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The future has always been curious throughout the history of humanity and accordingly ways and methods have been derived to learn what the future will bring for individuals and states. One of these derived methods is fortune telling. Melheme which is translated in the study is also a kind of fortune telling. Melheme as a term; reporting future wars and similar events or this means works in which news is written. Melheme: From the movements of the sky beings, the position of the Moon, the full moon, the old and new Moon, the movements and positions of the stars; It is to comment on what awaits the individual or society in the future by bringing comments from many natural disasters such as wind, rainbow, rain, storm, lightning and earthquake. There are many examples of melhemes in Arabic, Persian and Turkish literatures, in this example which was taken from a manuscript in East Turkistan; There are beliefs about the day when the first month of the year (new year) coincides, the beliefs about the years according to the calendar with twelve animals, beliefs about the months when the sun and moon eclipse coincide and beliefs about the day when earthquakes occur. For example, if the first day of the month of Muharram coincides with Sunday, that year it will rain a lot, diseases that cannot be overcome by the public will increase, death will increase and food will become expensive at the end of the year; If it coincides with Monday, there will be a lot of bad luck and disease; If it coincides with Friday, it indicates that the year will be soft. Some of the features of the years according to the Turkish calendar with twelve animals are as follows: In the year of the rat, beauty and certainty are at the beginning of the year. There is turmoil in the middle of the year, there is anxiety. The rat gets a lot. Thieves release fear. The child born at the beginning of the year becomes understanding and insightful. The child born at the end of the year becomes cynical and liar. In the year of the dog; the weather gets hot, it rains less. The fruit becomes a lot. Those born at the beginning of this year are liars, start fights. Those born in the middle of the year become abusive and vindictive. Snow and rain fall less. There is famine and drought. Disease and death multiply among tyrants and villains. Wars increase among sultans, a lot of blood is shed. In the horse year, blood is shed in Turkistan province. Winter is very harsh. Disaster strikes fruits. Those born at the beginning of this year suffer great pain. In the beliefs that occur according to the time of eclipse of the sun and the moon, if the sun is kept in the month of Ashura (Muharram); It is stated that there will be abundance, there will be a lot of food and drink, and snow and rain will fall a lot. If the moon is kept in the mont of Ashura (Muharram), it is also stated that in case of increasing evil among the people, the moon will be kept and a lesson should be taken from it. In the beliefs about the earthquake, the time of the earthquake comes to the fore. It is reported that if an earthquake occurs in Muharram, the elders will die and it is reported that it will not be good for traders and those in war. Some of the beliefs according to the day of the earthquake are expressed in Melheme as follows: If an earthquake occurs on Friday, the sultans and the children get sick. If an earthquake occurs on Sunday, food and drink are abundant, but diseases seem to increase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Takvim (Calendar), from the Arabic kiyâm, means correcting, arranging and putting things in order. It was developed from the basic need of people to know the time, to organize their lives, to put things in order, and to make the best use of it. Throughout the centuries, every civilization adopted a starting point of reference and developed calendar systems based on the movements of the sun or the moon in order to serve their needs. One example is the Takvim-i Ebedi, written in 1914 by Pavlakis Melitopoulos, one of the Turkish teachers of the time, who was also known for his grammar and dictionary studies. This 110-page work, written in Karamanlidika, was printed in Istanbul. In the introduction (Bir Hakikat/A Truth) of the calendar Melitopoulos states that he wrote this book in order to develop an easier method of teaching Turkish making up of such a book at the time. Although a simple calendar, as implied in its title, it is actually a folkloric material that includes the beliefs, the customs and the oral tradition of the Karamans, rather than a calendar. In addition to information about astrology, the calendar also includes stories, poems, proverbs, aphorisms, hadiths etc. Human beings have the endless desire and curiosity to predict the future. This desire and curiosity led people