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The focus of this study is on the physical quality traits, the carbohydrates and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) of various maize kernel genotypes produced in Serbia. Furthermore, the aim was to determine the relationship among these quality traits, as well as, their effects on the IVDMD. Ten maize genotypes with different endosperm type and kernel color have been studied (2018 growing season). All kernel traits significantly varied among selected maize genotypes. IVDMD ranged from 83.1-91.2%. In vitro regression model of IVDMD in ruminants was obtained. The physical quality traits such as test weight (TWt), 1000-kernel weight (KWt), density (Den) and hard endosperm portion (HE) had significant role in predicting the digestibility of maize kernel. The IVDMD was mostly affected by test weight and density in the FOP model (p<0.01 level). The determined in vitro digestibility model can serve for screening various maize kernel genotypes due to estimate their utility value for feed industry.

Nature-based solutions (NbS) approach in agriculture aims at establishing some new agri-food systems relationships to bring health co-benefits and achieve global food security similar to agroecology. These similarities are most pronounced in methods (conservation agriculture, agroforestry, nutrient management, C-farming reforestation etc.) that can be used to reach the goals of sustainability in food production and addressing societal challenges. The differences between these two concepts are how they access the problem - while NbS has a top-down approach, agroecology uses using bottom-up direction. The territory is argued to be a decisive point for both NbS and agroecology as a place where these two concepts overlap. Conversely, this could be an advantage for reaching the inclusiveness and synergies necessary for scaling out sustainable systems that lead to multiple benefits in agriculture. This could help the current system of agricultural production encompassing the farm vs. food system approach and foster the integration of methods and mechanisms of transition to establish the new food systems. Identifying where the territorial domain of NbS and agroecology overlap is important and may represent the eatery point where the transition of agriculture can be initiated. Given the agroecological background and socio-economical conditions, we can propose using such an approach to agri-food transformation in Serbia. Developing a coherent policy framework based on a holistic performance covering sustainable intensification and traditional food production based on innovation could be a way forward in agri-food improvement.

The pet food market has been very attractive and grown dramatically in the last decades offering a huge number of products that differ in physical form, composition of nutrients and physiological and pathological conditions. Approximately 30% of all pet food and pet care sales worldwide are made in Europe, which is regarded as one of the leaders in the sector. In Serbia as well, it is slowly starting to develop and gain importance. More and more families are acquiring pets causing the pet food industry to grow quickly. A recent research revealed that 99 percent of owners considered their pets to be "part" of the family. Over the years, dramatic changes in pet food industry making the basic pet foods more sophisticated that provide not only the right nutrients in optimal quantities but also much more than we call optimal., Tržište hrane za kućne ljubimce je veoma atraktivno i ostvaruje dramatičan porast poslednjih decenija nudeći veliki broj proizvoda koji se razlikuju po fizičkom obliku, sastavu hranljivih materija kao i fiziološkom i patološkom stanju. Oko 30% ukupne prodaje hrane za kućne ljubimce i nege za kućne ljubimce širom sveta ostvaruje se u Evropi, koja se smatra jednim od lidera u ovom sektoru. U Srbiji se polako počinje razvijati ova grana industrije koja dobija sve veći značaj. Povećava se broj porodica koje nabavljaju kućne ljubimce zbog čega se industrija hrane za kućne ljubimce brzo razvija. Nedavno istraživanje je pokazalo da 99% vlasnika svoje ljubimce smatra „članom“ porodice. Poslednjih godina, dramatične promene u industriji hrane za kućne ljubimce se zasnivaju na činjenici da ovi proizvodi postaju sve više sofisticirani što znači da obezbeđuju ne samo neophodne hranljive materije u optimalnim količinama već i mnogo više od onoga što mi nazivamo optimalnim.

Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) is an annual plant from the Composite family. The resistance to climatic conditions, lack of water, and increased soil salinity makes a valuable alternative oil crop that has gained importance in recent years. Safflower is a significantly cheaper variant of the related culture of saffron, which use can be higher in human and animal nutrition, the textile and dye industry, biodiesel production, etc. Safflower can be said to be a "climate-smart" crop that can adapt to changing environmental conditions thanks to its rich genetic diversity. Effective implementation of support policies in technology, appropriate incentives, and marketing, especially in countries facing water deficits and changing soil quality, has significant potential for improving food security and the income and livelihoods of people engaged in agriculture. Safflower contains 90% of total unsaturated fatty acids, of which 14% are monounsaturated (MUFA) and 76% are polyunsaturated (PUFA). Among the n-6 fatty acids, the main ingredient is linoleic acid, which accounts for 74% of the total fat content. The use of safflower in animal nutrition dates back to the 1980s of the last century. The results of feeding animals with safflower show that it is a palatable and acceptable source of protein and fiber, with yields similar to or even better than oats or alfalfa. Safflower pastures have also shown that feeding ruminants with this plant contribute to better growth and higher fertility of animals. However, there are very few investigations of the evaluation of safflower oil and cake in the nutrition of animals, especially pets. The use of safflower seeds in the diet of ornamental birds (parrots, canaries, etc.) is widely known as an ingredient that improves the quality and shine of feathers. In this regard, it could be assumed that have the same effect on the skin and hair of pets, which has been confirmed in research related to the use of safflower oil in human nutrition., Šafranika (Carthamus tinctorius L.) je jednogodišnja biljka iz porodice Composite, otporna na klimatske uslove, edostatak vode i povišen salinitet zemljišta. Upravo to je svrstava u vrednu alternativnu uljanu kulturu koja dobija na značaju poslednjih godina imajući u vidu njenu otpornost na pomenute faktore. Šafranika predstavlja znatno jeftiniju varijantu srodne kulture šafrana i njena upotreba može biti značajno veća u ishrani ljudi, životinja, u tekstilnoj industriji i industriji boja, proizvodnji biodizela i sl. Za šafraniku se može reći da predstavlja “klimatski pametan” usev koji se može prilagoditi promenljivim uslovima životne sredine zahvaljujući svojoj bogatoj genetskoj raznovrsnosti. Efikasna primena politika podrške u tehnologiji, odgovarajućim podsticajima i marketingu od strane države naročito u zemljama koje se suočavaju sa deficitom vode i promenom kvaliteta zemljišta, ima značajan potencijal za poboljšanje bezbednosti hrane i poboljšanje prihoda i sredstava za život ljudi koji se bave ratarstvom. Šafranika sadrži 90% ukupnih nezasićenih masnih kiselina od čega je 14% mononezasićenih (MUFA) i 76% polinezasićenih (PUFA). Među n-6 masnim kiselinama, glavni sastojak je linolna kiselina koja čini 74% od ukupnog sadržaja masti. Upotreba šafranike u ishrani životinja datira još od 80-tih godina prošlog veka. Rezultati ishrane životinja sa šafranikom pokazuju da ona predstavlja ukusan i prihvatljiv izvor proteina i vlakana, sa prinosima koji su slični pa čak i bolji od ovsa ili lucerke. Pašnjaci šafranike su takođe pokazali da ishrana preživara ovom biljkom doprinosi boljem prirastu kao i plodnosti životinja. Međutim, postoji veoma mali broj radova o upotrebi ulja i pogače šafranike u ishrani životinja, naročito kućnih ljubimaca. Opšte poznata je upotreba semena šafranike u ishrani ukrasnih ptica (papagaja, kanarinaca is l), kao sastojka koji poboljšava kvalitet i sjaj perja. S tim u vezi, pretpostavlja se da isti efekat može imati i na kožu dlaku kućnih lj

A grain of eight selected hybrids from the Maize Research Institute Zemun Polje was used as the subject of this study. The kernel structure, physical properties and chemical composition of the grain and starch (amylose content) were analyzed before the laboratory wet milling process for starch extraction. The in vitro enzymatic digestibility of the isolated starch was also determined. The wet milling properties were later correlated to the physicochemical characteristics of the grain. The results showed that hybrid ZP 677 had the highest starch yield, followed by hybrid ZP 704wx, while the highest starch recovery was observed for hybrid ZP 341. The highest bran yield (10.52%) was obtained by hybrid ZP 434, and the highest germ yield (8.86%) by hybrid ZP 172/8. The correlation analysis showed that starch yield was positively correlated to 1000-kernel weight and crude fiber content, while oil content negatively influenced starch extraction and yield. The starch digestibility was negatively correlated to the amylose content. These findings can be useful for the starch processing industry as well as in the production of ethanol and alcoholic drinks., Kao predmet ovog istraživanja korišćeno je zrno osam odabranih hibrida Instituta za kukuruz „Zemun Polje”. Struktura zrna, fizička svojstva i hemijski sastav zrna i skroba (sadržaj amiloze) analizirani su primenom laboratorijskog procesa mokrog mlevenja za izolovanje skroba. Takođe je određena in vitro enzimska svarljivost izolovanog skroba. Svojstva mokrog mlevenja su potom korelisana sa fizičko-hemijskim karakteristikama zrna. Rezultati su pokazali da je najviši prinos skroba imao hibrid ZP 677, a zatim hibrid ZP 704wx, dok je najviša iskoristljivost skroba uočena kod hibrida ZP 341. Najviši prinos mekinja (10,52%) dobijen je kod hibrida ZP 434, a najviši prinos klice (8,86%) utvrđen je kod hibrida ZP 172/8. Korelaciona analiza je pokazala da je prinos skroba bio u pozitivnoj vezi sa apsolutnom masom zrna i sadržajem sirovih vlakana, dok je sadržaj ulja negativno uticao na izolaciju skroba i njegov prinos. Svarljivost skroba je bila u negativnoj korelaciji sa sadržajem amiloze. Ova saznanja mogu biti korisna za industriju prerade skroba, kao i za proizvodnju etanola i alkoholnih pića.

