cycles with fluctuation (voltage noise) in some of the cells. A combination of crosslinking and nanoparticle addition (SPE20‐N10‐SIPN) overcomes the voltage noise and results in high coulombic efficiencies and high capacity retention above 80% for 200 cycles in solvent‐free, all‐solid‐state LMBs at 30 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights In power transmission applications, there is an increasing demand for insulating materials capable of maintaining high dielectric and mechanical strength across a broad temperature range. However, achieving effective insulating properties with a single polymer is challenging. Therefore, thin films of polymer‐based nanocomposites are under investigation. This study investigates the effects of three types of SiO2 nanoparticles, one as non‐coated and the other two with different surface coatings, in polyamic acid (PAA) utilizing four different solvents for SiO2 dispersion within the matrix, in achieving high dielectric and mechanical strength at room temperature. High‐voltage breakdown and tensile tests were performed to determine the dielectric and mechanical properties of nanocomposites, respectively. The breakdown structures were characterized using scanning electron microscopy. The characterization shows that both the nanoparticles and processing solvents have direct impact on the dielectric and mechanical performance of the samples. The combination of 3‐aminopropyl triethoxysilane (APTES) surface‐coated SiO2 and dimethyl sulfoxide solvent resulted in the highest performing dielectrics, with dielectric strengths of 141.15 kV/mm (alternating current, AC) and 184.60 kV/mm (direct current, DC) as well as superior mechanical properties with ultimate tensile strength of 64.34 MPa, yield strength of 43.11 MPa, and elastic modulus of 2405.05 MPa. These values represent a significant improvement of both dielectric and mechanical properties from the pure polymer by 13%–20%. The enhanced performance can be attributed to the surface functionalization of SiO2 nanoparticles with APTES that promotes molecular interactions, facilitates charge redistribution, and strengthens the interfacial adhesion when they are incorporated into PAA. Performance of composite‐based dielectrics can be improved by material design. Nanoparticles with surface functional groups enhance properties of composites. Solvent to disperse nanoparticles plays a significant role in film quality. Dielectric/mechanical properties of polymer nanocomposites are quantified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrode materials based on zinc molybdenum oxides were designed by the saccharide-assisted sol-gel procedure for electrochemical hydrogen storage (EHS). By using different characterization methods to observe the formation of nanostructures, it was possible to determine that carbon texture was present on the nanostructured surfaces of zinc molybdenum oxides. The effects of employing various saccharides (mono, di, and poly saccharides) as carbon sources and fuel on the microstructure, electrochemical behaviors, and purity of synthesized samples were compared. The growth of nanocomposites including Zn 2 Mo 3 O 8 , ZnMo 8 O 10 , and Mo 8 O 23 phases was facilitated by the saccharide. A charge-discharge method was used to build three-electrode cells and expose them to galvanostatic cycling. To ascertain the stability of electrode architectures, cycling performance at various rates was carried out. The samples' hydrogen storage capabilities were examined, and the sample generated with glucose showed an optimum capacity about 1017 mAhg−1 after 15th cycle. • Saccharide assisted sol-gel synthesis of carbonous zinc molybdate nanocomposites as electrode materials. • Investigation of crystallinity, microstrain and structural parameters. • The assessment of hydrogen storage activity using comparative chronopotentiometry study. • Understanding of redox and physisorption-based efficient storage mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent times, there has been a pressing need to discover or manufacture a unique material that can serve as a photocatalyst for organic pollutants that are incapable of degradation. Pure Bi 2 O 3 and Co, Cd co-doped Bi 2 - 2x Co x Cd x O 3 (x = 0.8) nanoparticles were synthesized using the chemical co-precipitation method, but the new approach involves fabricating 10 % reduced graphene oxide Bi 2 - 2x Co x Cd x O 3 /rGO nanocomposites via the ultra-sonication route. This study investigated the effects of Co, Cd, and r-GO doping on the optical, electrochemical, structural, and photocatalytic properties of bismuth oxide. The synthesized nanomaterials were analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), cyclic voltammetry, ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), photoluminescence (PL), and Raman spectroscopy. The XRD patterns showed the formation of a monophasic monoclinic structure belonging to space group P21/c, with an average crystallite size estimated around 22–41 nm. According to the UV–visible study, the bandgap energy of Bi 2 O 3 NPs, Bi 2 - 2x Co x Cd x O 3 NPs, and Bi 2 - 2x Co x Cd x O 3 /rGO nanocomposites were 2.64 eV, 2.37 eV and 2.06eV respectively. The cyclic voltammetry technique was used to evaluate the functioning electrodes. In contrast to un-doped Bi 2 O 3 , the synergistic effects of Co, Cd, and r-GO on the substituted material increased the specific capacitance. The pure Bi 2 O 3 , doped Bi 2 - 2x Co x Cd x O 3, and Bi 2 - 2x Co x Cd x O 3 /rGO photocatalyst degraded 62 %, 85 %, and 95.4 % respectively of RB-5 dye after 105 min of sunlight. The phytotoxicity analysis examined the germination of Hordeum vulgare seeds in treated and untreated RB-5 dyes. Additionally, scavenging investigations using reactive species trapping to confirm the dominant reactive species were evaluated. Bi 2 - 2x Co x Cd x O 3 /rGO nanocomposites are better at photocatalysis and have a narrow bandgap, which makes them useful as solar-active photocatalysts for getting rid of dyes in wastewater. In future, their composites with conducting polymers may improve their electrochemical and photocatalytic behaviour as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green hydrogen is a crucial element in the hydrogen value chain, encompassing hydrogen production, transportation, storage, and application. The production of green hydrogen via NaBH 4 hydrolysis (SBH) entails a high cost. However, the fast kinetics of this process with a catalyst compensate for the substantial cost, especially in specific applications, such as local or intermittent use. Silver is known for its excellent catalytic properties. Its high catalytic activity is a key factor in achieving efficient hydrogen generation from (SBH). In this study, a nanocomposite catalyst composed of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), CoFe 2 O 4 , and carbon nanotubes (CNT) was investigated to demonstrate an effective catalyst design approach to achieve enhanced hydrogen generation performance. The H 2 production rate in the presence of Ag-based/CoFe 2 O 4 –CNT was 320 mL min−1 g−1, and the apparent activation energy was 14.7 kJ mol−1, superior to that of Ag-based catalysts reported in the literature. Analyses of the observed outcomes revealed that the CNT was decorated with well-dispersed AgNPs and CoFe 2 O 4 nanoparticles. The synergistic effects of AgNPs, CoFe 2 O 4 , and CNT were demonstrated by analyzing the kinetic behaviour of each component based on systematic comparisons. Furthermore, the paramagnetic property of CoFe 2 O 4 enables harvesting of the catalyst using an external magnetic field, and it was verified that the reactivity of the collected catalyst was maintained throughout seven successive cycles. The outstanding catalytic performance of Ag/CoFe 2 O 4 – CNT should be attributed to the uniform dispersion of nanoparticles on the CNT surface. Furthermore, our key approach for developing efficient Ag-based carbon advanced catalysts for SBH in the future is to ensure their suitability for industrial applications. Graphical illustration for the hydrogen production by hydrolysis process. [Display omitted] • A magnetic Ag/CoFe 2 O 4 -carbon nanotube nanocomposite was designed and synthesized. • Highly dispersed CoFe 2 O 4 and AgNPs are evenly embedded on the CNT. • Reaction kinetics followed during hydrogen production under different experimental conditions have been investigated. • The ACC catalyst demonstrated high activity, good recyclability, and low activation energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chiral‐selective self‐assembly has markedly advanced the development of chiral materials. While the Sergeant and Soldiers principle allows for chirality amplification, it necessitates precise shape‐matching between chiral and achiral molecules, leading to a low chirality transfer