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Résumé : Cet article tente de répondre à une préoccupation majeure qui concentre l’attention des théoriciens du mouvement « droit et littérature » : l’intérêt pour la littérature de comprendre la présence du droit dans les œuvres. En montrant qu’il est important d’acculturer les littéraires au domaine juridico-judiciaire, afin de mieux étudier autrement que d’habitude les textes romanesques qui soulèvent les questions juridiques, cette étude vise à apporter sa contribution au développement du courant interdisciplinaire encore embryonnaire en Afrique. Cet exercice, utile à l’analyse des œuvres, s’inscrit dans une dynamique d’ouverture au droit, surtout que de nombreux textes littéraires sont fortement imprégnés d’éléments juridiques. Mots-clés : Droit, littérature, acculturation, roman, justice.

Simple Summary: There is a high demand for eggs in developing countries. Poultry feed is expensive; thus, farmers cannot afford to buy commercial feed. Therefore, it is important to explore the qualities of potential new feed materials for egg production. Desmodium tortuosum is a common weed in sub-Saharan Africa. These feed materials can be used for supplementing laying hen diets. Three hundred hens were used for 13 weeks. Two control groups received diet W, based on white corn, or diet Y containing yellow corn. The other groups received a diet based on white corn supplemented with Desmodium tortuosum leaf flour at 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, or 10%. Diets supplemented with Desmodium improved laying performance and yolk color at a reduced feed cost per egg but had no effect on cholesterol content. The inclusion of Desmodium tortuosum leaf flour in a white corn-based diet for laying hens is effective in lowering feed cost, increasing egg production, and improving yolk color. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects on laying performance, egg quality traits, color, and composition of supplementing a white corn-based diet with Desmodium tortuosum leaf flour. Three hundred 32-week-old hens were distributed to 30 pens of 10 hens each and allocated to six dietary treatments (five replicates per treatment) for 13 weeks. Two control groups of 50 hens received one of either diet Y, based on yellow corn, or diet W, based on white corn. The other groups received a diet based on white corn supplemented with Desmodium tortuosum leaf flour at 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, or 10% (diet D). Diet D improved laying performance and yolk color at a reduced feed cost per egg but had no effect on cholesterol content. In conclusion, the inclusion of Desmodium tortuosum leaf flour, in a white corn-based diet, is effective in lowering feed cost, increasing egg production, and improving yolk color. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Les ambitions impérialistes de la langue française se sont retournées contre elle-même dans la mesure où dépassant l’assimilation, les africains et surtout les ivoiriens ont fait sienne cette langue en y apportant un foisonnement créatif résultant des pressions linguistiques locales. En effet, ces pressions de toutes parts ont entrainé au niveau de la langue française une très grande porosité aux langues du substrat et à certains particularismes qui contestent son intégrité et sa pureté, en Côte d’Ivoire, au point où la question de sa colonisation devient légitime. Mais pour une langue qui s’aventure si loin de son aire maternelle pour couvrir des aires géographiques et culturelles diversifiées, elle devrait s’attendre à toutes ces interférences que, même si certains appréhendent comme un handicap, beaucoup considèrent comme un grand avantage pour sa dynamique et son avenir car la langue française ce n’est pas seulement celle parlée en France, c’est aussi celle de la périphérie. La langue française donc, plutôt que de s’offusquer d’une colonisation, devrait considérer les apports périphériques comme un enrichissement, un bouillonnement qui devrait donner vitalité à la francophonie. Abstract The imperialist ambitions of the French language have turned against itself to the extent that beyond assimilation, Africans and especially Ivorians have embraced this language by bringing a creative abundance resulting from local linguistic pressures. Indeed, these pressures from all sides have led to a very porosity of the French language to the languages of the substrate and to certain particularisms that contest its integrity and purity, in Côte d'Ivoire, to the point where the question of its colonization becomes legitimate. But for a language that ventures so far from its native area to cover diverse geographical and cultural areas, it should expect all these interferences that, even if some apprehend as a handicap, many consider a great advantage for its dynamics and its future because the French language is not only the one spoken in France, it is also that of the periphery. The French language, therefore, rather than taking offense at colonization, should consider peripheral contributions as an enrichment, a bubbling that should give vitality to the Francophonie.

Assessing the impact of climate change (CC) on agricultural production systems is mainly done using crop models associated with climate model outputs. This review is one of the few, with the main objective of providing a recent compendium of CC impact studies on irrigation needs and rice yields for a better understanding and use of climate and crop models. We discuss the strengths and weaknesses of climate impact studies on agricultural production systems, with a particular focus on uncertainty and sensitivity analyses of crop models. Although the new generation global climate models (GCMs) are more robust than previous ones, there is still a need to consider the effect of climate uncertainty on estimates when using them. Current GCMs cannot directly simulate the agro-climatic variables of interest for future irrigation assessment, hence the use of intelligent climate tools. Therefore, sensitivity and uncertainty analyses must be applied to crop models, especially for their calibration under different conditions. The impacts of CC on irrigation needs and rice yields vary across regions, seasons, varieties and crop models. Finally, integrated assessments, the use of remote sensing data, climate smart tools, CO 2 enrichment experiments, consideration of changing crop management practices and multi-scale crop modeling, seem to be the approaches to be pursued for future climate impact assessments for agricultural systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects on laying performance, egg quality traits, color, and composition of supplementing a white corn-based diet with Desmodium tortuosum leaf flour. Three hundred 32-week-old hens were distributed to 30 pens of 10 hens each and allocated to six dietary treatments (five replicates per treatment) for 13 weeks. Two control groups of 50 hens received one of either diet Y, based on yellow corn, or diet W, based on white corn. The other groups received a diet based on white corn supplemented with Desmodium tortuosum leaf flour at 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, or 10% (diet D). Diet D improved laying performance and yolk color at a reduced feed cost per egg but had no effect on cholesterol content. In conclusion, the inclusion of Desmodium tortuosum leaf flour, in a white corn-based diet, is effective in lowering feed cost, increasing egg production, and improving yolk color.