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Abstract Food bioactive compounds have a beneficial biological effect on human health, fending off cancer, cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome, and neurodegenerative disease, among other noncommunicable diseases and neurodegenerative disorders. Secondary metabolites like polyphenols, glucosinolates, carotenoids, vitamins, terpenoids, saponins, and fibers have been linked to these health benefits due to their antioxidant, antiatherogenic, anti‐inflammatory, antimicrobial, cardioprotective, and vasodilator properties. This review comprehensively illustrates the extraction of bioactive compounds in food formulations along plant wastes and provides insight into the efficient delivery systems for health‐promoting compounds. There is an insight into how to choose which bioactive to use, how to extract them in a bioavailable state, and how to include and deliver them. Grapes, garlic, sweet potato leaves, cactus pears, beetroot, amaranth, Picea abies bark waste, olive leaves, and black plum are discussed comprehensively in terms of extraction and health benefits. The novel and emerging technologies are discussed in detail, and a comprehensive review and comparison with conventional methods are presented. The significant health benefits associated with bioactive compounds are also discussed.

Abstract Motorbike spoke wheel injuries (SWIs) among children are a notable public health concern, especially in low and middle-income regions. The primary objective of this study is to comprehensively examine the patterns of motorbike spoke wheel injuries (SWIs) in children. Additionally, the study introduces a novel classification system for these injuries. The implementation of this classification system aims to streamline the management of SWIs, making it more efficient and facilitating the development of standardized treatment protocols. This prospective observational study was conducted in the Accident and Emergency Department from January 2019 to 2021. Children

Background: Large benign bone tumors can cause bone defects that significantly affect the stability of a limb after resection. The reconstruction of large skeletal defects in children presents a unique challenge to the orthopedic surgeon due to the significant remaining growth potential, the desire for biologic preservation of the joint surface, and the need for a long-term viable reconstruction in patients expected to survive for decades. The use of a fibular strut graft has been shown to provide biologic reconstruction that successfully addresses these issues in the pediatric population. This study aims to evaluate the results of benign and tumor like lesions treated by non-vascularized autologous fibular strut graft and supplementary fixation. Methods: This retrospective study was conducted between January 2002 and December 2017 at Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre, Karachi, Pakistan. The study included all patients under 13 years of age with benign and tumor-like lesions of bone undergoing surgical procedures requiring bone grafts. The surgical procedures performed were simple excision, curettage, and stabilization, and marginal resection with reconstruction with autologous fibula bone grafting±cancellous bone grafting. Further stabilization was achieved with intramedullary or compression plate and screw fixation. Clinical and radiological follow-up was done until skeletal maturity. Results: There were 480 cases of benign and tumor-like lesions of bone operated in the study period, with an average age of 7.8 years (range 4–13 years). The most common lesion operated was aneurysmal bone cysts (38.54 %), followed by fibrous dysplasia (28.75 %), and non-ossified fibromas (9.37 %). All patients could walk with partial weight-bearing four weeks postoperative, and full weight-bearing was permitted after a mean of 8 weeks. Graft union was attained in 468 (97.5 %) patients at a mean of 2 months while 12 (2.5 %) required repeated surgery. No recurrence of the pathology, pain, graft fracture or limitation in range of motion was noted. Conclusions: This study showed that primary bone tumors were mainly benign, settled predominantly in the lower extremities mostly in the femur with a male preponderance. In the pediatric patient, the described technique is an effective and reliable treatment method for large benign bone tumors requiring resection. However, great diameter discrepancy of the donor and recipient site and a thin periosteum can be a limiting factor for its application. We conclude that non vascularized autologous fibular strut graft with internal fixation is a safe and effective method of treatment for benign cystic lesions in children.