efficiency‐where one chiral molecule influences the chirality of a limited number of achiral molecules. Here, we show that this efficiency can be markedly enhanced by introducing chiral dimeric molecules. In this work, a single chiral molecule can control the chirality of up to 200 achiral molecules and even direct the assembly of inorganic nanoparticles into chiral nanocomposites through a sequential chirality transfer process. Moreover, this approach exhibits remarkable robustness, operating effectively without necessitating a precise match between chiral and achiral molecules. Consequently, using the same chiral molecules at an exceptionally low molar fraction (0.5 mol %) allows for the chiral‐selective assembly of achiral molecules over a broad spectrum, regardless of their packing habits, thus facilitating the creation of otherwise inaccessible chiral materials with modulated chiroptical properties. Last but not least, even a trace amount of chiral molecules can enhance the elastic modulus of the self‐assembled nanocomposites by a factor of eight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A nanocomposite scaffold was developed using gelzan, a natural extracellular polysaccharide, as the biopolymer matrix. Gelzan (GZ) was combined with Ag/Fe2⁺ co-doped hydroxyapatite (HAp) particles to enhance the scaffold’s biological properties. The aim of incorporating Ag/Fe2⁺ co-doped HAp was to utilize the combined antibacterial and bioactive properties of these components. The synthesized Ag/Fe2⁺ co-doped HAp nanoparticles, along with the gelzan-based nanocomposite scaffold produced via freeze-drying, underwent comprehensive analyses. These included Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and biological assessments for antibacterial activity and bioactivity. The results demonstrated that the Ag/Fe2⁺ co-doped HAp nanocomposite scaffold possessed favourable physicochemical properties. Furthermore, the integration of Ag and Fe2⁺ co-doped HAp into the gelzan matrix was confirmed, revealing the scaffold’s structural and compositional characteristics. Tests of apatite formation in simulated body fluid (SBF) indicated the development of layered apatite precipitates after 7 days. The scaffold also exhibited significant antibacterial activity, with inhibition zones of 7.35 ± 0.70 mm and 5.54 ± 0.60 mm against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, respectively. These findings suggest the scaffold’s promising potential as a biomaterial for bone tissue regeneration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a kind of ultra-high temperature ceramic, TaC is widely used in aerospace field. In order to improve its high temperature oxidation resistance, SiC is usually added as a second phase. TaC-SiC nanocomposites prepared by precursor-derived ceramic method have the advantages of low pyrolysis temperature, small particle size and uniform phase composition. Some studies have used solid polycarbosilane (PCS) as the precursor of SiC. However, it has problems such as high cost and need to add solvent. In this work, TaC-SiC nanocomposites were prepared by precursor-derived ceramic method with polytantaloxane (PTO) and vinyl-containing liquid polycarbosilane (LPVCS) instead of PCS as raw materials after 2 h pyrolysis at 1600 °C. The obtained TaC-SiC nanocomposites have a particle size of about 200 nm and a grain size of 15–40 nm, wrapped by 1–2 nm amorphous carbon shells, which is beneficial to inhibit grain growth. By analyzing the oxidation mechanism of TaC-SiC nanocomposites, it was found that higher SiC content was conducive to antioxidant, because the SiO 2 protective layer formed by oxidation insulated O 2 diffusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zircon (ZrSiO 4) is an inexpensive and widely available material with excellent thermal properties that makes it an ideal candidate for thermal barrier coatings. Previous works have demonstrated the feasibility of obtaining coatings with a high retention of zircon by plasma spraying of ZrSiO 4 and ZrSiO 4 /ZrO 2 suspensions. Suspensions of ZrSiO 4 /Al 2 O 3 and ZrSiO 4 /TiO 2 were produced by dispersing a micrometric zircon powder into alumina and titania colloidal sols, optimising their colloidal stability and rheological behaviour. Optimised slurries were plasma sprayed onto metallic substrates, obtaining coatings with the typical morphologies obtained by suspension plasma spraying (SPS). Nanostructured coatings with nanoparticles embedded in the molten matrix were obtained at higher proportions of sprayed colloidal sol. The high retention of ZrSiO 4 in the final coatings and the formation of new crystallographic phases of mullite and zirconium titanate by reaction of the by-products of zircon decomposition (SiO 2 and ZrO 2) and the Al 2 O 3 and TiO 2 colloids was demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The brittleness and limited plastic deformation of ceramics restrict their applications. In this work, the effects of pristine (CNT P), functionalized (CNT OH , CNT COOH) and silanized MWCNTs on the mechanical properties of Silicon Carbide obtained by pyrolyzing polycarbosilane SMP-10 were studied. Functionalization with 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxy was analyzed through dispersion stability, zeta potential, and EDS analyses, revealing increased silicon content and colloidal stability in silanized MWCNTs. However, silanized MWCNTs led to reduced mechanical properties in composites, while untreated MWCNTs (CNT P , CNT OH , CNT COOH), showed a substantial increase in modulus by 74.2 %, 86.9 %, and 30.5 %, respectively. The observed enhancement in mechanical properties exceeded the outcomes predicted by the rule of mixtures, suggesting notable morphological changes induced by MWCNTs. Potential underlying factors including toughening mechanisms and changes in porosity were evaluated and discussed in depth. Composites with untreated MWCNTs showed nearly a two-fold increase in fracture toughness. This work shows a streamlined approach for the development of ceramic nanocomposites (CNCs), achieving significant improvement in mechanical properties through pyrolysis, surpassing traditional methods reliant on densification processes. These findings demonstrate the substantial potential of CNCs, enhancing their suitability for advanced engineering applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is a challenge to improve the long-term durability of Pd-based electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in fuel cells. Herein, Pd/CeO2-C-T (T = 800 °C, 900 °C and 1000 °C) hybrid catalysts with metal–support interaction are prepared from Ce-based metal organic framework precursor. Abundant tiny CeO2 nanoclusters are produced to form nanorod structures with uniformly distributed carbon through a calcination process. Meanwhile, both carbon and CeO2 nanoclusters have good contact with the following deposited surfactant-free Pd nanoclusters. Benefited from the large specific surface area, good conductivity and structure integrity, Pd/CeO2-C-900 exhibits the best electrocatalytic ORR performance: onset potential of 0.968 V and half-wave potential of 0.857 V, outperforming those obtained on Pd/C counterpart. In addition, the half-wave potential only shifts 7 mV after 6000 cycles of accelerated durability testing, demonstrating robust durability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chitosan nanosheets (NS) stabilized on poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT: PSS) was functionalized using Fe3O4 to capacitively remove chloride ions and toxic cadmium ions at optimized pH, concentration, and number of charging cycles. The synthesis procedure was investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-Ray Diffractometer (XRD), Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), Scanning Electron Microscope – Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET). The analyses confirms increase in surface area of the nanocomposite from 41 to 132 m2/g and a decrease in crystallinity from 75.3 to 66.9% after nanosheet formation. The highest sorption exchange capacity (SEC) for this work, 93% CdCO3 removal is achieved at 100 CDI cycles while 82% NaCl removal was achieved at 80 cycles. The SEC% increased with pH during Na ion deionization and decreased with pH during Cd removal. The works shows that chitosan is able to impart advanced structural properties to Fe3O4 and PEDOT and is able to reduce reverse migration of ions from electrodes to bulk solution, leading to higher SEC performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights Ice accretion is a huge concern for many wind blades installed in colder regions. The approach of active de‐icing systems based on coatings has been recently quite explored. Nevertheless, the concern about an external electrically conductive layer leads to the need to develop multilayer insulating/conductive coatings. For this purpose, a novel multilayer coating consisting of a 3D printed carbon nanotube (CNT) and graphene nanoplatelet (GNP) reinforced nanocomposite is proposed, covered by a top coating consisting of a PCL‐based epoxy blend. Here, the CNT/GNP layer presents outstanding Joule heating capabilities due to the enhanced electrical conductivity, which increases significantly when increasing the filler content without drastically affecting the quality of the printed ribbons. More specifically, the temperature reached was about 140°C when applying 30 V for the 4 wt.