Pod kukuruzom belog zrna se smatra onaj tip kukuruza čiji endosperm ima jasnu belu boju, bez primesa pigmenta žute boje. Značaj kukuruza belog zrna se vremenom menjao u raznim zemljama i kulturama. Ako se ima u vidu globalna rasprostranjenost kukuruza belog i žutog zrna, zapaža se da kukuruz žutog zrna ima u svetu apsolutno dominantnu ulogu. Korišćenje kukuruza belog endosperma značajno se promenilo u poslednjih nekoliko decenija. Praktično prestala je njegova upotreba u ishrani domaćih životinja, dok je istovremeno povećano njegovo korišćenje za dobijanje specijalnih proizvoda za ljudsku ishranu i u mlinskoj preradi. Zbog toga su svojstva kvaliteta zrna postala jako važna i u selekcionom procesu poklanja im se ista pažnja kao i samom prinosu zrna. Cilj ovog rada bio je da se izvrši karakterizacija hibrida kukuruza belog zrna u pogledu morfološke građe, različitih fizičkih svojstva i osnovnog hemijskog sastava zrna kao pokazatelja njihove upotrebne vrednosti i kvaliteta. Pored toga, u radu su ispitivane i fizičke karakteristike klipa. Za ispitivanja je odabrano je pet zemunpoljskih hibrida kukuruza (tri hibrida belog i dva hibrida žutog zrna FAO grupa zrenja 500 i 600). Dobijeni rezultati su pokazali da se zrno ispitivanih hibrida kukuruza belog endosperma u proseku sastoji od 6,11% perikarpa, 79,24% endosperma i 14,65% klice. Prosečne vednosti hektolitarske mase, mase 1000 zrna, gustine, indeks flotacije, otpornoti na mlevenje i udela tvrde frakcije endosperma bile su 273,16 g, 778,60 kg/m3 , 1,28 g/cm3 , 27,70%, 12,85 s i 56,26%, redom. U proseku zrno hibrida belog endosperma sadrži 70,55% skroba, 9,38% proteina, 6,31% ulja, 2,31% sirove celuloze i 1,35% pepela. U odnosu na hibride žutog zrna ispitivani hibridi belog zrna su u proseku imali veći udeo klica i tvrde frakcije endosperma, viši sadržaj ulja i višu otpornost na melvenje, a manju masu 1000 zrna, indeks flotacija, masu klipa i masu zrna na klipu., White maize is maize with the endosperm of clear white colour, without the addition of the yellow pigment. The importance of white maize has changed over time in various countries and cultures. The comparison of the global distribution of white and yellow maize shows that the latter one has an absolutely dominant role in the world. The use of maize with the white endosperm has changed significantly in the last few decades. Its use in livestock feeding has practically ceased, while at the same time its use for obtaining special products for human consumption and in mill processing has increased. Therefore, the grain quality traits have become very important and they are given the same attention as the grain yield itself in the breeding and selection process. The aim of this study was to characterize white maize with respect to the morphological structure, different physical traits and basic chemical composition as a parameter of the use value and quality of grain. In addition, physical traits of ears were observed. Five ZP maize hybrids (three with white and two with yellow kernels of the FAO maturity groups 500 and 600) were selected for testing. The obtained results showed that the grain of observed white maize hybrids consisted, on average, of 6.11% pericarp, 79.24% endosperm and 14.65% germ. The average values of test weight, 1000-kernel weight, density, flotation index, milling response and the proportion of hard endosperm fractions amounted to 273.16 g, 778.60 kg/m3 , 1.28 g/cm3 , 27.70%, 12.85 s and 56.26%, respectively. On average, the grain of white hybrids contains 70.55% starch, 9.38% proteins, 6.31% oil, 2.31% crude fibres and 1.35% ash. Compared to yellow hybrids, the observed white hybrids had on average a higher proportion of germs and hard endosperm fraction, higher oil content and higher milling resistance, while 1000-kernel weight, flotation index, ear weight and kernel weight on the ear were lower.