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Nitrate as an important water pollutant, causing eutrophication was analyzed in Pakistan at different water sources (hand pump (HP), bore hole (BH) and tube well (TW)) to assess the contamination level caused by NO 3 - . NO 3 - concentrations in the HP water samples were 31 mg L -1 to 59 mg L -1 , in BH 20 mg L -1 to 79 mg L -1 while in TW water samples it was between 29 to 55 mg L -1 . The association of NO 3 - with other selected parameter in groundwater can be determined by using statistical approaches. Different physicochemical parameters (pH, electrical conductivity (EC), temperature and dissolved oxygen (DO)) were studied in groundwater samples of the research district. The Pearson correlation coefficient (r) for groundwater characteristics were calculated. Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) was used to categorize samples based on their groundwater quality similarities and to find links between groundwater quality factors. The key relationship of the groundwater for HP samples on EC and TDS ( r  = 1) had a great correlation, while all other parameters correlations were lower ( r  = 0.40), BH's parameters on WT and WSD ( r  = 0.57), WT and pH ( r  = 0.57), EC and DO ( r  = 0.50), DO and TDS (0.50), EC and TDS ( r  = 1) had a quite high correlation, while all other parameters correlations were less than ( r  = 0.40), on the other hand, tube well parameters on TDS and EC ( r  = 1) had a perfect correlation, DO and pH ( r  = 0.75) parameters correlations were less than ( r  = 0.40).

Atmospheric ammonia (NH 3 ) and ammonium (NH 4 + ) can substantially influence air quality, ecosystems, and climate. NH 3 volatilization from fertilizers and wastes (v-NH 3 ) has long been assumed to be the primary NH 3 source, but the contribution of combustion-related NH 3 (c-NH 3 , mainly fossil fuels and biomass burning) remains unconstrained. Here, we collated nitrogen isotopes of atmospheric NH 3 and NH 4 + and established a robust method to differentiate v-NH 3 and c-NH 3 . We found that the relative contribution of the c-NH 3 in the total NH 3 emissions reached up to 40 ± 21% (6.6 ± 3.4 Tg N yr -1 ), 49 ± 16% (2.8 ± 0.9 Tg N yr -1 ), and 44 ± 19% (2.8 ± 1.3 Tg N yr -1 ) in East Asia, North America, and Europe, respectively, though its fractions and amounts in these regions generally decreased over the past decades. Given its importance, c-NH 3 emission should be considered in making emission inventories, dispersion modeling, mitigation strategies, budgeting deposition fluxes, and evaluating the ecological effects of atmospheric NH 3 loading., (© 2022. The Author(s).)