%CNT and 6 wt.%GNP reinforced specimens. In this regard, this resistive heating can promote the thermal stimulus needed to activate de‐icing and self‐healing mechanisms on the epoxy/PCL top layer. Healing efficiencies obtained by the Joule effect reached up to 90% efficiency in comparison to convective heating, which showed a 68%, explained by the improved heating transfer from the CNT/GNP layer when applying the resistive heating. Finally, a proof‐of‐concept test as a de‐icing system showed a complete ice removal within 2.9 min when applying the resistive heating in the intermediate CNT/GNP layer, proving the multifunctionality of the proposed multilayer coating for self‐heating and self‐healing applications. A multilayer coating with self‐healing and de‐icing capabilities was successfully developed. Great combination of 3 min de‐icing time and 90% self‐healing efficiency. Novel inner 3D printed layer allows higher CNT/GNP contents than traditional ones. A multilayer approach with optimized nanoreinforced area required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dielectric capacitors are commonly used in electronic and electric power systems due to their excellent charging and discharging rates and ultra-high power densities. Especially, with the rapid development of new energy vehicles industry, high-temperature films capacitors are urgently needed, while the conductivity loss of polymer capacitive films at high temperatures sharply increases, which should be significantly suppressed for achieving excellent energy storage performance. This paper presents a composite film with polyetherimide (PEI) as the matrix, and core-shell structured particle ceramic as fillers where high polarization of barium strontium titanate (BaSrTiO 3) as the core and excellent insulation strength of alumina (Al 2 O 3) as the shell, respectively, achieving a synergistic enhancement of breakdown strength and dielectric constant of Al 2 O 3 @BaSrTiO 3 /PEI composite film. More importantly, the Al 2 O 3 layer with moderate dielectric constant can effectively relieves the electric field distortion at the interfacial regions due to the large difference between BaSrTiO 3 fillers and PEI matrix. The composite film demonstrates exceptional thermal and cycling stability, as well as energy storage properties within the studied temperature range, a discharge energy density of 4.67 J/cm3 at 150 °C. The enhanced mechanism of energy storage performance is revealed bycomparatively analyzing of the microstructure and dielectric properties of BaSrTiO 3 /PEI, Al 2 O 3 /PEI, and Al 2 O 3 @BaSrTiO 3 /PEI composite films. This paper presents a modification strategy of inorganic/organic composite films by increasing both of dielectric constant and electric breakdown strength at elevated temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnesium-doped zinc oxide thin films were dip-coated onto porous ceramic and glass substrates under identical conditions (50 layers, same doping ratio). Structural, morphological, and photocatalytic properties were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), UV–visible spectrophotometry, and confocal microscopy. XRD analysis indicated a shift in peak positions towards higher angles, increased grain size, and lattice distortion on both substrates. Unique flower-shaped crystalline granulates were observed exclusively on the ceramic substrate (DD3Z). The energy gap decreased on the ceramic and increased on the glass substrate. The photocatalytic activity was evaluated using an aqueous orange II solution, showing significantly higher decomposition (80 ± 0.53 % after 6 h) on the ceramic compared to the glass substrate (30 %). The enhanced performance on ceramic substrates, particularly with DD3+ZrO 2 , was attributed to increased microporosity, surface roughness, and active material incorporation, facilitating greater photocatalytic efficiency. The findings suggest promising applications of these materials for efficient and cost-effective photocatalysis, with potential for reuse after thermal treatment at 500 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solid oxide cells (SOCs) hold considerable promise as devices for efficient, reversible conversion between chemical and electrical energy, facilitating a global shift toward renewable energy. Electrode performance is critical for SOC efficiency and durability and composite materials are key to developing high‐performance electrode catalysts. However, conventional mechanical mixing and infiltration methods often lead to large particle sizes, uneven distribution, and weak interfacial interactions, thus limiting electrochemical activity and longevity. Recent advancements have produced powerful new strategies for creating composite materials. These include metal exsolution and oxide segregation for fuel electrodes and one‐pot synthesis, segregation, phase reaction, and dynamic cation exchange for air electrodes. These techniques yield highly active, uniform nano‐catalysts and robust multi–phase interfacial contacts, significantly improving electrochemical activity and durability. This work reviews these advanced strategies and their applications in SOCs. It provides valuable insights for designing and optimizing SOC catalyst materials, accelerating the development of this vital energy conversion technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) have received an abundance of attention because of their distinctive chiral nematic structure and exceptional optical characteristics. However, the use of free‐standing films is constrained by the inherent stiffness and brittleness. In this work, CNC films with robust mechanical properties are prepared by simply coating them with polymeric spherulites. Maleic anhydride‐grafted polypropylene (PP‐g‐MA) is used to coat CNC films. The optical properties of coated films were also analyzed using polarized optical microscope. It is observed that the circular extinction patterns for the coated CNC film were created by the radial symmetry of banded spherulites, which were responsible for the perception of the optical transmission bands of the CNC film. Interfacial anchoring plays a crucial role in enhancing the overall performance and properties of the composite system. The future development of numerous portable functional components needing improved optical, mechanical, and thermal qualities of CNC films is made possible by this protective coating approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the effects of incorporating low levels of cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) into an acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) matrix on the properties of ABS composites. Five samples with varying CNF content (0.125%, 0.25%, 0.5%, and 1%) were prepared, alongside a pure ABS sample for comparison. The preparation involved mechanical blending, followed by extrusion and injection molding. Mechanical, thermal, water absorption, surface gloss, and microstructural properties of the composites were characterized. Tensile and three-point bending tests revealed that the addition of CNFs improved both stiffness and strength, with the highest tensile modulus observed in ABS/NC4 (1% CNFs) and the highest flexural strength in ABS/NC1 (0.125% CNFs). Impact resistance, evaluated through Charpy impact testing, showed enhancement up to 0.5% CNF content, beyond which a decline was observed due to increased particle quantity. Thermal properties exhibited negligible changes, with slight variations in glass transition and melting temperatures observed within a narrow range. SEM analysis confirmed a uniform distribution of CNFs, contributing to enhanced crack resistance, although higher CNF content led to increased void formation. Surface gloss measurements indicated smoother material surfaces with higher CNF content. The study concludes that integrating CNFs into ABS composites improves mechanical properties and impact resistance, necessitating careful consideration of CNF content for optimal performance. Further refinement could tailor ABS/CNF composites for specific applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research is essential for the progress of nanocomposite technology, with ramifications for