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As radiology rapidly and continuously develops, dental radiological devices are becoming integral to dental practice. CBCT enables a precise three-dimensional image of the orofacial region. The wider use of CBCT devices is further encouraged by the flaws of two-dimensional radiological methods, especially concerning dental implantology. This paper aims to describe the advantages and disadvantages of using CBCT devices in planning and placing dental implants. It offers an insight into artifacts and radiation doses and their influence on the quality of the resulting image. The generation of multiplanar slices of the area of interest, the possibility of 3D reconstruction, the reduction of the magnification error, and the radiation dose are some of the important advantages of the CBCT device. A Limited FOV and volume of the screening, a low range of contrasts, measuring of bone density and shades of grayscale, as well as possible artifacts of movement are some of its disadvantages. Not only did the CBCT device find a purpose in the processes of planning and placement of dental implants, but also in postoperative assessments of healing and possible complications. CBCT balances the price and radiation dose and the quality of clinical information. It is used in oral surgery, orthodontics, periodontology, and endodontics. Due to its precision and quality, the CBCT device is the foundation of dental implantology.

As radiology rapidly and continuously develops, dental radiological devices are becoming integral to dental practice. CBCT enables a precise three- dimensional image of the orofacial region. The wider use of CBCT devices is further encouraged by the flaws of two-dimensional radiological methods, especially concerning dental implantology. This paper aims to describe the advantages and disadvantages of using CBCT devices in planning and placing dental implants. It offers an insight into artifacts and radiation doses and their influence on the quality of the resulting image. The generation of multiplanar slices of the area of interest, the possibility of 3D reconstruction, the reduction of the magnification error, and the radiation dose are some of the important advantages of the CBCT device. A Limited FOV and volume of the screening, a low range of contrasts, measuring of bone density and shades of grayscale, as well as possible artifacts of movement are some of its disadvantages. Not only did the CBCT device find a purpose in the processes of planning and placement of dental implants, but also in postoperative assessments of healing and possible complications. CBCT balances the price and radiation dose and the quality of clinical information. It is used in oral surgery, orthodontics, periodontology, and endodontics. Due to its precision and quality, the CBCT device is the foundation of dental implantology.

U radu je opisan povijesni pregled obrazovanja RT u RH. Opisan je EQF te HKO te ESCO. Napravljen je projekt "Izrada standarda zanimanja/kvalifikacija uz unaprjeđenje zdravstvenih studijskih programa Sveučilišnog odjela zdravstvenih studija Split". Projekt se bavio problematikom usklađivanja zdravstvenog visokog obrazovanja u RH sa zahtjevima HKO-a, tržišta rada te EU i RH strategija, zakona i direktiva. Cilj projekta je bio izrada cjelovitih standarda kvalifikacija i standarda zanimanja zdravstvenih studija za 6. i 7. razinu obrazovanja i priprema za njihov upis u registar HKO-a. Također je od iznimne važnosti bio razvoj novih i unapređenje postojećih studijskih programa te izgradnja kapaciteta nastavnog osoblja. Visokoškolske obrazovne zdravstvene ustanove su bile ciljne skupine projekta kao i njihovo nastavno osoblje i studenti, poslodavci, strukovne komore i sindikati u zdravstvu u RH U Republici Hrvatskoj trenutno postoje tri studija koji provode temeljno obrazovanje radioloških tehnologa 6. razine po Hrvatskom kvalifikacijskom okviru, u Splitu, Rijeci i Zagrebu. Jedan studij provodi i osposobljavanje radioloških tehnologa na 7. razini cjelovitih kvalifikacija po HKO-u, a to je Diplomski sveučilišni studijski program radiološke tehnologije Sveučilišnog odjela zdravstvenih studija pri Sveučilištu u Splitu.

Na radionici se prezentirao broj studenata preddiplomskog i diplomskog studija radiološke tehnologije upisanih na SOZS-u Split od 2012./13. do 2021./22. akademske godine te broj radioloških tehnologa uključenih u razne oblike nastave. Od 2017. godine pa do danas vidljiv je rast sudjelovanja radioloških tehnologa u nastavi. Udio radioloških tehnologa u nastavi bi trebao biti znatno veći kao što je to slučaj u većini Europskih zemalja. Tek dodatnim obrazovanjem i poticanjem magistara radiološke tehnologije na daljnu vertikalizaciju u obrazovanju u budućnosti možemo očekivati da profesija obrazuje profesiju.

