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The paper deals with the implementation of research concerning the collection routes of a selected company and subsequent streamlining processes in the field of distribution logistics. Specifically, the paper is focused on the optimization of collection routes of textile waste for the customer, i.e., a contractual partner of the company under investigation. The objective of the paper is to analyse step by step the current state of logistics of supplying a specific warehouse, followed by the application of the centre of gravity method for proposing a warehouse relocation. Finally, the individual routes to collection points are optimized. In general, optimization is done for two basic reasons: profit maximization and logistics costs minimization, which ultimately has a positive impact on earnings. The outcome is to determine the optimal routes with respect to costs and traffic while considering complications that may occur in a given transport territory.

This study focuses on optimizing traffic flow at uncontrolled intersections by comparing the effectiveness of different intersection types: roundabouts, signal-controlled intersections, and turbo-roundabouts. The purpose is to determine which type offers the best solution for enhancing traffic efficiency, reducing delays, and improving safety. The research employs simulation-based modeling to analyze traffic performance under varying traffic conditions. Critical parameters such as vehicle flow rate, average delay time, and capacity are used to assess the performance of each intersection type. The results indicate that turbo-roundabouts outperform conventional roundabouts and signal-controlled intersections in terms of both capacity and reduction in delays. The findings suggest that implementing turbo-roundabouts at high-traffic intersections can significantly improve traffic flow and reduce congestion. However, the effectiveness of each solution is context-dependent, with signal-controlled intersections still being advantageous under specific conditions, particularly in highly urbanized areas. This study provides valuable insights for transportation planners and engineers, highlighting the importance of intersection design in traffic optimization.

This paper provides an analysis of the values of safety distance between the two moving vehicles, based on the parameters of the behaviour of young drivers. The main objective of this research was to determine the driver's response time for braking manoeuvre (BRT) in car-following situations. The test results were used to verify certain recommendations for the vehicle driving parameters, the principles of driver's performance to increase road traffic safety, etc. The driver's response times, determined during the testing in the simulator, were used to assess the recommended values of the safe following distance under different road conditions and various ways of driver behaviour. In the paper, for different values of BRT a safety distance in emergency traffic situations was determined.

Background: Due to the absence of unified global regulations, defining the service and legal role of freight forwarders is challenging. This, as well as the lack of a standardized limit to the freight forwarder’s liability for loss or damage to the cargo, introduces misunderstandings into his relationship with the client. The purpose of this study is to analyze the most widely used limit for freight forwarder’s liability, set in Special Drawing Rights (SDR) units, and to adjust it, which will allow for maintaining the purchasing power of the compensation amount over different periods of time. Methods: In this study, two methods of adjusting the liability limit were proposed. In accordance with the first one, the limit was adjusted considering the impact of dollar inflation on the SDR unit. The second method involves changes in the limit of liability, taking into account changes in world prices for goods. Results: The result of this study showed that the second method is more functional, helping to preserve the purchasing power of the liability limit most effectively over time. Conclusions: This study revealed the fluctuating purchasing power of the forwarder’s liability limit over time and suggests utilizing a methodology tied to changes in global goods’ prices for adjustment.

This article raises the issue of the difference in the amount of the responsibility of freight forwarders in selected countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States (hereinafter CIS). The purpose of this analysis is to determine and compare the amount of responsibility of freight forwarders in different countries. The collected information will be used in the future for the possibility of considering changes in the legislative norms governing international forwarding activities. The proposal to amend the legislative norms will contain the creation of uniform conditions for the responsibility of freight forwarders, regardless of which state the entrepreneur providing forwarding services is registered in, which will simplify the process of organizing the transportation of goods. The article presents the results of the analysis of the responsibility of freight forwarders in selected countries of the European Union (hereinafter the EU), which were identified in the framework of earlier studies. Further, the conditions of responsibility of freight forwarders in CIS countries were analyzed, which were established in accordance with the legislative norms regulating the freight forwarding process. Among other things, national associations of freight forwarders were identified and differences in the responsibilities of freight forwarders in freight forwarding contracts offered by these organizations were determined. Based on the results of the analysis, a comparison of the data obtained was carried out, which can be used for further, more in-depth study of the chosen topic. Purpose. To analyze the responsibility of freight forwarders in selected CIS countries. Methodology the article used a comparative legal method of analysis. Results: the results of the analysis of the responsibility of freight forwarders in selected CIS countries have been obtained, which will be the basis for further creation of joint solutions to combine the conditions for carrying out forwarding activities in various countries. Practical implications the obtained results should be applied by economic entities engaged in international forwarding activities.

