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Open burning poses a significant threat to human health and the environment by releasing hazardous chemicals and exacerbating plastic pollution. Urgent action is required to address its pervasive impact and the substantial release of gaseous pollutants. Limited research has explored the demographic aspect of open burning behavior, with none specifically conducted in Kentucky. An analysis of open burning complaints reported to the Kentucky Division for Air Quality in 2015, 2019, and 2021 revealed no significant differences in reported incidents by month and county. Binary logistic regression analyses identified the urban vs rural divide as significant predictors of open burning incidents, while violations were influenced by both urban and rural factors and average household income. Unemployment rates and the percentage of individuals with less than a high school diploma did not significantly predict open burning violations. Targeted interventions at the state and local level, focusing on rural areas and economically disadvantaged communities, can effectively address and mitigate open burning issues.

As a result of loading with an external force during the wear process, coating deforms uniformly. After a certain limit load is exceeded, coating deformation is localised through the formation of the so‐called shear bands. It has been showed experimentally the process of shear bands formation. The microstructural characterisation before and after the mechanical tests was performed using scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM) on cross‐sections of the samples. The analysis indicated that in the case of multilayer coatings where the ratio of the metallic to the ceramic phase is 1:1, the shear bands are formed at an angle of 45°. With a greater proportion of the ceramic phase to metallic (ratio 1:2), the shear band changed the shear angle from ∼45° to ∼90°. Mechanical in situ tests were carried out in the chambers of SEM and TEM. The scratch tests in the SEM were done with the simultaneous observation of the phenomena occurring on the surface of the tested materials showed that at a scratch force of 0.04 N, the additional outer a‐C:H layer was damaged, which was shown in the form of a fault in the force–displacement diagram, and in the form of splits visible in the SEM image. However, the application of this additional layer had a positive effect on the wear mechanism of the entire coating structure. The test also indicated that in the case of coatings with phases ratio 1:2 and 1:4 (metallic to ceramic), the characteristics of the brittle material were demonstrated, unlike the coating with a 1:1 phase ratio, where plastic properties predominated. However, for the 1:2 phase ratio coating, the chip was more ductile than for the chip formed when testing a 1:4 phase ratio coating. For in situ mechanical testing in the TEM, a straining holder was used. The test showed that the shear band angle for a 1:1 ratio coating has changed from 45° to 90° due to the different direction of force interaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent decades, as global population has continued to increase, so has the demand for food (Ackerman et al. 2014; Opitz et al. 2016). This demand is only projected to rise as not only the population increases, but also the percentage of inhabitants in urban areas increases as well (Lin et al. 2015; Opitz et al. 2016). This situation has led to many communities experiencing food insecurity, primarily in urban areas throughout the globe (Ackerman et al. 2014; Lin et al. 2015). It has been widely documented that low-income and disadvantaged communities have less access to nutritionally dense foods, and these areas of reduced access are often called food deserts (Lin et al. 2015; Opitz et al. 2016). Food insecurity and food deserts are now among the most pressing issues in US cities (Meenar and Hoover 2012). To address this rise in food demand, especially for nutritionally adequate food, various forms of urban agriculture have risen in popularity. Additional motivations, such as the desire for locally grown food, the fact that culturally important foods may not be available in grocery stores, the need to reduce inconveniences related to supply chain issues such as those seen during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, and the environmental and health benefits of urban agriculture, are also contributing to its growth (Gunia 2020; Kuta 2021; Lin et al. 2015; McDougall et al. 2019; McGril 2021; Mok et al. 2014; Van Tuijl et al. 2018). Urban agriculture has many definitions, but can be described simply as the process of growing food crops, or ornamental and medicinal plants—and even raising livestock—within cities and towns (Goldstein et al. 2016; Lin et al. 2015; Opitz et al. 2016). Some of the more common types of urban agriculture include community gardens, backyard gardens, and rooftop gardens, which are also referred to as green roofs (Mok et al. 2014). Although hydroponic and other indoor systems are available, outdoor soil or soil-based media production methods remain among the most common