Radiologija je jedna od najbrže rastućih grana medicine, a upravo jedan od uređaja koji najbrže prati ovaj razvoj je i uređaj za CT. Znanstvenici su najviše fokusirani na istraživanje poboljšanja parametara rendgenske cijevi i detektora kao najvažnijih dijelova ovog modaliteta oslikavanja. Uz detektor s integriranjem energije koji je danas u širokoj uporabi u sklopu svakodnevne kliničke praske, predmet istraživanja je i detektor s brojačem fotona. Brojne vrline koje se ističu kod nove vrste detektora zaslužne su za opće mišljenje da će u budućnosti ova nova tehnologija zavladati CT uređajima u kliničkoj praksi poboljšavajući akviziciju brojnih dijagnostičkih i intervencijskih postupaka. Smatra se da ova tehnologija radiologiju uvodi u novu eru upravo svojom poboljšanom prostornom i kontrastnom rezolucijom, smanjenjem šuma i povećanjem omjera kontrasta i šuma, ali i novim mogućnostima kao što su oslikavanje više kontrastnih sredstava istovremeno te višeenergetsko oslikavanje. Poboljšanja vidljivost joda pruža dodatne dijagnostičke mogućnosti te točniju diferencijaciju benignih i malignih suspektnih lezija. Znatno manja veličina piksela na ovom detektoru nudi gotovo dvostruko povećanje prostorne rezolucije, a samim time i povećanje učinkovitosti doze zračenja. Korištenje detektora s brojačem fotona je zato pogodno i kod pedijatrijskih bolesnika, a javlja se i širok spektar mogućnosti low-dose oslikavanja u svrhu preventivnog screeninga karcinoma. Procesi poput tzv. razgradnje materijala i spektralnog oslikavanja su još u procesu istraživanja, ali imaju veliki potencijal da optimiziraju buduću svakodnevnu kliničku praksu. Potrebno je još rada i objavljenih rezultata istraživanja, no zasigurno će ova tehnologija jednog dana olakšati posao radiološkog tehnologa i radiologa. Radiology is one of the fastest growing branches of medicine, and precisely one of the devices that follows this development the fastest is the computerized tomography device. Scientists are most focused on research into improving the parameters of the X-ray tube and detector as the most important parts of this imaging modality. In addition to the detector with energy integration, which is widely used today as part of everyday clinical practice, the subject of research is also a Photon countng detector. The numerous virtues that stand out in the new type of detector are responsible for the general opinion that in the future this new technology will dominate CT devices in clinical practice, improving the acquisition of numerous diagnostic and interventional procedures. It is believed that this technology ushers radiology into a new era precisely with its improved spatial and contrast resolution, noise reduction and increase of contrast and noise ratio, but also with new possibilities such as simultaneous imaging of multiple contrast agents and multi-energy imaging. Improvements in the visibility of iodine contrast agent provide additional diagnostic possibilities and more accurate differentiation of benign and malignant suspected lesions. The significantly smaller pixel size on this detector offers an almost two-fold increase in spatial resolution, and thus an increase in radiation dose efficiency. The use of a detector with a photon counter is therefore also suitable for pediatric patients, and there is also a wide range of low-dose imaging options for the purpose of preventive cancer screening. Processes such as the material decomposition and spectral imaging are still in the research process, but have great potential to optimize future daily clinical practice. More work and published research results are needed, but surely this technology will one day make the work of radiologic technologists and radiologists easier.