The aim of innovations in road safety is to contribute to the better protection of road users and to minimize damage to their property. The main objective of this article is to identify disparities in perceptions of a front braking light by examining the road safety of road users based on their type of employment and the number of kilometers driven per year. The research will evaluate the attitudes of selected groups of road users based on the number of kilometers driven in a calendar year and whether driving a motor vehicle is their main duty as part of their job. The analysis involved 239 respondents using a paper questionnaire. Disparities in perceptions of innovations, with regard to road safety, were evaluated using contingency tables, chi-square tests, non-parametric tests, and Cramer’s V. Road users feel much safer with a front braking light when crossing traffic comprising vehicles and pedestrians (71%), at pedestrian crossings (74%), when turning left (63.4%), as well as when crossing traffic comprising multiple vehicles (62.5%). Disparities between respondents based on the type of employment of the road user were not confirmed. Road users with a higher number of driven kilometers have a more positive perception of the front braking light at pedestrian crossings.

The first and last mile part of the public transport journey are essential for the whole transport system. Its quality affects the overall experience of the passenger in public transport. It is not important how attractive are individual transport modes if the rest of the journey is unattractive for the passenger. This paper is about shared mobility and it describes the connection between the first/last mile and the public transport system. Modes of shared mobility can reduce the pressure on the city transport system. It can also bring a better modal split. The authors performed a traffic-sociological survey for processing the respondents' opinions on the use of new modes of the sharing economy. The survey showed that more than eighty per cent of people travel to work daily, but more than half of them do not use public transport.

Mobile phones accompany us in every area of life and at the same time keep us busy while performing other basic activities such as running, cycling, driving or walking in traffic. The problem of using cell phones while driving is of interest to many scientists around the world. This offense is severely punished in many countries. The problem of using mobile phones in moving vehicles has been largely resolved; however, there is a visible high percentage of pedestrians and cyclists who are used to checking their devices while moving in traffic. The aim of the article is to get acquainted with the issues of using mobile phones by pedestrians when crossing a pedestrian crossing and to escalate the problem. Despite the introduction of a ban on the use of mobile phones when crossing a pedestrian crossing in the Polish law on road traffic, many road users still use phones. The conducted observation shows that at least 2 out of 10 people pass through the pedestrian crossing with a mobile phone in their hand.

The aim of our systematic review was to inspect the recently published literature on decentralized governance systems and integrate the insights it articulates on blockchain technology and smart contracts by employing Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. Throughout January and May 2022, a quantitative literature review of ProQuest, Scopus, and the Web of Science databases was carried out, with search terms including “city” + “blockchain technology”, “smart contracts”, and “decentralized governance systems”. As the analyzed research studies were published between 2016 and 2022, only 371 sources satisfied the eligibility criteria. A Shiny app was harnessed for the PRISMA flow diagram to include evidence-based acquired and handled data. Analyzing the most recent and relevant sources and leveraging screening and quality assessment tools such as AMSTAR, Dedoose, Distiller SR, ROBIS, and SRDR, we integrated the core outcomes and robust correlations related to smart urban governance. As data visualization tools, for initial bibliometric mapping dimensions were harnessed, together with layout algorithms provided by VOSviewer. Future research should investigate smart contract governance of blockchain applications and infrastructure using decision-making tools and spatial cognition algorithms.

