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Background: The second most common illness after malaria that is transmitted by vectors and that may be lethal if untreated is leishmaniasis. Leishmaniasis is caused by parasites of the genus Leishmania, which are classified into two subgenera, Viannia and Leishmania. Methodology: A total of 100 sample collected from presumed clinically as CL patients by dermatologist, with 50 positive cases and 50 negative cases on Geimsa stain microscopy for Leishman Donovan (LD) bodies. After permission from Ethical board in Khyber medical university KPK and inform consent from patient or their guardian in case of children was taken. The lesion and its surroundings were cleaned with 70% ethanol, and the fluid oozing out of the first prick was obtained and disperse over a glass slide, left to dry and fixed with methanol, and stained with Giemsa stain. Two pricks were administered with a sterile BD syringe at the active margin of the lesion. The second prick's fluid was collected and kept in an EDTA tube for PCR usage at -20°C at the IBMS laboratory of KMU in Peshawar. Results: Out of 100 CL patients, 53 were female and 47 were male. The patients age was ranged from two year to 89 year. PCR was positive in 64 cases and negative in 36 cases out 100 for CL. Out of 50 positive microscopic cases 37cases were positive on PCR. Out of 50 microscopic negative cases 27 (54%) were positive by PCR. A statistically significant difference was found between PCR and microscopic method in the detection of CL. Conclusion: The finding in our study specifies that PCR base analysis is superior to microscopy for diagnosis of CL. Therefore, we recommend use of PCR for the detection of CL along with Giemsa staining in order to improve the quality and sensitivity of routine diagnosis of the disease. Keywords: Polymerase Chain Reaction, Giemsa staining, Cutaneous leishmaniasis

Eight transgenic (Cry1Ac -endotoxin) genotypes and one non-GMO cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) variety were used in the investigation. Cry1Ac protein was expressed at various extents in several strains. In a greenhouse environment, sixty days after planting, the cry 1Ac gene's expression peaked. At 60 DAP, the variety Bt.CIM-598 (1.871 g/g) expressed the most toxin of any genotype. Throughout the cropping season, larvae of the Helicoverpa armigera were gathered from every section of the nation that produces cotton. H. armigera larvae that were captured in the field were raised on artificial feeds. There was a negative relationship between the DAP and the amount of Cry1Ac protein (-0.332). The greatest amount of death was seen when first-instar larvae consumed the leaves of 60 DAP plants. It was found that transgenic variants had a considerable effect on the percentage mortality of H. armigera. MNH-886 larvae showed the highest mortality percentage when fed on leaves that were harvested 30 DAP (days after planting). When larvae were fed on 60 and 90 DAP leaves on CIM-598 and IR-1524, the mortality rate was greater. However, AA-802 had the highest death rate when larvae were fed on 120 DAP leaves. The variety with the highest death rate was CIM-598. When H. armigera consumed 60 DAP leaves, the greatest overall mortality was noted. The plant-toxin interaction in cotton varied depending on a number of physiological changes in plants. Regardless of plant age or variety, the highest rate of mortality of H. armigera larvae was seen after feeding 48-hour of treatment or feeding.

Drought has an impact on agricultural growth and development, which significantly reduces output and degrades produce quality. Fifty cotton genotypes were tested in the field for performance under artificially produced water deficit stress conditions. In 2015, sowing was carried out in the first week of May with two sets of every genotype in each replication. While the other set continued to be stressed by a water shortage, one set was regularly irrigated. The crop was allowed to grow for a duration of four weeks. Data on various physiological markers related to different genotypes' resistance to water stress were gathered. The findings showed that under normal and stressful conditions, the genotypes differed significantly (p 0.01) in a number of physiological variables e.g. relative water content, cell damage, leaf water potential, excised leaf water loss, osmotic potential, and stomatal conductance. For the several variables examined, very significant interactions (p0.01) were also found between genotypes and water stress. The genotypes include (Include nut shell results indicating susceptible and tolerant varieties)

Background: Currently, patients with coronary artery disease are advised to use coronary stenting as their primary revascularization method. This study aims to compare outcome of MACE after DEB Vs DES in treatment of patients within stent restenosis (ISR) presented with chest pain. Methodology: The current study was Quasi experimental study carried out at the Department of Cardiology, MTI-HMC Peshawar for duration of six months from 21 April 2021 to 21 Nov 2021. In this study, 94 patients in DEB group and 94 patients in DES group were followed for 06 months to look for development of MACE. All data was collected through a well-defined proforma. Data was entered on computer software SPSS version 22. Results: In DEB group, 52 (55.3%) male patients and 42 (44.7%) female patients were recorded whereas in DES group, 57 (60.6%) male patients while 37 (39.4%) female patients were recorded. In DEB group, 15 (16.0%) patients were recorded with MACE whereas in DES group, 38 (40.4%) patients were recorded with MACE. Conclusion: Our study showed that DEB is superior to DES in the management of in-stent restenosis and results in fewer major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), so DEB may be considered as a treatment option for CAD patients admitted to our setting in in order to reduce mortality and morbidity associated to restenosis in such patients.

