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COVID-19 or SARS-CoV-2 is an infectious disease caused by the most recently discovered coronavirus, which has been the cause of the last recorded pandemic for humanity; Its rapid diffusion and progression required novel approaches in clinical practices, where the speech therapist has become increasingly visible, due to the commitments that these patients present at the swallowing level. The objective of this review is to determine the swallowing situation of post-covid patients with and without intubation through the exploration of the scientific evidence of the exploratory systematic review of the literature, under the standards of the PRISMA methodology and the structure PSALT. Observing that 50% of the articles included are of an observational, descriptive, prospective type, with a greater number of publications in the year 2021, related to the highest peak of the pandemic generated by the Sars Cov 2 virus. Within the variables analyzed, it is observed that the speech-language assessment is carried out in three spheres; instrumental, clinical and self-report, the FEES, the FOIS scale and the EAT-10 scale are the most frequently used. Patients who are infected with SARS COV-2 and require orotracheal intubation are characterized by multiple concomitant factors that promote penetration and silent aspiration of food. Similarly, in patients who do not require support with mechanical ventilation, the COVID 19 virus can cause, although with a lower incidence, alterations in swallowing function as a result of the neuronal damage produced by this pathogen., El COVID-19 o SARS-CoV-2 es una enfermedad infecciosa causada por el más recientemente descubierto coronavirus, el cual ha sido causa de la última pandemia registrada para la humanidad; su rápida difusión y su progresión requirió de novedosos enfoques en las prácticas clínicas, en donde el fonoaudiólogo se ha hecho cada vez más visible, debido a los compromisos que presentan a nivel deglutorio estos pacientes. El objetivo de esta revisión es determinar la situación de la deglución de los pacientes post-covid con y sin intubación a través de la exploración de la evidencia científica de tipo revisión sistemática exploratoria de la literatura, bajo los estándares de la metodología PRISMA y la estructura PSALSAR. Observando que el 50% de los artículos incluidos son de tipo observacional, descriptivo, prospectivo, con una mayor cantidad de publicación en el año 2021, relacionado con el pico más alto de la pandemia generada por el virus Sars Cov 2. Dentro de las variables analizadas se observa que la evaluación fonoaudiológica se realiza en tres esferas; instrumental, clínica y auto reporte, la FEES, la escala FOIS y la escala EAT-10, son las de uso más frecuentes. Los pacientes que presentan contagio con el SARS COV-2 y requieren intubación orotraqueal, se caracterizan por presentar múltiples factores concomitantes que promueven la aparición de penetración y aspiración silenciosa de alimentos. De igual forma, en los pacientes que no requieren apoyo con ventilación mecánica, el virus del COVID 19 puede causar, aunque con una incidencia menor, alteración en la función deglutoria como resultado de la lesión neuronal que produce este agente patógeno.

Graphene oxide (GO) materials possess physicochemical properties that facilitate their application in the industrial and medical sectors. The use of graphene may pose a threat to biota, especially aquatic life. In addition, the properties of nanomaterials can differentially affect cell and molecular responses. Therefore, it is essential to study and define the possible genotoxicity of GO materials to aquatic organisms and their ecosystems. In this study, we investigated the changes in the expression of 11 genes in the aquatic organism Chironomus riparius after 96 h of exposure to small GOs (sGO), large GOs (lGO) and monolayer GOs (mlGO) at 50, 500 and 3000 μg/L. Results showed that the different genes encoding heat shock proteins (hsp90, hsp70 and hsp27) were overexpressed after exposure to these nanomaterials. In addition, ATM and NLK—the genes involved in DNA repair mechanisms—were altered at the transcriptional level. DECAY, an apoptotic caspase, was only activated by larger size GO materials, mlGO and lGO. Finally, the gene encoding manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) showed higher expression in the mlG O-treated larvae. The lGO and mlGO treatments indicated high mRNA levels of a developmental gene (FKBP39) and an endocrine pathway-related gene (DRONC). These two genes were only activated by the larger GO materials. The results indicate that larger and thicker GO nanomaterials alter the transcription of genes involved in cellular stress, oxidative stress, DNA damage, apoptosis, endocrine and development in C. riparius. This shows that various cellular processes are modified and affected, providing some of the first evidence for the action mechanisms of GOs in invertebrates. In short, the alterations produced by graphene materials should be further studied to evaluate their effect on the biota to show a more realistic scenario of what is happening at the molecular level.