The use of hand-held mobile phones by drivers and pedestrians is common and is becoming more common every year. Mobile phones have become an integral part of our everyday life, accompanying us in almost every respect. Modern smartphones perform functions that go far beyond their original purpose as devices for making telephone calls. We use them for GPS navigation and electronic banking. Moreover, using mobile applications, we can make purchases and sales of products quickly and safely. The number of people owning mobile phones is growing all over the world, and access to the Internet, which is an integral part of the functioning of modern smartphones, is becoming more and more common. Basic functions of mobile phones, such as making and receiving calls or sending short SMS messages, have long ceased to be sufficient. Thanks to them, we can conduct videoconferences, use advanced applications for time management or health monitoring, and even perform complex professional tasks in mobile mode. Thus, the growing popularity and versatility of mobile phones make them an indispensable tool in our everyday lives, not only as a means of communication, but also as an irreplaceable source of information, a work tool and a facilitation in everyday activities. The aim of the article is to find out respondents' predispositions to use telephones made of corrugated cardboard during activities such as walking on the street, side of the road, sidewalk, while crossing a pedestrian crossing and while driving. The lack of statistics on road accidents caused by the use of a telephone makes it difficult to determine how big a problem it is to use a telephone in situations where we should maintain limited trust in other road users. The research shows that respondents use a mobile phone while crossing a pedestrian crossing or driving a vehicle. In addition, as many as 19% of respondents admit that they have crossed a pedestrian crossing at least once. The conducted surveys and observational studies constitute an introduction to the development of a system for detecting pedestrians and drivers using mobile phones.

The aim of this study was to compare the head displacement of the KPSIT C50 dummy, representing a 50th percentile male, with the KPSIT C5 dummy, representing a 5th percentile female, during low-speed collisions. Low-speed collisions, such as those occurring in urban traffic jams, are increasingly common. The research was conducted on a dedicated educational workstation designed to measure forces in seat belts. This study is part of a comprehensive research project on crash tests involving both volunteers and physical KPSIT dummies. The tests were conducted at a speed of 20 km/h to simulate real-world low-speed collision scenarios. The findings demonstrate that using a sports bucket seat with four-point or five-point harnesses significantly reduces head displacement compared with standard car seats. Such seating configurations enhance safety by minimizing the risk of head injuries, which can occur when airbags do not deploy during low-speed collisions. Moreover, the study highlights that standard three-point seat belts allow for greater forward head movement, increasing the risk of head contact with the vehicle’s interior during collisions at speeds too low to trigger airbag deployment.

To achieve the elimination of the negative impacts of transport on road safety, the European Union is taking various measures resulting from its commitment to improve road safety. The main objective of this paper is to assess the impact of social legislation on road transport safety using real research and to identify the factors influencing the violation of the legislation depending on the type of transport carried out in domestic or international road freight transport. Answers from the respondents are used in the segmentation of truck drivers based on input data describing the factors influencing the violation of traffic rules. Two-step cluster analysis is a suitable method for the segmentation of truck drivers based on input data. These data are obtained through a questionnaire from a total of 472 Czech and Slovak truck drivers. The results show that the optimal number of types of truck drivers with different characteristics is four. All of the clusters are described and compared. The majority of truck drivers do not violate social legislation for several reasons, such as traffic accidents (almost 67%), complications in meeting the loading or unloading deadline (less than 88%), poorly planned transport routes (more than 90%) and driving home (almost 80%).