Introduction: Predilation ballooning in high thrombus-laden ST-elevation myocardial infarctions (STEMIs) is a technique used during emergent percutaneous coronary revascularization (PCI) to improve blood flow and reduce clot burden in the coronary artery. Objectives: The main objective of the study is to find the predilation ballooning in high thrombus laden STEMIs as an independent predictor of slow flow in patients undergoing emergent percutaneous coronary revascularization. Material and methods: The study was a retrospective analysis of 280 consecutive patients who underwent emergent PCI for STEMI at Hayat Abad Medical Complex. Data were collected from electronic medical records of patients who met the inclusion criteria, which were patients with STEMI who underwent emergent PCI and had high thrombus burden as assessed by angiography. Patients who did not undergo predilation ballooning or who had missing data were excluded from the analysis. The collected data included demographics, clinical characteristics, laboratory values, angiographic findings, procedural details, and outcomes. Results: The results of the study show that predilation ballooning is an independent predictor of slow flow in patients undergoing emergent percutaneous coronary revascularization for high thrombus burden STEMI in the sample of 280 patients. Data presents a comparison between two groups of patients who underwent emergent percutaneous coronary revascularization with and without predilation ballooning. The comparison is based on demographic, clinical, and angiographic characteristics, as well as postprocedure in-hospital complications and outcomes. The two groups were propensity-matched in a 1:1 ratio to account for potential confounding factors. Conclusion: In conclusion, our study suggests that predilation ballooning may be an independent predictor of slow flow in patients undergoing emergent percutaneous coronary revascularization. The comparison of demographic, clinical, and angiographic characteristics between the predilation ballooning (+) and predilation ballooning (-) groups did not reveal any significant differences, indicating that the two groups were similar in terms of baseline characteristics.

Introduction: Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI) is a commonly performed procedure for treating coronary artery disease. However, one of the potential complications of this procedure is Acute Kidney Injury (AKI), which can result in significant morbidity and mortality for patients. Objectives of the study: The main objective of the study is to find the association of radial artery access with reduced incidence of acute kidney injury in patient undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. Material and methods: This was a retrospective cohort study conducted at Medical Teaching Institute-Hayatabad Medical Complex, Peshawar between January 10, 2022 and June 13, 2022. The study was approved by the institutional review board. Data were collected from electronic medical records, including demographic information, medical history, procedural details, laboratory values, and outcomes. The primary outcome was the incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI), defined as an increase in serum creatinine of ≥0.3 mg/dL or ≥50% within 48 hours after the procedure. Results: Based on a study of 300 patients undergoing cardiac catheterization, there was a significant association between the use of radial artery access and reduced incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI). The odds ratio for radial artery access was 0.59 (95% CI 0.32-1.09), indicating a lower risk of AKI with this approach. This finding is consistent with the results presented in Table 3, which also showed a lower incidence of AKI in the radial artery access group. However, the p-value for radial artery access was 0.09, indicating that this association did not reach statistical significance. Conclusion: Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that radial artery access may be associated with a lower incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI) and fewer bleeding complications compared to femoral artery access in patients undergoing cardiac procedures such as percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG).

Breast cancer (BC) is one of the most common and recurring diseases and the second leading cause of death in women. Despite prevention, diagnostics, and therapeutic options such as radiation therapy and chemotherapy, the number of occurrences increases every year. Therefore, novel therapeutic drugs targeting specifically different checkpoints should be developed against breast cancer. Among drugs that can be developed to treat breast cancer, natural products, such as plant-derived compounds, showed significant anti-breast cancer properties. These substances belong to different chemical classes such as flavonoids, terpenoids, phenolic acids, and alkaloids. They exert their in vitro and in vivo cytotoxic activities against breast cancer cell lines via different mechanisms, including the inhibition of extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways, the arrest of the cell cycle, and the activation of autophagy. Moreover, they also exhibit anti-angiogenesis and antimetastatic action. Moreover, chemoprevention effects of these bioactive compounds were signaled only for certain drugs. Therefore, the aim of this review is to highlight the pharmacological actions of medicinal plants and their bioactive compounds on breast cancer. Moreover, the role of these substances in breast cancer chemoprevention was also discussed.