Uvod: MR je uvelike unaprijedila dijagnostičku medicinu u posljednjim desetljećima. Stalnim mijenjanjem i unaprjeđivanjem tehnoloških aspekata, MR postaje sve sofisticiranija i finija metoda. Stalnom težnjom da se povećava korišteno magnetno polje, zbog povećanja SNR-a povećava se prostorna rezolucija i kontrastnost. Ti faktori omogućuju detaljan i jasan prikaz ranije nevidljivih patologija, naročito patologija u mozgu. Cilj rada: Cilj ovog rada je usporediti važnost tehnoloških značajki 3T i 7T MR-a u oslikavanju mozga te izdvojiti njihove prednosti i nedostatke. Rasprava: MR 3T se koristi u svakodnevnoj kliničkoj primjeni diljem svijeta. Jedno od osnovnih pitanja kojim se znanstvenici bave u većini istraživanja je značajnost 7T u odnosu na 3T pri prikazu različitih patologija mozga. Utvrđeno je da poboljšane tehnološke karakteristike uređaja većeg magnetnog polja utječu na bolji prikaz epileptogenih lezija i lezija koje su specifične za multiplu sklerozu. Osim toga dobiva se i bolji prikaz unutarnje strukture tumora, bolji prikaz aneurizmi i mikrokrvarenja te promjena koje su karakteristične za neurodegenerativne bolesti kao što su Alzheimerova bolest i Parkinsonova bolest. Bilo je od velike važnosti utvrditi postoji li superiornost 7T kod ovih patologija da bi se utvrdile sve dostupne mogućnosti, prednosti i nedostaci jer su to bolesti koje imaju sve veću prevalenciju u populaciji. Na MR-u 7T susreću se i tehnološki problemi koji mogu dovesti do loše kvalitete snimke, za njih se predlažu i istražuju različita rješenja. Zaključak: Pregledom brojnih istraživanja, utvrđeno je da je 3T MR kvalitetan uređaj za trenutnu primjenu, ali 7T ima mogućnost prikaza detalja i može pružiti kvalitetniju snimku i veću dijagnostičku preciznost te može biti od velikog značaja, posebice kod određenih pacijenata gdje 3T nije dovoljno detaljan. Treba uzeti u obzir da se 7T MR još uvijek treba istraživati, ali sigurna je za upotrebu na čovjeku i predstavlja budućnost dijagnostičke medicine. Introduction: MR has greatly improved diagnostic medicine in recent decades. By constantly changing and improving technological aspects, MR is becoming an increasingly sophisticated and refined method. By constantly tending to increase the used magnetic field, the spatial resolution and contrast increase due to the increase in SNR. These factors enable a detailed and clear presentation of previously invisible pathologies, especially pathologies in the brain The aim of the work: The aim of this work is to compare the importance of the technological features of 3T and 7T MR in brain imaging and to distinguish their advantages and disadvantages. Discussion: MR 3T is used in daily clinical practice worldwide. One of the basic questions that scientists deal with in most research is the importance of 7T compared to 3T in the presentation of various brain pathologies. It was found that the improved technological characteristics of the device with a higher magnetic field affect the better representation of epileptogenic lesions and lesions that are specific for multiple sclerosis. In addition, a better representation of the internal structure of the tumor, a better representation of aneurysms and microbleeds and changes that are characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease is obtained. It was of great importance to determine whether there is superiority of 7T in these pathologies to determine all the available possibilities, advantages and disadvantages because these are diseases that have an increasing prevalence in the population. On the MR 7T, there are also technological problems that can lead to poor recording quality, for which various solutions are proposed and investigated. Conclusion: After reviewing numerous studies, it was determined that 3T MR is a quality device for current use, but 7T has the ability to display details and can provide a higher quality image and greater diagnostic precision and can be of great importance, especially in certain patients where 3T is not detailed enough. It should be noted that 7T MR still needs to be researched, but it is safe for human use and represents the future of diagnostic medicine.

Uvod: Tehnološki napredak potaknuo je sve veće korištenje radioloških snimanja, a povećanjem njihovog broja dolazi do povećanog radnog opterećenja radiologa. Stoga se pokretačem primjene AI u radiologiji smatra upravo smanjenje radnog opterećenja radiologa i potreba za sve većom preciznošću i učinkovitošću. Cilj rada: Cilj ovog rada je približiti čitatelju samu AI i njenu primjenu u radiologiji, a posebno kod modaliteta MRI te na koji način algoritmi dubokog učenja pospješuju rekonstrukciju slike te dovode do bržih i preciznijih rezultata. Rasprava: Brojna su istraživanja potvrdila značaj implementacije strojnog učenja, podskupa umjetne inteligencija, u radiološki sustav. U ovom preglednom radu izdvojena su brojna istraživanja primjene dubokog učenja kod magnetne rezonancije, a naglasak je na modelima za automatsku segmentaciju. Automatska segmentacija pokazala je izvrsne rezultate kod ranog otkrivanja osteoartritisa, zatim kod puknuća prednjeg križnog ligamenta i meniskusa, najčešćih ozljeda koljena, a također se u novije vrijeme model dubokog učenja istaknuo i kod automatske procjene koštane dobi. Automatskom segmentacijom postigla se, prije svega visoka točnost i preciznost, objektivnost i iznimna ušteda vremena. Zaključak: Dosadašnja istraživanja već su istaknula značajnu prednost primjene strojnog učenja u radiologiji te iznimnu kompatibilnost u radu radiologa i strojnog učenja, čime se postižu precizne i brze dijagnoze. Sve je to veliki poticaj za daljnja istraživanja, a tehnološki napredak zasigurno će ubrzati njegovu integraciju u kliničku praksu. Introduction: Technological progress has encouraged the increasing use of radiological imaging, and the increase in their number leads to an increased workload for radiologists. Therefore, the driver of the application of artificial intelligence in radiology is considered to be precisely the reduction of the workload of radiologists and the need for ever greater precision and efficiency. Aim: The aim of this paper is to bring the reader closer to artificial intelligence itself and its application in radiology, especially in magnetic resonance modalities, and how deep learning algorithms accelerate image reconstruction and lead to faster and more accurate results. Discussion: Numerous studies have confirmed the importance of implementing machine learning, a subset of artificial intelligence, in the radiology system. In this review paper, numerous researches on the application of deep learning in magnetic resonance imaging are highlighted, and the emphasis is on models for automatic segmentation. Automatic segmentation has shown excellent results in the early detection of osteoarthritis, then in anterior cruciate ligament and meniscus tears, the most common knee injuries, and also more recently, the deep learning model has excelled in automatic bone age estimation. Automatic segmentation achieved, above all, high accuracy and precision, objectivity and exceptional time saving. Conclusion: Previous research has already highlighted the significant advantage of using machine learning in radiology and the exceptional compatibility between the work of radiologists and machine learning, which achieves precise and quick diagnoses. All this is a great incentive for further research, and technological progress will certainly speed up its integration into clinical practice.