Introduction: Currently, there are few studies conducted in Latin America addressing the demographic, clinical and laboratory characteristics of patients with COVID-19 and intensive care unit (ICU) admission requirement. Objective: To compare the sociodemographic, clinical, imaging and laboratory characteristics of patients diagnosed with COVID-19 and treated in the emergency department of a hospital in Cali, Colombia, according to ICU admission requirement. Materials and methods: Retrospective and descriptive single cohort study conducted in 49 adults with COVID-19 treated in the emergency department of a quaternary care hospital in Cali, Colombia, in March and April 2020. Patients were divided into two groups: ICU admission requirement (n=24) and non-ICU admission requirement (n=25). Bivariate analyses were performed to determine differences between both groups (chi-2, Fisher's exact, Student's t and Mann-Whitney U tests), with a significance level of p<0.05. Results: Participants’ mean age was 53 years (SD=13) and 29 patients were men. Significant differences were found between both groups in the following variables: mean age (ICU x̅=58 vs. Non-ICU x̅=49; p=0.020), presence of diabetes (8 vs. 1; p=0.010), presence of respiratory distress (20 vs. 11; p=0.007), uni or bilateral presence of areas of consolidation (12 vs. 3; p=0.005), median leukocyte (Med=7570/mm3 vs. Med=5130/mm3; p=0.0013), neutrophils (Med=5980/mm3 vs. Med=3450/mm3; p=0.0001) and lymphocytes (Med=865/mm3 vs. Med=1400/mm3; p<0.0001) count, median C-reactive protein (Med=141,25mg/L vs. Med=27.95mg/L; p<0.001), ferritin (Med=1038ng/L vs. Med=542.5ng/L; p=0.0073) and lactate dehydrogenase (Med=391U/L vs. Med=248.5U/L, p=0.0014) levels. Finally, 15 patients required invasive mechanical ventilation, 2 presented with failed extubation, and there were 5 deaths. Conclusions. Significant differences were observed in the values of several inflammatory markers, cellular damage and complete blood cou, Introducción. Actualmente, hay pocos estudios en Latinoamérica sobre las características demográficas, clínicas y de laboratorio de pacientes con COVID-19 y con requerimiento de ingreso a unidad de cuidados intensivos (UCI). Objetivo. Comparar las características sociodemográficas, clínicas, imagenológicas y de laboratorio de pacientes diagnosticados con COVID-19 atendidos en el servicio de urgencias de una clínica en Cali, Colombia, según requerimiento de ingreso a UCI. Materiales y métodos. Estudio retrospectivo descriptivo de cohorte única realizado en 49 adultos con COVID-19 atendidos en el servicio de urgencias de un hospital de cuarto nivel de atención en Cali, Colombia, en marzo y abril de 2020, los cuales se dividieron en dos grupos: requerimiento de UCI (n=24) y no requerimiento de UCI (n=25). Se realizaron análisis bivariados para determinar las diferencias entre ambos grupos (pruebas de chi-2, exacta de Fisher, t de Student y U de Mann-Whitney), con un nivel de significancia de p<0.05. Resultados. La edad promedio fue 53 años (DE=13) y 29 pacientes fueron hombres. Se encontraron diferencias significativas entre ambos grupos en las siguientes variables: edad promedio (UCI x̅=58 vs. No UCI x̅=49; p=0.020), presencia de diabetes (8 vs. 1; p=0.010), presencia de dificultad respiratoria (20 vs. 11; p=0.007), presencia uni o bilateral de áreas de consolidación (12 vs. 3; p=0.005), mediana del conteo de leucocitos (Med=7570/mm3 vs. Med=5130/mm3; p=0.0013), de neutrófilos (Med=5980/mm3 vs. Med=3450/mm3; p=0,0001) y linfocitos (Med=865/mm3 vs. Med=1400/mm3; p<0,0001), mediana de proteína C reactiva (Med=141,25mg/L vs. Med=27,95mg/L; p<0,001), ferritina (Med=1038ng/L vs. Med=542,5ng/L; p=0.0073) y lactato-deshidrogenasa (Med=391U/L vs, Med=248,5U/L, p=0,0014). Finalmente, 15 pacientes requirieron ventilación mecánica invasiva, 2 presentaron extubación fallida, y en total, 5 fallecieron. Conclusiones. Se observaron diferencias significativas en los valores

My thesis analyzes the emergence of contemporary Latin American social movements in the 21st century as a result of the mutability of the Nation-State, producing what I call posthegemonic movements. Drawing from theories on sovereignty, posthegemony, social movements, subjectivity and biopolitics, this project examines the instability of the Nation-State in the global era and the interconnectedness with the different theoretical approaches to the field of social movements studies that emerged during the second half of the 20th century by building on critical work in social and political theory as well as social movement studies. I argue that current social movement studies emerging from Latin America and the United States, instead of opening new windows of dialogue and approaches that can offer a more suitable interpretation of recent social mobilizations, they are trapped inside an exhausted hegemonic language. I suggest a new theoretical approach in studying these social movements that have emerged in the first two decades of the new millennia. I argue that the new configuration of the Nation-State in the global era is producing posthegemonic movements that constitute political singularities, mobilize, and communicate in a different manner than they did before. I do so through a reading of cultural texts such as Diamela Eltit’s Fuerzas especiales, Tryno Maldonado’s Teoría de las catástrofes, and Guadalupe Nettel’s El huésped, in order to demonstrate how the social movements that are emerging on Latin American soil are not acting within the same parameters of mobilized action as most of the circulating research prove but instead are a group of social singularities that have adapted to the ongoing political and economic conditions amid globalization and at the same time, they are capable to produce different modes of political articulation that go beyond the hegemonic frame. Through my reading of contemporary Latin American literary works from Mexico and the Souther