Purpose: The purpose of this literature review is to examine the current evidence regarding the timing of surgical intervention for acetabular fractures and to explore the outcomes of early versus late surgical management. Additionally, this review aims to evaluate the experiences of low-resource settings in managing acetabular fractures. Method: A systematic literature search was conducted using electronic databases to identify relevant studies published between 2010 and 2022. Inclusion criteria consisted of studies that assessed the timing of surgical intervention for acetabular fractures and reported on outcomes such as pain, functional outcomes, and radiographic healing. A total of 22 studies were included in this review. Literature Review: The literature review revealed conflicting evidence regarding the optimal timing of surgical intervention for acetabular fractures. Some studies suggested that early intervention leads to improved outcomes in terms of pain relief, functional outcomes, and radiographic healing. However, other studies found no significant differences in outcomes between early and delayed surgical management. The experience of low-resource settings also showed comparable outcomes to those of high-income settings, although studies in these settings were limited. Results: The results of this literature review suggest that the timing of surgical intervention for acetabular fractures remains controversial. While some studies suggest that early intervention may result in better outcomes, others found no significant differences in outcomes between early and delayed surgery. Furthermore, the experience of low-resource settings suggests that successful outcomes can be achieved despite limited resources. However, further studies in these settings are needed to better understand the challenges and limitations of managing acetabular fractures in low-resource settings.

Background: Femoral neck fractures are challenging injuries that can lead to non-union and avascular necrosis (AVN), particularly in cases of delayed presentation. Muscle pedicle bone grafting has been suggested as a potential approach to supplement blood supply to the fracture site. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of Meyer's procedure in the treatment of ununited femoral neck fractures with grade I and II AVN, which involves internal fixation and quadratus femoris-based muscle pedicle bone grafting. Methods: Five patients with delayed presentation of femoral neck fractures with grade I and II AVN were included in this retrospective study. The surgical approach for all patients was Meyer's procedure, consisting of open reduction and internal fixation followed by a muscle pedicle graft and cancellous bone graft. Fixation was done with parallel cannulated screws or non-cannulated cancellous screws. In all cases, the quadratus femoris muscle pedicle graft was utilized. The average follow-up duration was three years. Results: All five patients achieved radiological union and reported excellent functional outcomes, including the ability to perform activities such as squatting and sitting cross-legged. According to the Salvatti and Wilson hip rating system, three cases had excellent results, one had good results, and one had fair results. Two cases had coxa vara, and one case had temporary loss of scrotal sensation as complications. Avascular necrosis and transient foot drop were not observed in any cases. Using the modified Harris hip score, all cases achieved good or excellent outcomes, with an average follow-up period of 130 weeks and radiological union occurring at an average of 6.5 months. Conclusion: Meyer's procedure provides stable internal fixation and enhanced blood supply to promote union in ununited femoral neck fractures with grade I and II AVN. This technique can achieve good or excellent functional outcomes and may represent a viable treatment option for patients with these types of fractures. However, further research is needed to confirm these findings and optimize treatment strategies.

On-farm sorting and transportation of postharvest fruit include sorting out defective products, grading them into categories based on quality, distributing them into bins, and carrying bins to field collecting stations. Advances in artificial intelligence (AI) can speed up on-farm sorting and transportation with high accuracy and robustness and significantly reduce postharvest losses. The primary objective of this literature review is to provide an overview to present a critical analysis and identify the challenges and opportunities of AI applications for on-farm sorting and transportation, with a focus on fruit. The challenges of on-farm sorting and transportation were discussed to specify the role of AI. Sensors and techniques for data acquisition were investigated to illustrate the tasks that AI models have addressed for on-farm sorting and transportation. AI models proposed in previous studies were compared to investigate the adequate approaches for on-farm sorting and transportation. Finally, the advantages and limitations of utilizing AI have been discussed, and in-depth analysis has been provided to identify future research directions. We anticipate that this survey will pave the way for further studies on the implementation of automated systems for on-farm fruit sorting and transportation.

The deployment and efficient use of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) in underwater and underground environments persists to be a difficult task. In addition, the localization of a sensor Rx node in WSNs is an important aspect for the successful communication with the aforementioned environments. To overcome the limitations of electromagnetic, acoustic, and optical communication in underwater and underground wireless sensor networks (UWSNs), magneto-inductive (MI) communication technology emerged as a promising alternative for usage in UWSNs with a wide range of applications. To make the magneto-inductive underwater wireless sensor networks (MI-UWSNs) more efficient, recently, various research studies focused on the optimization of the physical layer, MAC layer, and routing layer, but none of them has taken into account the effect of directionality. Despite the directionality issue posed by the physical nature of a magnetic field, the unique qualities of MI communication open up a gateway for several applications. The directionality issue of MI sensors is a critical challenge that must be taken into account while developing any WSN protocol or localization algorithm. This paper highlights and discusses the severity and impact of the directionality issue in designing a localization algorithm for magneto-inductive wireless sensor networks (MI-WSNs). A received signal strength indicator (RSSI)-based multilateration localization algorithm is presented in this paper, where a minimum of 2 and maximum of 10 anchor Tx nodes are used to estimate the position of the sensor Rx nodes, which are deployed randomly in a 15 m × 15 m simulation environment. This RSSI-based multilateration technique is the most suitable option that can be used to quantify the impact of directionality on the localization of a sensor Rx node.

