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Resume : En s'appuyant sur quatre voyageurs francais de la seconde moitie du xvie siecle qui se sont rendus au Levant et ont publie leur recit, cet article etudie la vision anthropologique qui pouvait etre la leur. Apres avoir presente les conditions de contact, d'un point de vue juridique et diplomatique, et avoir demontre que ces occasions etaient reelles, cette etude souligne la force de la croyance en l'unite du genre humain et avance que l'interet des voyageurs se porte non sur l'homme, mais davantage sur les « nations » et leur diversite. Abstract : In studying the published journals of four French travelers who visited the Middle East during the second part of the 16th century, this paper discusses what may have been their anthropological views from their journey. After describing the conditions of contact from a legal and diplomatic point of view, this study underlines how strong their belief was in the unity of the human race, and suggests that the travelers were interested not in human beings but in “nations” and their diversity. Mots-cles : France – Empire ottoman – histoire culturelle – xvie siecle – voyage Keywords : France – Ottoman Empire – cultural history – 16th century – travel