society. The development of economical and high-performing nanocomposites may result in improved and adaptable optoelectronic devices, therefore contributing to technical progress and economic advantages. The (PMMA-SiO2/CuO) nanocomposites(NCs) have been prepared using the solution cast method. This study examined the structural, optical, and electrical characteristics of nanocomposites consisting of PMMA-SiO2/CuO. The nanoparticles were uniformly distributed throughout the composite, resulting in a cohesive network within the polymer matrix, as evidenced by the optical microscope photos. The FTIR analysis showed a shift in the peak location and changes in the shape and intensity compared to the pure PMMA sample. The findings about the optical characteristics indicate a significant increase in absorption by approximately 331% (from 0.65 to 2.77) at a wavelength of 520 nm. The absorbance, refractive index, and optical conductivity of pure PMMA exhibited an increase with the rising concentration of (SiO2/CuO) nanoparticles. Additionally, the energy gap experienced a decrease of roughly 120% (from 4.01 to 1.81 eV) for allowed indirect transitions and 248% (from 3.48 to 1.05 eV) for forbidden indirect transitions with increasing concentration of (SiO2/CuO) nanoparticles. The nanocomposites of PMMA-SiO2/CuO exhibit a significant absorbance level in the ultraviolet (UV) region. As the frequency of the applied electric field increased, the dielectric constant and dielectric loss of the (PMMA-SiO2/CuO) nanocomposites decreased, as indicated by the experimental results. With an increase in frequency, the electrical conductivity of an alternating current (A.C.) increases. The dielectric loss of pure PMMA exhibited an increase with the increasing concentration of (PMMA-SiO2/CuO) nanoparticles. At a frequency of 100 Hz, the presence of SiO2/CuO nanoparticles in PMMA increased the dielectric constant by about 44% and the A.C. electrical conductivity by approximately 328% when the nanoparticles accounted for 6% of the total weight. The pressure sensor application investigation findings on NCs demonstrate a direct correlation between the applied pressure and the rise in electrical capacitance (Cp). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanomaterials play a pivotal role in food preservation and its safety, offering ingenious solutions for sustainable food packaging. Nanomaterials enable the creation of packaging materials having unique functional properties. It not only extends the shelf life of the foods by releasing preservatives but also enhances food safety by preventing microbial contamination or food spoilage. In this review, we aim to provide an overview of the various applications of nanotechnology in food packaging, highlighting its key advantages. We also delve into the safety considerations and regulatory issues involved in developing nanotechnology-based food packaging materials. Additionally, advancements in the field of nanotechnology-based packaging have the potential to create safer, more sustainable, and high-quality packaging with greater functionality that delivers essential benefits to manufacturers and consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nanocomposite material Sb2S3: SnS:MnS2 was fabricated by single precursor technique by using dithio‐carbamate ligand as Sb2S3:SnS:MnS2 (DDTC) complex. An internal and external look at the anatomy and activity of the substance was obtained by using a variety of analytical techniques like XRD, FTIR, UV‐Vis and SEM. Additionally, various electro‐analytical tools like LSV, CV, GCD and EIS were applied to confirm material's rich electro‐active capability for photoactive electrode. XRD revealed its average crystallite size of 12.33 nm with 82.8 % crystallinity. Optical characteristics represented describe effective semiconducting nature of nanomaterials with optimum band gap of 2.65 eV. By using electrochemical processes, LSV and CV demonstrated fertile opto‐electrical nature of Sb2S3: SnS: MnS2 (DDTC) material with specific capacitance, Csp, of 1080 F/g at scan rate of 2 mV/s. With a high specific power density of 2656 W/kg, the GCD technique attempted to validate the nature of the material as an electrode with a good charge‐discharge mechanism. In EIS, low series resistance, Rs=0.73 Ω, was observed to be very beneficial argument in validating the nanocomposite synthesized in this research project as effective and low‐cost material which can be applied in different energy producing and storing devices like solar system and super‐capacitors etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cerium dioxide (CeO2) has huge potential in many applications ranging from biochemical engineering to the coating industry. Here, the first example of visible light photo‐mediated Pickering emulsion polymerization of (meth)acrylate monomers is reported using CeO2 nanoparticles (NPs) as solid stabilizer. A ω,ω′−dicarboxylic acid diphenyl disulfide photoinitiator is anchored on the surface of the CeO2 NPs and used to initiate the emulsion polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) and of MMA/n‐butyl acrylate (MMA/BA) under visible light leading to CeO2‐armored latexes. Radicals generated upon light irradiation trigger the formation of polymer chains chemically attached to the CeO2 NPs, promoting their subsequent adsorption on the latex surface. The composite films obtained from the CeO2‐armored P(MMA‐co‐BA) latexes exhibit a unique honeycomb nanostructure with the nanoceria located in the walls giving the materials excellent mechanical, anti‐UV, and photocatalytic properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Although there are many uses for metal–organic framework (MOF) based nanocomposites, research shows that these materials have received a lot of interest in the field of water treatment, namely in the photodegradation of water contaminants, and disinfection of some pathogenic bacteria and fungi. This is brought on by excessive water pollution, a lack of available water, low-quality drinking water, and the emergence of persistent micro-pollutants in water bodies. Photocatalytic methods may be used to remove most water contaminants, and pathogenic microbes, and MOF is an excellent modifying and supporting material for photocatalytic degradation. Methods: This work involved the fabrication of a unique Cu-MOF based nanocomposite that was exposed to gamma radiation. The nanocomposite was subsequently employed for photocatalytic degradation and as an antimicrobial agent against certain harmful bacteria and fungi. The produced Cu-MOf nanocomposite was identified by XRD, SEM, and EDX. Growth curve analysis, UV lighting impact, and antibiofilm potential have been carried out to check antimicrobial potential. Additionally, the membrane leakage test was used to determine the mechanism of the antimicrobial action. In an experimental investigation of photocatalytic activity, a 50 mL aqueous solution including 10.0 ppm of Rhodamine B (RB) was used to solubilize 10 mg of Cu-MOF. It has been investigated how pH and starting concentration affect RB elimination by Cu-MOF. Ultimately, RB elimination mechanism and kinetic investigations have been carried out. Results: SEM images from the characterization techniques demonstrated the fact that the Cu-MOF was synthesized effectively and exhibited the Cu-MOF layers' flake-like form. Uneven clusters of rods make up each stratum. The primary peaks in the Cu-MOF's diffraction pattern were found at 2θ values of 8.75◦, 14.83◦, 17.75◦, 21.04◦, 22.17◦, 23.31◦, 25.41◦, and 26.38◦, according to the XRD data. After 135 min of UV irradiation, only 8% of RB had undergone photolytic destruction. On the other hand, the elimination resulting from adsorption during a 30-min period without light was around 16%. Conversely, after 135 min, Cu-MOF's photocatalytic breakdown of RB with UV light reached 81.3%. At pH 9.0, the greatest removal of RB at equilibrium was found, and when the amount of photocatalyst rose from 5 to 20 mg, the removal efficiency improved as well. The most sensitive organism to the synthesized Cu-MOF, according to antimicrobial data, was Candida albicans, with a documented MIC value of 62.5 µg mL−1 and antibacterial ZOI as 32.5 mm after 1000 ppm treatment. Cu-MOF also showed the same MIC (62.5 µg mL−1) values against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, and 35.0 and 32.0 mm ZOI after 1000 ppm treatment, respectively. Ultimately, it was found that Cu-MOF (1000 µg/mL) after having undergone gamma irradiation (100.0 kGy) was more effective against S. aureus (42.5 mm ZOI) and E. coli (38.0 mm ZOI). Conclusion: From the obtained results, the synthesized MOF nanocomposites had promising catalytic degradation of RB dye and high antimicrobial potential which encouraging their use in wastewater treatment against some pathogenic