forms of urban agriculture (Mok et al. 2014). Furthermore, controlled environment agriculture and vertical farming require a huge initial investment and energy, making these methods less sustainable and suitable for small-scale farmers in an urban setting than outdoor vegetable production such as raised beds or green roofs (Barbosa et al. 2015; McDougall et al. 2019). It was estimated that urban agriculture could fulfill ∼15% to 20% of the global food supply (Knizhnik 2012; Lin et al. 2015), reaching as high as 90% of local vegetable, egg, and milk needs, and 70% of poultry needs in some cities (Nugent 2002). Since the early 1990s, urban agriculture in the United States has grown by more than 30%, primarily in underserved communities (Lin et al. 2015). Urban agriculture could provide 7% to 8% of the current vegetable consumption in Oakland, CA, USA (McClintock et al. 2013) and 15% of the food supply in Sydney, Australia (McDougall et al. 2020), when unoccupied urban land areas are used for food production. Urban agriculture has also gained popularity in the past two decades because of greater public awareness and concern for carbon footprints. Environmental benefits of urban agriculture include supporting native biodiversity by providing food and habitat resources, mitigating air pollution and urban heat island effects, providing stormwater management, and lowering energy use required for food transport (Ackerman et al. 2014; Lin et al. 2015; Mok et al. 2014). Benefits of urban agriculture can also include community building, mitigation of childhood obesity and malnutrition, improved mental and physical health, and educational benefits to students (Bahamonde 2019; Colman 2017; Ghose and Pettygrove 2014; Lin et al. 2015; Meenar and Hoover 2012; Monroe 2015; Nogeire-McRae et al. 2018; Ohly et al. 2016; van Averbeke 2007). In particular, creating urban farms in low-income communities can revitalize these communities by promoting social cohesion and improving economic well-being (Angotti 2015). Benefits of urban agriculture to the environment have been widely documented; however, there is also the potential for some negative effects associated with the increased practice of urban agriculture. One of the most significant environmental concerns with any agricultural system is the transport of excess nutrients and other agriculture-associated contaminants into waterways (Berka et al. 2001; Hart et al. 2004; King and Torbert 2007; Kleinman et al. 2011). The use of conventional or manufactured fertilizer has been attributed to increased rates of nutrient runoff, especially when applied before periods of increased precipitation (King and Torbert 2007). The same applies to outdoor urban agriculture (Bachman et al. 2016; Lusk et al. 2020), especially in areas where management is switching from no or low fertilizer use to greater fertilizer use for crop production (Bachman et al. 2016; Janke et al. 2017; Spence et al. 2012), and in areas such as parking lots that lack surrounding vegetation (Hale et al. 2015; Shetty et al. 2019). In addition, the use and overuse of nutrient sources has been shown to contribute to nutrient runoff from both green roofs (Czemiel Berndtsson 2010; Mitchell et al. 2017; Toland et al. 2012) and ground-level systems (Cameira et al. 2014; Dewaelheyns et al. 2013; Huang et al. 2006; Salomon et al. 2020; Shrestha et al. 2020; Small et al. 2019; Wielemaker et al. 2018, 2019). These substances can alter and affect the water quality of runoff negatively, which can lead to the impairment or degradation of nearby aquatic systems as well as potential health hazards (Berndtsson et al. 2009). Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) are the nutrients commonly found in fertilizers most associated with increased aquatic plant or algal growth and eutrophication risks (Anderson et al. 2002; Conley et al. 2009; Correll 1998; Smith and Schindler 2009). Nitrogen, which supports protein synthesis, and P, which is needed for DNA, RNA, and energy transfer, are needed by both terrestrial and aquatic plants (Conley et al. 2009). In excess, however, the presence of N and P can accelerate the growth of aquatic plants and harmful cyanobacteria (Conley et al. 2009). Anthropogenic eutrophication and dead zones are the number-one problem facing aquatic ecosystems globally, and can affect all types of aquatic systems (Kleinman et al. 2011; Smith and Schindler 2009). Nitrogen in reactive forms such as ammonium (NH4+) and nitrate (NH3−) can cause soil acidification if excess fertilizer is applied, which can lead to leaching of aluminum and other toxic metals into waterways (Chadwick and Chen 2002). Important physicochemical properties of water, such as pH, electrical conductivity, color, and turbidity, help to explain the quality of runoff water and its possible effect on aquatic life cycles (Rameshkumar et al. 2019; Whittinghill et al. 2016). Use of different growing media, sources of fertilizer, and crop management practices may have an effect on these criteria. A pH that is too high or too low can kill many aquatic species, affect hatching and survival rates, and stress the entire aquatic animal system (Freda 1987). Most aquatic animals prefer a pH of 6 to 9 (Collier et al. 1990). Changing pH levels (high or low) may also facilitate the solubilization of numerous harmful heavy metals, hence increasing the risk of absorption by aquatic organisms (Gensemer et al. 2018). Electrical conductivity is a measure of the salinity of water. Increasing the salt level in freshwater aquatic systems may increase the cost of water treatments for human consumption, reduce freshwater diversity, alter ecosystem function, and, ultimately, affect socioeconomic well-being by altering the goods and services of the freshwater aquatic system (Cañedo-Argüelles et al. 2016). Water color, measured on the platinum/cobalt (Pt/Co) scale, is usually used to analyze the pollution level in wastewater. Water with a yellow tint has more watercolor on the Pt/Co scale and is considered more polluted. In general, such color in water is a result of the humic and fulvic fractions of dissolved organic compounds (Bennett and Drikas 1993). Turbidity is a water-quality parameter that measures the optical clarity of water (Davies-Colley and Smith 2001). Increased turbidity means less solar radiation penetration. High turbidity influences aquatic life through a reduction in photosynthesis and dissolved oxygen, affects movement resulting from poor visualization, and kills fish directly or reduces their growth (Sader 2017). Turbidity could also be a good factor to predict aquatic life diversity and richness (Figueroa-Pico et al. 2020). There has been extensive research over many decades on the effects of conventional farming practices on excess nutrient input and pesticide contamination, and the associated impacts of these contaminants on the water quality of various aquatic ecosystems (Berka et al. 2001; Elrashidi et al. 2005; Gaudreau et al. 2002; Hart et al. 2004; Heathwaite et al. 1998; King and Torbert 2007; Kleinman et al. 2011; Liu et al. 2014; McLeod and Hegg 1984). Until recently, there was a lack of research on monitoring these same effects from commonly used urban agricultural systems at ground level. Research has focused more on the use of green roof systems as opposed to soil-based urban agriculture systems used at ground level (Beck et al. 2011; Czemiel Berndtsson 2010; Emilsson et al. 2007; Getter and Rowe 2006; Kok et al. 2013; Toland et al. 2012; Whittinghill et al. 2016). At ground-level urban sites, where use of soil fertility testing and nutrient application recordkeeping can be limited (Small et al. 2019; Whittinghill and Sarr, 2021; Wielemaker et al. 2019; Witzling et al. 2011), overapplication of nutrients is especially common. This has been tied to nutrient buildup in the soil (Abdulkadir et al. 2013; Cameira et al. 2014; de Barros Sylvestre et al. 2019; Dewaelheyns et al. 2013; Huang et al. 2006; Salomon et al. 2020; Shrestha et al. 2020; Small et al. 2019; Witzling et al. 2011) and an increase in the nutrient concentration of runoff water (Huang et al. 2006; Jackson et al. 1994; Shrestha et al. 2020). Excessive nutrient losses can also be attributed to a preference for compost as a nutrient source (Cameira et al. 2014; Dewaelheyns et al. 2013; Metson and Bennett 2015; Small et al. 2019; Wielemaker et al. 2019); the lower fertilizer nutrient equivalencies for composts the year of application, with continued nutrient release in subsequent years; and a difference in the availability of nutrients from compost (Maltris-Landry et al. 2016; Mikkelsen and Hartz 2008; Wielemaker et al. 2019). It has been suggested that these nutrient inefficiencies in urban agriculture could represent a significant component of the global P budget, if urban agriculture were scaled up to its full potential (Small et al. 2019). It is, therefore, imperative to understand more fully the effects of nutrient runoff from ground-level urban agriculture systems on water quality. Our research compared water-quality variables from four different nutrient sources applied to raised beds and container gardens. The container gardens used in this experiment were constructed from small plastic wading pools. This growing system has been used on rooftops (Hell’s Kitchen Farm Project 2020) and has received increased social media attention (Michaels 2021; Pinterest 2021). These small plastic pools are readily available during the growing season and can be purchased at a fairly low cost. When comparing cost per area, small plastic pools cost about $12 for 1 m2 of planting area, compared with almost $70 for raised beds with sides (Durham et al. 2018), ∼$40 to $80 for nursery pots (Hummert International 2021), and as much as $127 for other commercially available planters (Lowe’s 2021). This makes the pool growing system a low-cost option suitable for urban areas without soil or where soil is contaminated and considered unsafe for growing. However, this growing system has received very little scientific attention, especially in terms of how it may affect yields and nutrient leaching when compared with raised beds and other in-ground production systems. Including the small plastic pool growing system in our research is a first step in addressing this knowledge gap.