The implementation of AI assisted cancer detection systems in clinical environments has faced numerous hurdles, mainly because of the restricted explainability of their elemental mechanisms, even though such detection systems have proven to be highly effective. Medical practitioners are skeptical about adopting AI assisted diagnoses as due to the latter's inability to be transparent about decision making processes. In this respect, explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) has emerged to provide explanations for model predictions, thereby overcoming the computational black box problem associated with AI systems. In this particular research, the focal point has been the exploration of the Shapley additive explanations (SHAP) and local interpretable model-agnostic explanations (LIME) approaches which enable model prediction explanations. This study used an ensemble model consisting of three convolutional neural networks(CNN): InceptionV3, InceptionResNetV2 and VGG16, which was based on averaging techniques and by combining their respective predictions. These models were trained on the Kvasir dataset, which consists of pathological findings related to gastrointestinal cancer. An accuracy of 96.89% and F1-scores of 96.877% were attained by our ensemble model. Following the training of the ensemble model, we employed SHAP and LIME to analyze images from the three classes, aiming to provide explanations regarding the deterministic features influencing the model's predictions. The results obtained from this analysis demonstrated a positive and encouraging advancement in the exploration of XAI approaches, specifically in the context of gastrointestinal cancer detection within the healthcare domain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the state licensing requirements for antiracism education for physicians in the United States. The authors conducted a review of physician accreditation requirements for each state and found that as of August 2023, 12 out of 50 states have antiracism training requirements. The topics covered in these requirements vary, with the most common being implicit bias and cultural competency. The authors highlight the need for further evaluation of the impact of antiracism training on physicians' attitudes and patient outcomes, as well as the importance of addressing larger structural forces in racial health disparities. [Extracted from the article]

A flexible needle has emerged as a crucial clinical technique in contemporary medical practices, particularly for minimally invasive interventions. Its applicability spans diverse surgical domains such as brachytherapy, cardiovascular surgery, neurosurgery and others. Notably, flexible needles find utility in biopsies requiring deep skin penetration to access infected areas. Despite its minimally invasive advantages, the precise guidance of the needle to its intended target, while avoiding damage to bones, blood vessels, organs and tissues, remains a significant challenge for researchers. Consequently, extensive research has been dedicated to enhancing the steering and accuracy of flexible needles. Here, we aim to elucidate the recent advancements, trends and perspectives in flexible needle steering models and path planning over the last 15 years. The discussed models encompass various types, including symmetric-tip needles, curved-tip needles, tendon-actuated needles, programmable needles and the innovative fracture-directed waterjet needles. Moreover, the paper offers a comprehensive analysis, comparing the trajectories followed by these needle models to attain the desired target with minimal tissue damage. By delving into these aspects, the paper contributes to a deeper understanding of the current landscape of flexible needle technology and guides future research directions in this dynamic field.

At present, the incidence of prostate cancer (PCa) in men is increasing year by year. So, the early diagnosis of PCa is of great significance. Transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS)-guided biopsy is a common method for diagnosing PCa. The biopsy process is performed manually by urologists but the diagnostic rate is only 20%–30% and its reliability and accuracy can no longer meet clinical needs. The image-guided prostate biopsy robot has the advantages of a high degree of automation, does not rely on the skills and experience of operators, reduces the work intensity and operation time of urologists and so on. Capable of delivering biopsy needles to pre-defined biopsy locations with minimal needle placement errors, it makes up for the shortcomings of traditional free-hand biopsy and improves the reliability and accuracy of biopsy. The integration of medical imaging technology and the robotic system is an important means for accurate tumor location, biopsy puncture path planning and visualization. This paper mainly reviews image-guided prostate biopsy robots. According to the existing literature, guidance modalities are divided into magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ultrasound (US) and fusion image. First, the robot structure research by different guided methods is the main line and the actuators and material research of these guided modalities is the auxiliary line to introduce and compare. Second, the robot image-guided localization technology is discussed. Finally, the image-guided prostate biopsy robot is summarized and suggestions for future development are provided.