microbes and polluted dyes. Due to the exceptional physicochemical characteristics of MOF nanocomposites, it is possible to create and modify photocatalytic nanocomposites in a way that improves their recovery, efficiency, and recyclability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractNanocomposites (NC) of amorphous polycarbonate (PC) and cerium oxide (CeO2) nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared. The synthesized CeO2 had a nanonature of average particle size 22 nm, as indicated from their high resolution transmission electron microscopy images (HTEM). Samples of the PC/CeO2 NC films were irradiated with several γ ray doses (10-80 kGy). The resultant outcome of the γ irradiation on the optical properties of the NC films was studied using ultraviolet spectroscopy (UV-vis). Upon raising the γ ray dose up to 80 kGy, the maximum dose used, the direct bandgap decreased from 4.92 to 3.91 eV. The Urbach energy showed an opposite trend; it increased from 0.46 to 0.92 eV. This could be attributed to the domination of chain crosslinks. Also, the optical dielectric loss (ε”) assisted in identifying the nature of the microelectronic transitions. It was found that the PC/CeO2 NC films had direct allowed transitions. Additionally, the γ induced changes in the optical conductivity were studied. Moreover, the optical color changes between the pristine and the irradiated films were evaluated. The pristine NC film was uncolored. It showed significant color changes when irradiated with γ radiation up to 80 kGy. The induced modifications in the optical properties suggest that the γ radiation is an effective means for modifying the properties that allows the use of PC/CeO2 NC in optoelectronic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT The design of super‐antimicrobially active multipurpose nanocarriers as polymeric nanocomposites embedded with metal oxides with sustained drug release is beneficial in medical treatment for controlling inflammation and targeting a wide range of pathogenic microorganisms. Brilliant metal oxide nanoparticles (MOx) involving selenium dioxide, titanium dioxide, and vanadium pentoxide were well prepared in good yields, and their morphologies and structures were specified. Then they were embedded in copolymeric nanocomposites through in situ microemulsion polymerization of (E)‐2‐cyano‐N‐cyclohexyl‐3‐(dimethylamino)acrylamide (CHAA) with methyl methacrylate (MMA), dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA), and acrylic acid (AA). In addition, ibuprofen was then loaded into the synthesized polymers and their nanocomposites to achieve high drug entrapment efficiency EE%, and its release behavior was studied in various simulated fluids. The produced drug‐loaded polymers and their nanocomposites were characterized using Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), transmission electron microscope (TEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and thermogravimetric analysis (TG). Well‐defined nanospheres of polymeric‐metal oxide nanocomposites were generated in a size range of 50 nm, with ibuprofen loaded at a high encapsulation efficiency of approximately 97%. In vitro drug release was inspected for the polymer and its nanocomposites revealing that the presence of metal oxide nanoparticles resulted in prolonged and sustained release behavior for wound dressing. The antimicrobial study based on the zone of inhibition against various pathogenic microorganisms showed excellent activity against Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Helicobacter pylori, and Candida albicans. These findings validate the potential of these nanocomposites to serve as a viable upcoming antimicrobial agent for the treatment of human ailments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Generating a clean and sustainable hydrogen using the naturally available electrocatalysts to split water is among the primary energy resources adopted by the global industries. Transition metal dichalcogenides such as tungsten disulfide (WS 2) provide abundant active sites to foster hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). A simple hydrothermal process was employed to synthesize WO 3 ·H 2 O (hydrated tungsten trioxide) and WO 3 nanoparticles. The inclusion of WS 2 into the oxide has enhanced the ionic movement, which has improved the catalytic performance of the composite. The hydrophilic nature of WO 3 has facilitated the conversion of water molecules into adsorbed hydrogen, which was then spilled over the HER active sites of WS 2 to produce hydrogen. Thus, the WO 3 ·H 2 O/WS 2 catalyst achieved a current density of 10 mA cm−2 at an overpotential of 383 mV with Tafel slope of 77 mV dec−1 under neutral conditions and a hydrogen evolution rate of 0.33 mmol h−1 cm−2 at −0.5 V versus RHE. [Display omitted] • A tungsten-based composite, WO 3 ·H 2 O/WS 2 , was synthesized using a facile hydrothermal method at a relatively low temperature. • An overpotential of 383 mV at a current density of 10 mA cm−2 in HER is achieved under neutral conditions. • The estimated rate of hydrogen evolution is 0.33 mmol h−1 cm−2 at a potential of −0.5 V versus RHE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The usage of non-renewable carbon-base fuel energy have created multiple issues such as global warming, environmental degradations etc. Replacing these non-renewable sources of energy with renewable energy (photocatalytic H 2 production) is a hot topic for researchers due to its sustainability and eco-friendliness. In this work MnO 2 , SnO 2 and their nanocomposites have been synthesized through simple hydrothermal and co-precipitation methods. The purpose of such nanocomposite fabrication is to synthesize a suitable heterostructure for maximum solar energy harvesting in water splitting. All the prepared samples of pure MnO 2 , SnO 2, and nanocomposites have been characterized through various techniques, which confirm the structure, functional groups, absorbance, morphology, elemental compositions, chemical compositions, and increase in photo-induced current as well as the photostability of such nanocomposites. The highest apparent quantum yield of the optimized MnO 2 @SnO 2 (first time reported as photocatalyst for H 2 production) were 21.7% at wavelength 420 nm, which is the highest ever reported for such (MnO 2 @SnO 2) nanocomposite. The enhanced photocatalytic behavior for H 2 production has been observed which is 3.67 times greater than pristine MnO 2. Such an enhancement is due to the synergistic effect of SnO 2 NPs decorated on the NTs of MnO 2. The present work provides a novel approach to produce hydrogen with high performance as efficient solar harvesting. • High-quality crystalline nanocomposites of MnO 2 @SnO 2 have been synthesized. • Various characterizations have been performed like XRD, FTIR, EDX, SEM, XPS, TEM, HR-TEM, EIS and GCG spectroscopies. • The suitable bandgap (MS-30) sample shows visible light absorption. • MS-30 nanocomposite shows an enhanced photocatalytic H 2 production performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Si/graphene nanocomposite is regarded as an advanced lithium-ion anode material, attributable to its advantageous microstructure and exceptionally high theoretical specific capacity. This study demonstrates a novel approach for the preparation of Si/graphene nanocomposites, achieved through the pulsed discharge method employing graphite and Si strips as precursors. We devised two distinct "one-step" synthetic routes through pulsed discharge of different wire arrangements. The characterization results of the obtained samples unveiled the presence of Si/graphene composite and Si@carbon layer composite. In addition, the formation mechanisms of Si/graphene nanocomposites have been proposed, different wire arrangements lead to the different energy deposition processes, inducing different robust mechanical and thermal effects on the products. The formed Si clusters either deposit on the surface of exfoliated graphene or become encapsulated within curling graphitic layers, forming a core@shell structure. This work not only presents a straightforward and innovative approach for synthesizing Si/graphene nanocomposites but also contributes valuable insights into the underlying mechanisms governing their formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plastic waste and wastewater are indeed significant environmental issues that have wide‐ranging impacts on ecosystems, human health, and the economy. This study outlines the synthesis of biodegradable polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)–starch polymeric films incorporating multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) derived from plastic waste and unzipped carbon nanotubes oxides (UMCNOs) as co‐filled nanomaterials. These films were formulated based on data