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The unique and original Pomor book-handwriting style, created by the scribes of the Vygo-Leksinsky community, was also widespread in the regional Old Believer centers of the Priestless denominations, including part of the Ural Old Believer settlers. The Depository of Ancient Manuscripts of the Ural Federal University contains manuscripts with Pomor decor collected during archaeographical expeditions in the Ural region and adjacent territories. The article examines development of Pomor handwritten ornamental decoration forms using the example of manuscripts of the LAS UrFU from the 18th to the beginning of the 20th centuries. The process of the formation of the style basis (1st half — mid-18th century), the acquisition of its classical appearance (2nd half of the 18th c.), the process of evolution of individual elements, which led to changes and variability in compositions while maintaining repeatable stable forms, are traced (1st half of the 19th c.). The author also notes the trend of “fading” of the style, due to changes of a socio-political and cultural nature — the dissolution of the Vyg monastery and cessation of the creation of literary artefacts in a centralized manner, the spread of the practice of private scribing and design of manuscripts, as well as the influence of the so-called urban culture on the art of manuscript design, and regional features of writing, elements of folk arts and crafts (2nd half of 19th — early 20th cc.). The study of the forms of Pomor book ornament was carried out on the basis of methods of working with the decor of Pomor handwritten books developed by St. Petersburg scientists G. V. Markelov and F. V. Panchenko, including descriptions of the main types, varieties, subspecies of particular pattern elements, compiling alphanumeric designations of the main designs of Pomor ornament, distinguishing the features of compositions characteristic of a certain period of time, as well as problems of transformation of elements and style interpretation variants. The use of this technique allowed taking a fresh look at the problem of the existence and development of the Pomor style as a stable structure. Having created an ornamental style unique in its beauty and expressiveness, the scribes of the Vyg Pustyn produced manuscripts with characteristic Pomor decor for more than a century and a half. However, even after the liquidation of the monasteries and the dispersal of workshops for copying manuscripts (middle of the 19th century), the Pomor style continued to live in the manuscripts of the Old Believers due to its relevance. The stability, repeatability of designs and their immutability within the cultural and historical community of the Old Believer population allows speaking of the Pomor style as a bright independent phenomenon of book design art and a phenomenon of a historical and cultural nature.

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Despite the growing interest in mirrorless vehicles equipped with a camera monitor system (CMS), the human factors research findings on CMS display layout design have not been synthesized yet, hindering the application of the knowledge and the identification of future research directions. In an effort to address the 'lack of integration of the existing knowledge', this literature review addresses the following research questions: 1) what CMS display layout designs have been considered/developed by academic researchers and by automakers, respectively?; 2) among possible CMS display layout design alternatives, which ones have not yet been examined through human factors evaluation studies?; and 3) how do the existing human factors studies on the evaluation of different CMS display layout designs vary in the specifics of research? This review provides significant implications for the ergonomic design of CMS display layouts, including some potential design opportunities and future research directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Question order effect refers to the phenomenon that previous questions may affect the cognitive response process and respondents' answers. Previous questions generate a context or frame in which questions are interpreted. At the same time, in online surveys, the visual design may also shift responses. Past empirical research has yielded considerable evidence supporting the impact of question order on measurement, but few studies have investigated how question order effects vary with the visual design. Our main research question was whether question order effects are different on item-by-item formats compared to grid formats. The study uses data from an online survey experiment conducted on a non-probability-based online panel in Hungary, in 2019. We used the welfare-related questions of the 8'th wave of ESS. We manipulated the questionnaire by changing the position of a question that calls forth negative stereotypes about such social benefits and services. We further varied the visual design by presenting the questions in separate pages (item-by-item) or one grid. The results show that placing the priming questions right before the target item significantly changed respondents' attitudes in a negative way, but the effect was significant only when questions were presented on separate pages. A possible reason behind this finding may be that respondents engage in a deeper cognition when questions are presented separately. On the other hand, the grid format was robust against question order, in addition, we found little evidence of stronger satisficing on grids. The findings highlight that mixing item-by-item and grids formats in online surveys may introduce measurement inequivalence, especially when question order effects are expected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses about Worcestershire born poet William Shenstone was not only an innovative landscape gardener, also the designer of illustrations that embellished his manuscript and printed verse. The article's aim is to recover the visual culture that the poet devised in relation to his landscaping activities, to explain its relational working and to shed light on the different practices of meaning-making that are supported by his production of visual and textual media.

Objective: The purpose of this study is to investigate the characteristics of arrays and decorations in the manuscripts of the Qajar period in the in-text section and to study the patterns and colors widely used in the manuscripts of this period. Methodology: The method of this research is descriptive-analytical. In this regard, first, the typographic characteristics of selected array pages are described. And inductively, common features are enumerated and analyzed. By purposefill sampling method, 77 art manuscripts with a scribe and writing date from Qajar period were selected from the exquisite manuscripts of the National Library. Notably, 34 sample images of these manuscripts are presented in this research. Findings: Qajar illumination has continued the Safavid style with the difference that the congressional margin is observed with a regular rhythm and large head-pieces. Qajar book decoration style has a special place as a coherent and school style in Iranian painting. And it has all the features (property) of a thematic and applied education of a painting school. Basically, the art of book decoration was mostly dependent on the court. And kings, princes, and local rulers were the most important clients of works of art and sponsors of art. Half of the studied Qurans have four or two pages with arrays in the opening papers (containing a list of chapters and prayers before recitation). The opening pages of all manuscripts of the Quran and prayer books and 76 percent of the literary books and 90 percent of the selected scientific manuscripts have head-pieces and inscriptions. In all Qurans, there are two opening pages and in the other manuscript, there is an opening page with a head-pieces and inscription. Most of the design of the head-pieces is the same as the dome or altar pattern. Ornate colored flowers have been used extensively in the text of gilding and sometimes in the layout of the head-pieces. The use of Arabesque in gilding the opening pages of the manuscripts under study is less varied. The flowers and leaves of Khatai are abundantly seen in the arrays of the opening pages of selected manuscripts. The purity and radiance of the colors used in the arrays of these books has created a kind of freshness and radiance. All Qurans and prayer books and 35 percent of literary books and 50 percent of selected scientific manuscripts have array margins on the opening pages. In the margins of the gilded and jeweled of the books, various types of Khatai flowers and leaves and Arabesque motifs are drawn on a golden or azure background and in some samples on the paper itself, hr the inscriptions of this period, Arabesque motifs are mostly designed in the form of frames or headbands, and the various thorns of the inscription are filled with Khatai motifs and small flowers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Information extraction is a fundamental task of many business intelligence services that entail massive document processing. Understanding a document page structure in terms of its layout provides contextual support which is helpful in the semantic interpretation of the document terms. In this paper, inspired by the progress of deep learning methodologies applied to the task of object recognition, we transfer these models to the specific case of document object detection, reformulating the traditional problem of document layout analysis. Moreover, we importantly contribute to prior arts by defining the task of instance segmentation on the document image domain. An instance segmentation paradigm is especially important in complex layouts whose contents should interact for the proper rendering of the page, i.e., the proper text wrapping around an image. Finally, we provide an extensive evaluation, both qualitative and quantitative, that demonstrates the superior performance of the proposed methodology over the current state of the art. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An introduction is presented in which the editor discusses articles in the issue on topics related to book reviews, the role of a critic, and the establishment of a new manuscript category focused on learning guides for reading in the field of Christian Education.