Uvod: Sve šira primjena radiologije u dentalnoj medicini stvorila je zahtjeve za razvoj radioloških uređaja specijaliziranih za rad u tom području. Razvojem kompjutorizirane tomografije konusnim zrakama omogućen je trodimenzionalni prikaz orofacijalnog područja. CBCT snimanje je motoda izbora prilikom planiranja postavljanja dentalnih implantata. Cilj rada: Cilj ovog rada je opisati primjenu CBCT uređaja u procesu planiranja i postavljanja dentalnih implantata. U radu su opisane prednosti i nedostatci radiološke metode te artefakti i doze zračenja koje su od velikog značaja za kvalitetu slike. Rasprava: Potpuna ili djelomična bezubost negativno utječe na kvalitetu života i održavanje optimalnog zdravlja. Dvodimenzionalne radiološke metode nisu se pokazale optimalnima prilikom prikaza trodimenzionalnih struktura. CBCT uređaj omogućuje generiranje multiplanarnih rezova područja od interesa i njihovu 3D rekonstrukciju. Prije postavljanja dentalnih implantata, ključna je procjena anatomskih struktura te kvalitete i volumena kosti. Potrebno je odrediti kvalitetu i kvantitetu kosti, 3D topografiju alveolarnog grebena, identificirati i lokalizirati vitalne anatomske strukture, izraditi kirurški vodič i moguće implantološke opcije kako bi zahvat na kraju bio uspješan. Prednosti CBCT uređaja su trodimenzionalni pregled struktura glave i vrata, generiranje dvodimenzionalnih struktura, smanjenje pogreške povećanja, doza zračenja, artefakti i cijena. Uz brojne prednosti, CBCT uređaj ima i određene nedostatke. Nedostatci CBCT uređaja su nizak raspon kontrasta, ograničeni FOV i volumen snimanja, artefakti pomicanja, mjerenje gustoće kosti i nijansi sive skale i doza zračenja. Osim za predkiruršku procjenu i planiranje, CBCT uređaj se koristi i postoperativno za procjenu cijeljenja implantata, komplikacija koje su najčešće povezane s neurovaskularnim oštećenjima. CBCT snimanje se treba provoditi uz održavanje ravnoteže između cijene i doze zračenja s jedne strane i svih neophodnih kliničkih informacija s druge strane. Zaključak: Primjena CBCT uređaja u planiranju i postavljanju dentalnih implantata postaje sve više osnovna dijagnostika bez koje se ne može zamisliti ozbiljna implantologija, a isto tako koristi se sve više kao svakodnevna pretraga u oralnoj kirurgiji, endodonciji, ortodonciji i parodontologiji. Introduction: All wider application of radiology in dental medicine has created a demand for the development of radiological devices specialized for that field. The development of Cone Beam Computed Tomography has enabled a three-dimensional view of the orofacial area. CBCT screening is the method of choice during the planning of placement of dental implants. Aim: The aim of this paper is to describe the application of CBCT devices in the process of planning and placing dental implants. The paper illustrates the advantages and disadvantages of this radiological method, artifacts, and radiation dosage which are significant factors for the quality of the image. Discussion: Complete or partial toothlessness has a negative impact on the quality of life and maintenance of optimal health. Two-dimensional radiological methods have not been proven optimal for the view of three-dimensional structures. The CBCT device enables the generation of multiplanar slices of the areas of interest and their 3D reconstruction. The assessment of anatomical structures and the quality and volume of bone is key to the placement of dental implants. It is necessary to determine the quality and quantity of bone, 3D topography of the alveolar ridge, to identify and localize vital anatomical structures, make a surgical guide as well as possible implantological options so that the intervention is successful. The advantages of the CBCT device are three-dimensional overview of the head and neck, the generation of two-dimensional structures, the reduction of the increase error, the dose of radiation, artifactxs, and price. Alongside many advantages, the CBCT device has certain flaws as well. Its disadvantages are the low span of contrast, limited FOV and volume of screening, artifacts of movement, measuring the density of bone and the shades of gray scale and the dose of radiation. The CBCT device is used not only for presurgical assessment and planning, but also for postoperative assessment of healing of the implants, complications which are usually connected to neurovascular damage. CBCT screening should be conducted while taking into account the balance between price and dose of radiation on one side, and all necessary clinical information on the other. Conclusion: The application of CBCT devices in planning and placement of dental implants is increasingly becoming fundamental diagnostics without which serious implantology cannot be pictured. It is also being used increasingly more as a daily examination in oral surgery, endodontics, orthodontics and parodontology.