generated using a mixture design method in Design Expert 13 software, resulting in the synthesis of 19 films utilizing five types of PVA–starch polymer solutions (Types A–E). The synthesized films underwent characterization to study their surface morphology via scanning electron microscope and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis. Subsequently, the films were individually subjected to vacuum filtration, through which cationic dyes such as methylene blue (MB) and anionic dye Congo red (CR) were passed in batches. The highest removal efficiency of 96.43% for MB dye was achieved, accompanied by an exceptionally high flux of 3146.78 LMH. Similarly, the maximum removal of 88.08% for CR was observed with a flux of 1512.66 LMH. The renewable active sites mechanism resulted in increased dye removal with every cycle. Results indicated efficient reusability, particularly when washed with ethanol–water solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The novel semiconductor photocatalytic material bismuth vanadate (BiVO4) is gaining significant attention in research due to its unique characteristics, which include a low band gap, good responsiveness to visible light, and non-toxic nature. However, intrinsic constraints such as poor photogenerated charge transfer, slow water oxidation kinetics, and fast electron–hole pair recombination limit the photocatalytic activity of BiVO4. Building heterojunctions has shown to be an effective strategy for enhancing charge separation and impeding electron–hole pair recombination over the last few decades. This review covers the state-of-the-art developments in heterojunction nanomaterials based on BiVO4 for photocatalysis. It explores heterojunction design, clarifies reaction mechanisms, and highlights the current developments in applications including photocatalytic water splitting and organic matter degradation. Finally, it offers a preview of the development paths and opportunities for BiVO4-based heterojunction nanomaterials in the future. This comprehensive assessment of BiVO4-based heterojunctions provides insightful knowledge to researchers in materials science, chemistry, and environmental engineering that will drive advances and breakthroughs in these important fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, plastic contamination worldwide is a concerning reality that can be addressed with appropriate society education as well as looking for innovative polymeric alternatives based on the reuse of waste and recycling with a circular economy point of view, thus taking into consideration that a future world without plastic is quite impossible to conceive. In this regard, in this review, we focus on sustainable polymeric materials, biodegradable and bio-based polymers, additives, and micro/nanoparticles to be used to obtain new environmentally friendly polymeric-based materials. Although biodegradable polymers possess poorer overall properties than traditional ones, they have gained a huge interest in many industrial sectors due to their inherent biodegradability in natural environments. Therefore, several strategies have been proposed to improve their properties and extend their industrial applications. Blending strategies, as well as the development of composites and nanocomposites, have shown promising perspectives for improving their performances, emphasizing biopolymeric blend formulations and bio-based micro and nanoparticles to produce fully sustainable polymeric-based materials. The Review also summarizes recent developments in polymeric blends, composites, and nanocomposite plasticization, with a particular focus on naturally derived plasticizers and their chemical modifications to increase their compatibility with the polymeric matrices. The current state of the art of the most important bio-based and biodegradable polymers is also reviewed, mainly focusing on their synthesis and processing methods scalable to the industrial sector, such as melt and solution blending approaches like melt-extrusion, injection molding, film forming as well as solution electrospinning, among others, without neglecting their degradation processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To enhance the photogeneration and separation of charge carriers, ZnO/MnO2 nanocomposites were efficiently synthesized using a simple hydrothermal process and tested as photocatalyst for dye degradation. The samples of ZnO, MnO2, and ZnO/MnO2 nanocomposites were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), UV–vis diffuse reflection spectroscopy, and photoluminescence spectra (PL). The photocatalytic activity of the ZnO/MnO2 prepared using 10 mg was significantly higher than that of ZnO or MnO2, as demonstrated by optical and photoluminescence measurements. In fact, the degradation efficiency of methyl orange (MO) with ZnO/MnO2 (10 mg) reaching to 98% after 2 h of sunlight irradiation. The enhanced degradation of MO compared with pure ZnO and MnO2 can be attributed to the high surface area, efficient sunlight absorption, and excellent charge carrier separation of the ZnO/MnO2 photocatalyst. Density functional theory (DFT) simulations of ZnO and MnO2 further revealed the electronic origins of the structural properties, showing that the photocatalytic activity is due to the electron transitions between the valence and conduction bands of materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Novel thiomer/nanoclay nanocomposites based on a thiomer and montmorillonite (MMT) were prepared in order to obtain a mucoadhesive material with controlled release properties for its potential use as drug carrier. The thiomer was synthesized by immobilization of L-cysteine in alginate mediated by carbodiimide reaction and further characterized by FT-IR and Ellman's reaction. Nanocomposites with growing concentrations of thiomer and MMT were prepared and analyzed by XRD, TGA and TEM. Rheological behavior of nanocomposite in contact with mucin and intestinal mucus were studied as in vitro and in situ mucoadhesion approach, showing until ∼10-fold increasing in the complex viscosity and ∼27-fold in elastic modulus when the amount of thiomer is increased. Higuchi and Korsmeyer-Peppas kinetic models were evaluated in order to study the release of deltamethrin from nanocomposite films. Release profiles showed a retard in the migration of the drug influenced by the amount of MMT (P < 0.05). Diffusion coefficient (D) showed a significant decrease (P < 0.0001) when concentration of MMT is increased reaching D = 4.18 × 10–7 m2 h–1, which resulted ∼7-fold lower in comparison with formulation without MMT. This hybrid nanocomposite can be projected as a potential mucoadhesive drug carrier with controlled release properties. [Display omitted] • Mucoadhesive nanocomposites based on a thiomer and montmorillonite was prepared. • Alginate was functionalized with L-cysteine showing 186.0 µmol –SH/g polymer. • XRD and TEM indicate intercalated forms for nanocomposites. • Mucoadhesion assay showed strong interaction between nanocomposite and mucin/mucus. • Higuchi and Korsmeyer-Peppas model satisfied release process with high R 2. • Nanocomposite present a controlled release depending the amount of MMT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Composite sandwich structures, which are widely employed in engineering structures, require a multitude of inserts. In certain instances, the necessity for a specialized insert arises from the unique characteristics of a particular application. In applications such as weather radar radomes, double-curved sandwich panels should be designed with electromagnetic (EM) transparency as a primary objective. The use of metal inserts should be restricted to the absolute minimum. Given the limitations of using metal materials to protect against EM radiation and the need to enhance the load-bearing capacity of the joint against pull-out loads, a composite insert has developed as an innovative solution. In this study, a composite insert of a double-curved sandwich dome has been developed using silica nanoparticles, and its mechanical strength against pull-out load has been evaluated through both experimental and numerical analysis. The strength results obtained have been compared with analytical estimates. Additionally, the buckling of the double-curved sandwich dome against a wind speed of 220 km/h has been investigated numerically. The critical buckling load for wind loading for the full-scale sandwich radome was estimated to be 16,303 N. According to the numerical results obtained with the Abaqus finite element (FE) software, the maximum pull-out force applied to the connection area is approximately 10.7 kN. A parametric study of geometric variables and experimental results showed that it is possible to achieve a stronger composite insert (by 1 wt % nano silica particles) by 20.7% lighter