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Among Louis Pasteur’s many contributions to science, the study of infectious diseases affecting animals and humans was a starting point for our knowledge of their origins, prophylaxis and prevention. Streptococcus, hen cholera, anthrax, and swine erysipelas were the first bacteriological approaches that led to the formulation of the principles of protection against these diseases. The concept of vaccination was to emerge from this and prove successful, continuing to the present day.