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This study aimed to evaluate chitosan (CS)-based formulations loaded with 5% sodium fluoride (NaF) and/or 10% nanohydroxyapatite (nHA) to remineralize the demineralized primary tooth enamel surface. Ninety enamel blocks were demineralized and were divided into six groups (n = 15): (1) CS-based hydrogel, (2) CS-based hydrogel loaded with NaF, (3) CS-based hydrogel loaded with nHA, (4) CS-based hydrogel loaded with NaF and nHA, (5) 5% NaF varnish, and (6) negative control with no intervention. After intervention, the specimens were pH cycled by 2 h immersion in demineralizing solution and 22 h immersion in remineralizing solution for 8 days. The remineralization effects were evaluated by Vickers microhardness measurements and field emission scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (FESEM-EDS). The best mean ± SD percentage microhardness recovery in remineralized enamel (%REMH) was found in group 4 (56.90 ± 5.49). The %REMH of groups 2 (30.74 ± 3.51) and 5 (29.23 ± 5.65) were statistically the same (p = 0.943). FESEM images confirmed partial coverage of the porous demineralized enamel with a newly formed mineralized layer. Based on EDS findings, the Ca/P ratio values of the treated enamel surfaces with CS-based hydrogels ranged between 1.71 and 1.87, and the highest F content was noticed in group 2 (1.02 ± 0.03). Although, all tested CS-based hydrogels demonstrated the potential to repair demineralized enamel, nHA- and NaF-containing CS-based hydrogel showed the highest remineralization effect. We infer that this new hybrid hydrogel is a potentially useful dental material for tooth biomineralization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The main disadvantage of silver diamine fluoride (SDF) is its persistent dark coloring. The aim of this study was to cover this discoloration on affected primary tooth dentin with different materials and subsequently measure their shear bond strength (SBS). Materials and Methods: In this in vitro study total of 60 primary teeth were demineralized and randomly divided into five groups (n = 12). The tooth surfaces were treated with 38% SDF, and restorative cylinders were built on the dentin as follows: (1) phosphoric acid etching + GLUMA Universal Adhesive (GUA; etch-and-rinse mode) + composite resin (CR); (2) GUA (self-etch mode) + CR; (3) resin-modified glass ionomer (RMGI; Fuji II); (4) Surefil One (self-adhesive CR); and (5) TheraCem (self-adhesive resin cement) + CR. After restoration, the specimens were tested for SBS. Failure mode was determined by digital analysis and scanning electron microscopy. Data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's honest significant difference post hoc test. P <0.05 indicated statistical significance. Results: Group 1 had significantly higher mean SBS (P < 0.05) compared to Groups 2-5, while Group 5 had the least SBS (P < 0.001). Mean SBS differences between Groups 2 and 3 were not significant (P = 0.328). Group 4 had lower mean SBS than Groups 1 (P < 0.001) and 2 (P = 0.17). Most groups showed adhesive failure. Conclusion: CR associated with the universal adhesive in etch-and-rinse mode had much higher SBS than the other groups; therefore, we recommend it to cover the dark discoloration generated by SDF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to review the in vitro literature on shear bond strength (SBS) and microleakage of pit and fissure sealant materials in contaminated (water, human, or artificial saliva) and non-contaminated conditions. Methods: PubMed®, Web of Science™, Scopus®, Embase™, and Cochrane Library databases were used as data sources. Of the 974 studies identified, 56 were considered eligible for full-text screening and 32 were selected for data extraction. Results: The meta-analysis demonstrated that contaminated conditions decreased the SBS of the sealants by 4.33 MPa. In the contaminated subgroup analysis, both unfilled (Clinpro™, 3M™) and filled (FluroShield®, Dentsply) resin-based sealants achieved a similar SBS (P=0.82). Regarding the outcome measurements, extensive methodological heterogeneity was found among the studies for SBS measurements (I 2 equals greater than or equal to 84 percent; P<0.001), whereas homogeneity was found for microleakage (I 2 equals 84 percent; P=0.85). When evaluating resin-based sealants, the level of microleakage in the contaminated and noncontaminated groups was not significantly different (P=0.1). Conclusion: Surface contamination decreases the bond strength between contaminated enamel and both unfilled and filled resin-based sealants, which affects the clinical effectiveness of sealants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION: Management of dental caries during early stages is considered a clinical problem in young children. OBJECTIVES: The current in-vitro study assessed the influence of four home oral care products on re-mineralization of early caries lesions using enamel micro-hardness (EMH) test and morphological changes with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Sixty primary canine teeth were selected and randomly divided into 5 groups (n = 12 in each group). Samples were de-mineralized, and toothpaste slurries were prepared to treat de-mineralized enamel with a pH-cycling model. The groups were divided as follows: Group 1. Control (no intervention); Group 2. Fluoridated toothpaste; Group 3. Tooth mousse containing casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP); Group 4. Toothpaste containing bio-active glass and fluoride; Group 5. Tooth cream containing nano-hydroxyapatite, fluoride, and xylitol. EMH was evaluated in fifty specimens (each group, n = 10) at three times: before and after de-mineralization, and after 28 days of pH-cycling and treatment. Two samples from each group were observed with SEM. Data were analyzed with multiple-sample repeated measures ANOVA and Tukey's HSD post-hoc tests (p < 0.05). RESULTS: There was a significant difference in EMH between mean baseline values and de-mineralized enamel (p < 0.001). Re-mineralization significantly increased EMH in all treatment groups (p < 0.001). In group 5, the percent of EMH recovery was significantly greater than in other groups (p < 0.001). There were significant differences among the other three treatment groups (all p < 0.001). SEM images showed minerals deposited on the dissolved prismatic enamel in all groups. CONCLUSIONS: The nano-hydroxyapatite-based tooth cream was the most effective home oral care product for re-mineralization of primary tooth enamel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to assess the remineralization of enamel caries lesions using the self‐assembling peptide P11‐4 associated with different materials. Artificial early enamel lesions were prepared on 154 primary teeth. The samples were randomly divided into eight groups: (1) control, (2) P11‐4, (3) fluoridate toothpaste (FT), (4) P11‐4 + FT, (5) casein phosphopeptide–amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP–ACP), (6) P11‐4 + CPP–ACP, (7) fluoridate bioactive glass toothpaste (BT), and (8) P11‐4 + BT. The surface enamel microhardness (EMH) and energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDS) of the teeth were then measured at the baseline, after demineralization, and after 28 days of remineralization. The enamel surfaces were assessed by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The data were analyzed with one‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA) (p <.05). EMH after demineralization was significantly lower than the baseline value (p <.001). The interventions led to an enhanced percentage of EMH recovery (%REMH), which was higher in Groups 6 and 7. There was no significant difference between Groups 3 and 4. Groups 1 and 2 had the lowest %REMH. The mean calcium/phosphate weight percentage ratio of P11‐4 was significantly lower than the others (p <.001). The FESEM and AFM images revealed mineral deposition on the eroded enamel and reductions in surface roughness in Groups 5 and 7. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to review the in vitro literature on shear bond strength (SBS) and microleakage of pit and fissure sealant materials in contaminated (water, human, or artificial saliva) and non-contaminated conditions. Methods: PubMed ® , Web of Science™, Scopus ® , Embase™, and Cochrane Library databases were used as data sources. Of the 974 studies identified, 56 were considered eligible for full-text screening and 32 were selected for data extraction. Results: The meta-analysis demonstrated that contaminated conditions decreased the SBS of the sealants by 4.33 MPa. In the contaminated subgroup analysis, both unfilled (Clinpro™, 3M™) and filled (FluroShield ® , Dentsply) resin-based sealants achieved a similar SBS (P=0.82). Regarding the outcome measurements, extensive methodological heterogeneity was found among the studies for SBS measurements (I 2 equals greater than or equal to 84 percent; P<0.001), whereas homogeneity was found for microleakage (I 2 equals 84 percent; P=0.85). When evaluating resin-based sealants, the level of microleakage in the contaminated and non- contaminated groups was not significantly different (P=0.1). Conclusion: Surface contamination decreases the bond strength between contaminated enamel and both unfilled and filled resin-based sealants, which affects the clinical effectiveness of sealants.

The aim of this study was to assess the remineralization of enamel caries lesions using the self-assembling peptide P 11 -4 associated with different materials. Artificial early enamel lesions were prepared on 154 primary teeth. The samples were randomly divided into eight groups: (1) control, (2) P 11 -4, (3) fluoridate toothpaste (FT), (4) P 11 -4 + FT, (5) casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP), (6) P 11 -4 + CPP-ACP, (7) fluoridate bioactive glass toothpaste (BT), and (8) P 11 -4 + BT. The surface enamel microhardness (EMH) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) of the teeth were then measured at the baseline, after demineralization, and after 28 days of remineralization. The enamel surfaces were assessed by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The data were analyzed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) (p < .05). EMH after demineralization was significantly lower than the baseline value (p < .001). The interventions led to an enhanced percentage of EMH recovery (%REMH), which was higher in Groups 6 and 7. There was no significant difference between Groups 3 and 4. Groups 1 and 2 had the lowest %REMH. The mean calcium/phosphate weight percentage ratio of P 11 -4 was significantly lower than the others (p < .001). The FESEM and AFM images revealed mineral deposition on the eroded enamel and reductions in surface roughness in Groups 5 and 7., (© 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)