and 102.65% more bearing capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work is an attempt to evaluate the effect of multi-wall carbon nanotube (MWCNT) reinforcement on the properties of non-crimp fabric (NCF) carbon fiber-reinforced polymer hybrid composite (CFRP). MWCNT NCF-CFRP plates were produced by vacuum infusion. Epoxy-MWCNT mixtures were prepared by adding a surfactant, Triton-X 100, and ethanol and mixing ultrasonically. The plates were subjected to thermal and electrical conductivity, DSC and FT-IR characterizations, and tensile testing. SEM image analyses evaluated tensile fracture surfaces. Results showed that 0.5 wt% MWCNT-reinforced nanocomposite samples exhibited better tensile properties than pure NCF-CFRP composites and other nanocomposite samples. The 1.5% MWCNT reinforced sample was the best conductor at all temperatures. The temperature increases also increase the conductivity. However, the conductivity value of 0.5% MWCNT reinforced material increased significantly at low frequencies such as 100–10,000 Hz. The heat reaction of the 0.5 wt% MWCNT nanocomposite was also a bit higher than that of 1–1.5 % wt MWCNT nanocomposites, indicating a decrease in the cure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We presents an innovative approach to addressing the mechanical properties limitations of fluororubber (FKM) in the industrial field. A novel functionalized nano-silica spheres (SiO2), grafted with amino groups, were constructed by utilizing chemical grafting. The surface modification of the nanosilica microspheres enables the formation of C=N bonds between the amino-functionalized nanosilica microspheres and FKM promoting high dispersion and strong interfacial bonding of SiO2, resulting in an exceptional mechanical enhancement function for FKM composite. Compared to original FKM, the FKM/SM-A-10 composite demonstrates remarkable improvements in both tensile strength and hardness by 242% and 49%, respectively. Additionally, there is a notable 40% enhancement in thermal conductivity of the FKM/SM-A-10 composite. This straightforward and efficient manufacturing approach for achieving high-performance FKM proves to be a valuable and practical foundation for industrial design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The availability of fresh water is limited compared to its huge consumption. Conversely, certain industries like dyes, textiles, paper, and tanning not only consume vast quantities of fresh water, but also generate significant amounts of wastewater that poses severe threats to living organisms. The present investigation focuses on the degradation of Rhodamine-B (Rh–B) as a model pollutant by using the nanocomposite based on waste scrap tire-derived activated carbon (AC) and titanium dioxide (TiO 2). These nanostructures were fabricated using wet chemistry techniques. Analysis using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that the morphology of the structures remained largely unchanged even with a concentration of 6 mg of AC. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results confirmed the successful fabrication of rutile and anatase phases of TiO 2 @AC nanocomposite. The XPS results confirmed the presence of AC and TiO 2 in the composite. Furthermore, the optical band gap of the nanocomposites decreased up to 17.17 % and 34.57 % through direct and indirect methods respectively, owing to the varying quantity of AC used. The narrowing of optical band gap and the increased surface oxygen vacancies were caused by the successive addition of AC during the synthesis of nanocomposites. This resulted in the efficient degradation of Rhodamine-B (Rh–B) using adsorption and photocatalytic oxidation. The findings demonstrate a significant influence of AC on the TiO 2 catalyst in the removal of Rh–B dye. The maximum efficiency of dye removal, reaching up to 99.14 %, was achieved with the highest concentration of AC, thus demonstrating almost complete elimination of Rh–B dye. The findings suggest that the use of waste scrap tires can be effectively applied to design efficient photocatalysts for addressing the wastewater management issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a growing threat of wastewater pollution impacting human access to clean water. The surge in pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in such water has reached alarming levels, posing an unprecedented threat to aquatic ecosystems and human health. Conventional wastewater treatment is not specifically tailored to address the presence of PPCPs. This paper examines the possibility of using nano-chitin and chitosan as effective and sustainable adsorbents for the removal of PPCPs from wastewater. The recent progress in functionalized nano-chitin or chitosan composites is reviewed with attention to enhanced adsorption capacity and selectivity toward different classes of PPCPs. Unique features of nano-chitin and chitosan, such as their large surface areas and biocompatibility making them a good choice for PPCP adsorption, are also discussed. Critical evaluation is given about how these nanomaterials absorb PPCPs by looking at various mechanisms like electrostatic interactions, hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic interaction, among others. Finally, future research directions provided for improving performance and scalability of such bio-based adsorbents are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work, the development of nanocomposites was carried out by processing the nanofillers viscogel clay B8 and vanadium oxide with the polycaprolactone (PCL) matrix, through a twin-screw extruder. The evaluation of the nanomaterial obtained by X-ray diffraction technique showed that the addition of nanoparticles caused change in the crystallization process and in the crystallinity index, due to the action of them as a nucleating agent. Evaluation of thermogravimetric analysis, it was observed an increase in the thermal stability of nanocomposites containing clay. Analyzing the SEM micrographs, it was observed that there was a good dispersion and distribution of nanofillers in the matrix. The differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray diffraction technique, showed the possibility of nanoparticles are acting as a nucleating agent, in some mixtures there was change in the values of crystallinity index. Through nuclear magnetic resonance analysis, it was evaluated a good homogeneity of the nanofiller in the matrix due to the intermolecular interaction promoting a better dispersion and distribution of the nanoparticle in the polymer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water pollution due to organic compounds has emerged as a global concern. Among various methods for wastewater treatment like advanced oxidation process, photodegradation, reverse osmosis, etc., adsorption is an economical and effective method. Different research scientists have focused on developing low-cost materials for the adsorption of organic pollutants from aqueous streams. The Discovery of M-xenes has led to a new and interesting vein of research. This article summarises M-xenes and M-xenes based nanocomposites for wastewater treatment. Adsorption kinetics and mechanism is also discussed in this paper. The adsorption is due to chemical attractions between pollutants and functional groups on the surface of M-xenes. Surface modified M-xenes have the potential to be excellent adsorbent materials for water remediation. Various factors affecting the adsorption capacity of M-xenes are discussed. Lastly, the future prospects for developing M-xenes as efficient, low-cost and non-toxic materials for water remediation are also addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A zinc oxide/carbon nanotube hybrid (ZnO/MWCNT) was synthesized utilizing a straightforward precipitation technique based on the physical approach of pulsed laser ablation. Various techniques were employed to investigate the composition, morphology and optical of the synthesized nanocomposite. The techniques employed were X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, FT-IR and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) to confirm the compete decoration to be applicable for removal Ni(II) ions in an aqueous solution. ZnO have a hexagonal wurtzite structure connected to hexagonal graphite of MWCNT from XRD. The interaction between ZnO and CNTs resulted in a reduction in the domain of sp2 bonds, according to Raman. From TGA, we can attribute the reduction in thermal analysis to the oxidation of surface hydroxyl functional groups (-OH), the evaporation of surface solvent and the presence of ZnO's inorganic oxide structure compared to pristine MWCNT. These findings confirmed that adding ZnO NPs to MWCNT caused more structural flaws and surface disorder, even though the structure of the CNTs stayed