Relevant research has investigated how predictive modeling algorithms, deep-learning-based sensing technologies, and big urban data configure immersive hyperconnected virtual spaces in digital twin cities: digital twin modeling tools, monitoring and sensing technologies, and Internet-of-Things-based decision support systems articulate big-data-driven urban geopolitics. This systematic review aims to inspect the recently published literature on digital twin simulation tools, spatial cognition algorithms, and multi-sensor fusion technology in sustainable urban governance networks. We integrate research developing on how blockchain-based digital twins, smart infrastructure sensors, and real-time Internet of Things data assist urban computing technologies. The research problems are whether: data-driven smart sustainable urbanism requires visual recognition tools, monitoring and sensing technologies, and simulation-based digital twins; deep-learning-based sensing technologies, spatial cognition algorithms, and environment perception mechanisms configure digital twin cities; and digital twin simulation modeling, deep-learning-based sensing technologies, and urban data fusion optimize Internet-of-Things-based smart city environments. Our analyses particularly prove that virtual navigation tools, geospatial mapping technologies, and Internet of Things connected sensors enable smart urban governance. Digital twin simulation, data visualization tools, and ambient sound recognition software configure sustainable urban governance networks. Virtual simulation algorithms, deep learning neural network architectures, and cyber-physical cognitive systems articulate networked smart cities. Throughout January and March 2023, a quantitative literature review was carried out across the ProQuest, Scopus, and Web of Science databases, with search terms comprising “sustainable urban governance networks” + “digital twin simulation tools”, “spatial cognition algorithms”, and “multi-sensor fusion technology”. A Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) flow diagram was generated using a Shiny App. AXIS (Appraisal tool for Cross-Sectional Studies), Dedoose, MMAT (Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool), and the Systematic Review Data Repository (SRDR) were used to assess the quality of the identified scholarly sources. Dimensions and VOSviewer were employed for bibliometric mapping through spatial and data layout algorithms. The findings gathered from our analyses clarify that Internet-of-Things-based smart city environments integrate 3D virtual simulation technology, intelligent sensing devices, and digital twin modeling.

The fundamental objective of this research is to learn how trade liberalization, male employment, urbanization, and foreign direct investment (FDI) affect women’s participation in the labor force. To continue, this study aims to determine the effects of trade and other factors on women’s employment in three distinct sectors (i.e., agriculture, industry, and service). From 1991 to 2021, we analyzed data from eight SAARC countries. The study’s theoretical foundation was the Cobb–Douglas production function. To better understand the connections between trade liberalization and the SAARC labor market, this paper used panel quantile regression (QR) and generalized method of moments (GMM) to empirically explore the key determinants of female employment in total and three sub-sectors. The QR method was used in the study because it looks at how variables affect each other beyond the data mean. Additionally, our data set does not follow a normal distribution, and the connection between the explained and explanatory factors is non-linear. Trade openness has a beneficial effect on total female employment throughout system GMM and all quartiles. Total female employment also benefits from an increase in GDP and FDI. However, women’s access to the workforce is hampered by urbanization. Many strategies for increasing women’s participation in the workforce across three sectors are addressed in this article. The major finding of this study is the rate of change in female employment across three industries. Women’s participation in the service and manufacturing sectors increases, whereas their participation in agriculture decreases, as a result of increased trade openness. Although these studies can assist policymakers in choosing the best feasible trade adjustments, they will also add to diverse academic and policy discussions on trade liberalization and its gender consequences. Since trade has become more accessible, more and more women are entering the workforce. Therefore, workers should acquire industrial and service-sector-related competencies.

Drivers’ response time means that drivers act after a judgment is made when an emergency action signal is needed. Drivers have different feelings while driving, and the response time to sudden situations differs. The main purpose of this study was to verify whether the mean reaction time of professional drivers is at the level of one second, which is the value usually used for practical purposes, and to verify the impact of age on the reaction times of drivers. Two different studies with a total of 120 participants—professional drivers—were conducted on the simulator, with 116 drivers participating in the first experiment and four drivers participating in the second experiment using eye-tracking technology. The determination of the mean reaction time was realized using statistical tests. The evaluation of the impact of age on the reaction time of professional drivers was carried out using statistical testing, a regression model, and clustering. The results of this study can be immediately used in practice for professional drivers, as the mean reaction time is usually used as a benchmark in several calculations in transport, for forensic and educational purposes, and for planning traffic and modelling different traffic situations.