to draw various conclusions from the movements of the sun, the moon and the stars, or to make predictions and interpretations about the future based on natural events such as heavy rain, thunder and the appearance of the rainbow. These conclusions, predictions, and comments were written down systematically over time either independently or partially in works such as yıldızname, falname, melheme and calendar. A part of Pavlakis Melitopoulos' Takvim-i Ebedi contains such a work, with its sections on Devreler and Müneccimlik. Devreler (Planet circles) covers 28 cycles from 1914 to 2137. In this chapter; meteorological events and natural disasters that may occur in each period are explained. Müneccimlik (Astromancy) includes the subtitles of Burçlar (Horoscopes), Sima-Çehre (Face), Alâim-i Sema (Rainbow) and Ra'd (Thunderstorm). Respectively; personality analysis is done according to twelve zodiac signs and facial characteristics (forehead, eyes, eyebrows, nose, mouth and ears). In addition, beliefs and predictions related to natural events such as rainbows and thunders are included. Depending on when these natural events occur within the twelve months of the year predictions can be made about the future. These predictions concerns subjects such as wars, famine, epidemics, rebellions, natural disasters, agriculture and livestock breeding. The calendar is written in a plain language and style. In this study; Devreler (6-34) and Müneccimlik (35-56) sections were transcribed from Greek letters to Latin letters. A list of terms and words from the text that are not commonly used in today's Turkish and their meaning is contained under the "Sözlük" section. In the conclusion part, the importance of the ascertainment and publication of such calendars that contain folkloric materials such as astrology, proverbs, stories and poems in language, literature and culture studies has been evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Although electrocoagulation combined with zeolite (ECZ) shows higher efficiency in wastewater treatment, the actual contribution of zeolite particle size has not been fully explored. In this work, the influence of particle size of synthetic zeolite SZ (<90, 90–160, and 160–600 μm) on ECZ treatment of compost leachate with very high organic load is investigated together with different electrode materials (Fe, Al, and Zn), current densities (0.003, 0.009 and 0.018 A/cm2), and contact times (10, 20 and 30 min). The results positively highlight that the largest particle size should be used in ECZ, as it leads to a lower increase in pH and temperature, a higher decrease of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and turbidity, and a lower electrode consumption, while causing more damage to the electrode surface. The estimated energy costs ranged from 3.960 kW/m3–1313.657 kW/m3. The Taguchi L9 orthogonal configuration showed the highest COD and turbidity decrease under the conditions of 160–600 µm zeolite particles. The powder X-ray diffractometer (PXRD) analysis shows that interplanar spacing decreases when smaller and medium SZ particle sizes are used, while this effect was not observed with larger zeolite particle size. SEM-EDS shows that oxygen, silicon, and aluminium are the predominant elements in electrogenerated sludge coupled with zeolite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural zeolites are well-known materials widely applied in the environmental remediation treatment process. However, the integration of various treatment methods is exceedingly investigated for achieving satisfactory effluent quality. In this paper, the integration of electrocoagulation and natural zeolite was evaluated in the treatment of biowaste compost leachate in a single step. The influence of different distances of electrodes (1.5, 3, and 4.5 cm), stirring speed (70, 200, and 400 rpm), the addition of natural zeolite and electrolyte NaCl on the efficiency of treatment of biowaste compost leachate has been carried out. Process efficiency was evaluated by measuring the change of pH value, electrical conductivity, temperature, turbidity, chemical oxygen demand (COD), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TNK), total solids, and sludge settling test. The Taguchi method was applied to optimize biowaste compost leachate treatment. Experiments are planned according to Taguchi's L8 (24 41) orthogonal array. The stirring speed, electrode distance, electrolyte and zeolite addition, solution initial pH adjustment were chosen as controllable factors, and their impact on COD, turbidity, TNK, settling rate, and electrode consumption were studied. Results show that optimal conditions depend on the parameter of interest and that optimal values for a particular parameter are not always the optimum if the desired goal is considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]