the same. We then investigated numerous factors affecting the extraction of Ni(II) ions, including pH, duration of extraction, amount of nanosorbent used and circumstances. We observed the optimal conditions at room temperature, pH of 5.9, nanoadsorbent dosage of 0.2 g/L and contact time of 1 h. Atomic absorption spectrometry easily monitored the kinetics of this reaction. The Langmuir, Freundlich and Redlich–Peterson isotherm models explain the mechanism underlying the adsorption equilibrium isotherm. Furthermore, regeneration experiments revealed that the adsorbent still maintained a high adsorption capacity after six cycles, demonstrating remarkable potential for use in environmentally friendly applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pressure sensors based on advanced materials have gained high attention for their potential applications in various fields, including sports training. This study focuses on the development of poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene) (P(VDF-TrFE))/graphene composite films as high-performance pressure sensors. The composite films were fabricated using a casting method, and their morphological, structural, thermal, mechanical, and electrical properties were comprehensively characterized. The incorporation of graphene nanoplatelets (GnPs) into the P(VDF-TrFE) matrix led to the formation of a percolated conductive network, resulting in enhanced electrical conductivity and pressure sensitivity. The composite film containing 5 wt% GnP exhibited remarkable sensing capabilities, boasting an elevated sensitivity of 0.85 kPa−1, a rapid response time of 50 ms, and exceptional resilience over 1000 loading-unloading cycles. Moreover, the incorporation of GnP substantially augmented the mechanical properties, with a 65 % enhancement in tensile strength and a 92 % surge in Young's modulus when juxtaposed against pristine P(VDF-TrFE) films. The superior property of these P(VDF-TrFE)/graphene composite pressure sensors, along with their excellent mechanical properties, make them promising candidates for sports training applications, enabling the monitoring and analysis of various biomechanical parameters to optimize athletic performance and prevent injuries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, lanthanum oxide (La2O3) nanoparticles or lanthana were synthesized by the planetary ball milling method and then used as a filler for the preparation of the polypropylene (PP) based nanocomposites by solution mixing method. The PP used in the study was derived from the discarded saline bottles. The structural and the surface morphology of the synthesized lanthanum oxide nanoparticles were characterized by XRD, SEM and FTIR. The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) study revealed that the thermal stability of the nano lanthana composites increased with the addition of the lanthanum oxide nanoparticles. The mechanical properties, such as Young's modulus and tensile strength, were also improved by the addition of the lanthanum oxide nanoparticles to the PP matrix. The composites also showed antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli bacteria. This approach not only mitigates medical plastic waste and environmental impact but also paves the way for versatile polymer nanocomposites with extensive industrial applications, especially in biomedical packaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel organic-inorganic photocatalyst like layer structured graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4 or CN) hybrid with strontium titanate (SrTiO3 or STO) was prepared by a precipitation-sonication technique for photocatalytic activity. The crystal phases, morphologies, elemental composition, optical properties, and porous structure of the prepared pristine and STO/CN hybrid composite were measured using various physicochemical characterizations. It is indicated that STO nanospheres were effectively loaded on the g-C3N4 nanosheets, resulting in the STO/CN hybrid composite, high surface area, enhanced visible-light absorption, enhancing photoinduced charge separation and suppressing the recombination rate. Furthermore, the 3 wt% of g-C3N4 composited STO (STO/CN-3) catalyst demonstrated higher photocatalytic activity than pristine STO in 100 min under white light irradiation, reaching the degradation efficiency of 92.66 % and 93.31 % toward methylene blue (MB) and tetracycline (TC), respectively. The improved photocatalytic activity of STO/gCN hybrid composite could be ascribed to the synergistic effect between STO and CN with strong interfacial interaction facilitating efficient charge separation and inhibiting the charge recombination of photogenerated electron-hole pairs. Moreover, a possible photocatalytic mechanism has been proposed for the degradation of MB and TC. Besides, the excellent photocatalytic performance, STO/CN-3 nanocomposite also exhibits outstanding photostability under the current factors, suggesting that they are suitable for practical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is growing interest in biomedical applications of magnesium (Mg) and its nanocomposites due to their superior biodegradability, stiffness, and lower elastic modulus than other implant materials. However, the quick deterioration of magnesium alloys results in a rapid decline in mechanical properties, restricting their clinical application. Recent advancements, particularly in the integration of nanoparticle reinforcement, have enhanced mechanical strength while preserving the inherent toughness. These composites also show impressive corrosion resistance and compatibility with biological systems. However, uniformly dispersing nanoparticles as reinforcements within the Mg matrix and achieving the desired properties present significant challenges. Consequently, selecting appropriate magnesium nanocomposite production methods and identifying biodegradable, biocompatible, and osteogenic reinforcements are of utmost importance to overcome these obstacles and enhance mechanical, corrosion, and cytotoxic properties relevant to specific applications becomes imperative. This review investigates a range of fabrication techniques and types of reinforcement, analysing their impact on the mechanical properties, corrosion resistance, and biocompatibility of magnesium nanocomposites. Additionally, it investigates potential applications and proposes future research avenues for magnesium nanocomposites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nano-size spinel ferrite CoFe2O4 (CFO), ferroelectric BaTiO3 (BTO), and their nanocomposites BTO@CFO (BTO nanoparticles are added during the synthesis of CFO) and CFO@BTO (CFO nanoparticles are added during the synthesis of BTO) were synthesized using a combination of chemical co-precipitation and sol–gel routes, respectively. The phase formation and crystallinity of the bare CFO and BTO and their nanocomposites were verified via x-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) revealed the formation of the nanocomposites. Magnetization measurements confirmed the ferromagnetic behavior of all the samples except BTO, in which superposition of a weak ferromagnetic and diamagnetic response occurred due to its nanostructure. Magnetization versus temperature (M–T plot) measurements showed an anomaly near the ferroelectric-to-paraelectric phase transition of BTO. Also, the dielectric constant (ε′) and loss tangent (tanδ) with respect to frequency (102–106 Hz) and temperature (300–700 K) were examined. The ε′–T curve of the nanocomposites exhibited an anomaly at the same temperature as observed in the M–T plot, indicating the inherent magnetoelectric coupling in the nanocomposites. The energy storage properties of BTO and the nanocomposites were examined via P–E loop analysis and confirmed that the CFO@BTO sample exhibits maximum energy storage efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electronic devices and communication systems are highly susceptible to interference from unwanted electromagnetic waves. High-performance electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding offers a solution to this issue. In this work, we discuss the design of an EMI shielding material composite using natural rubber (NR) filled with polyaniline (PANI), multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT), and ferric oxide (Fe2O3). Different properties of the material composite are studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. We tested the EMI shielding efficiency of the developed material in the X band and the Ku band. The measurements revealed improved shielding effectiveness when compared to similar microwave shielding materials. In terms of flexibility and cost-effectiveness, this novel composite also proved to be a better alternative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]