Uvod: Svjedoci smo kako svakoga dana medicina i tehnologija ekstremno napreduju, a umjetna inteligencija ima sve veću primjenu u svakidašnjem životu. Radiomika je izvrsna metoda koja pruža korisne informacije putem neinvazivne obrade. Radiomička analiza uvelike olakšava cijeli proces obrade pacijenta, od njegovog snimanja do postavljanja dijagnoze, te je zbog toga privukla pažnju mnogim znanstvenicima i liječnicima. Cilj rada: Cilj ovoga rada je upoznati čitatelje sa radiomikom i pobliže objasniti njezin način rada, te kako se integrirala u pojedine radiološke dijagnostike i uvelike olakšala proces obrade slike, te dijagnosticiranje karcinoma dojke. Rasprava: Mnoga istraživanja potvrdila su kako je radiomika zaista vrhunska metoda sa brojnim prednostima, ali kao i svako novo područje, ima svoje nedostatke koje će se sa daljnjim radom i istraživanjem nadomjestiti. Glavno ograničenje predstavlja sustav računala, koji mora biti standardiziran kako bi se radiomička obrada podataka mogla koristiti u svakoj ustanovi isto, te kako bi te ustanove međusobno mogle razmjenjivati informacije bez poteškoća. Osim standardizacije sustava, problem predstavljaju i lažno pozitivni nalazi, što bi uvelike povećavalo troškove ustanova i potratilo vrijeme pacijenata. Rješenje ovih navoda predstavlja razvitak novih računalnih algoritama i povećanje senzibilnosti računalne detekcije lezija. Zaključak: Radiomika će zasigurno tijekom određenog vremena imati važnu ulogu u dijagnostici i analizi slika, iako je umjetna inteligencija još uvijek u procesu razvoja, radiomika možda neće imati samostalnu primjenu, ali će zasigurno olakšati posao liječnicima u analizi radioloških slika. Introduction: Today we can witness intense progress of medicine and technology, along with the development of the artificial intelligence that has penetrated our modern life. Radiomics is an excellent method of providing useful information by a non-invasive processing of data. The radiomic analysis aids the whole process of patient administration, from their medical examinations and scans to providing a diagnosis, and has therefore captured attention from many scientists and doctors. Aim of the paper: The aim of this paper is to inform the readers with the scientific field of radiomics and its area of practice, as well as how it has been implemented into specific radiological processes of diagnostics and helped the processing of images and the diagnostics of the breast carcinoma. Discussion: Many scientific researches state that radiomics has proven to be an excellent method with many advantages, but as every scientific innovation, it has its drawbacks that need to be determined by further research. The main obstacle is the network of computers that will have to be standardized in order for the radiomic processing of data can take place in every medical institution in the same way for the benefits of the exchange of medial data between the institutions. Apart from the standardization of the system, also, the problem of falsely positive test results increases health costs and is time consuming for both medical experts and patients. The solution to these obstacles is the development of better computing algorithms and the increase of computer sensibility in the process of detection of lesion / cancer patterns. Conclusion: Radiomics will most certainly have an important role in the future of diagnostics and image processing. Since the artificial intelligence within medicine is still being in the process of development, radiomics will be implemented as a tool to medical experts, but it will be highly effective and helpful in the analysis of radiological images.