Objective: E2730, an uncompetitive γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) transporter-1 (GAT-1) inhibitor, has potent anti-seizure effects in a rodent model of chronic temporal lobe epilepsy, the kainic acid status epilepticus (KASE) rat model. In this study, we examined purported neuroimaging and physiological surrogate biomarkers of the effect of E2730 on brain GABAergic function., Methods: We conducted a randomized cross-over study, incorporating 1-week treatments with E2730 (100 mg/kg/day subcutaneous infusion) or vehicle in epileptic post-KASE rats. KASE rats underwent serial 9.4 T magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) measuring GABA and other brain metabolites, [ 18 F]Flumazenil positron emission tomography (PET) quantifying GABA A receptor availability, quantitative electroencephalography (qEEG) and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)-mediated motor activity, as well as continuous video-EEG recording to measure spontaneous seizures during each treatment. Age-matched, healthy control animals treated with E2730 or vehicle were also studied., Results: E2730 treatment significantly reduced spontaneous seizures, with 8 of 11 animals becoming seizure-free. MRS revealed that E2730-treated animals had significantly reduced taurine levels. [ 18 F]Flumazenil PET imaging revealed no changes in GABA receptor affinity or density during E2730 treatment. The power of gamma frequency oscillations in the EEG was decreased significantly in the auditory cortex and hippocampus of KASE and control rats during E2730 treatment. Auditory evoked gamma frequency power was enhanced by E2730 treatment in the auditory cortex of KASE and healthy controls, but only in the hippocampus of KASE rats. E2730 did not influence motor evoked potentials triggered by TMS., Significance: This study identified clinically relevant changes in multimodality imaging and functional purported biomarkers of GABAergic activity during E2730 treatment in epileptic and healthy control animals. These biomarkers could be utilized in clinical trials of E2730 and potentially other GABAergic drugs to provide surrogate endpoints, thereby reducing the cost of such trials., (© 2024 The Author(s). Epilepsia published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International League Against Epilepsy.)

Periods of social mobility, such as attending college, can challenge one's status-based identity, leading to uncertainty around one's status in society. Status uncertainty is associated with poorer well-being and academic outcomes. Little is known, however, about what experiences lead to status uncertainty. The current longitudinal study investigated discrimination experiences and cultural mismatch as predictors of status uncertainty. We propose that discrimination indirectly predicts increased status uncertainty by increasing perceived cultural mismatch with the university. Participants were Latinx college students, all of whom were low-income and/or first generation to college. Discrimination experiences were measured at the end of participants' first year. Cultural mismatch and status uncertainty were measured at the end of Year 2. Status uncertainty was measured again at the end of Year 3. Results indicated that students who experienced more frequent discrimination felt more cultural mismatch 1 year later, and, in turn, reported increased status uncertainty over the following year., Competing Interests: Declaration of Conflicting InterestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Parkinson's disease is one of the most prevalent neurological disorders affecting millions of people worldwide. There is a growing demand for novel and natural substances as complementary therapies. Essential oils and their various compounds are highly investigated natural plant-based products as potential treatment options for common human diseases, such as microbial infections, chronic diseases, and neurodegenerative disorders. The present study focuses on the beneficial effects of linalool and geraniol, the major compounds of lavender ( Lavandula angustifolia L.) and geranium ( Pelargonium graveolens L'Hér. in Aiton) essential oils, on oxidative stress, inflammation, and iron metabolism of the rotenone and 6-hydroxydopamine-induced in vitro Parkinson's models. The experiments were carried out on all-trans retinoic acid differentiated SH-SY5Y cells. The effects of linalool and geraniol were compared to rasagiline, an MAO-B inhibitor. The results revealed that both essential oil compounds reduce the level of reactive oxygen species and alter the antioxidant capacity of the cells. They lower the secretion of IL-6, IL-8, and IL-1β pro-inflammatory cytokines. Moreover, linalool and geraniol change the expression of iron-related genes, such as the iron importer transferrin receptor 1, heme-oxygenase-1, and ferroportin iron exporter, and influence the intracellular iron contents. In addition, it has been unveiled that iron availability is concatenated with the actions of the essential oil compounds. Based on the results, linalool and geraniol are vigorous candidates as an alternative therapy for Parkinson's disease.

Background: After mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), some patients experience symptoms that persist for weeks to months. Recovery from mTBI is primarily assessed using selfreported symptom questionnaires. Blood biomarkers, including microRNA species, have shown promise to assist diagnosis of mTBI, however, little is known about how blood microRNA measures might predict symptom recovery., Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the variances in plasma microRNAs on the day of injury between individuals with mTBI who report post-concussive symptoms at the 28- day mark and those who do not., Methods: Patients who presented to an adult, tertiary referral hospital emergency department on the day of the injury and were diagnosed with isolated mTBI (n=35) were followed up for 28 days. Venous blood samples were collected and symptom severity was assessed using the Rivermead Post-Concussion Symptom Questionnaire (RPQ) on the day of injury and at 28 days. Patients who reported ongoing symptoms of total RPQ score ≥10 or at least one symptom severity ≥2, were compared to those with lesser symptom severity or symptom resolution., Results: There were 9 (25.7%; 95%CI: 12.5-43.3) patients who reported persistent symptoms. Day of injury plasma miR-223-3p levels were significantly higher in individuals with ongoing symptoms compared to those without, however, no such differences were observed for miRs 142- 3p, 423-3p, 32-5p, 144-3p, and let-7f-5p., Conclusion: Acute plasma miR-223-3p levels appear to detect patients who later have persistent symptoms after mTBI. The results demonstrate the potential utility for such biomarkers to assist in decisions towards early referral for therapy after mTBI., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)

Background: Sleep disturbance and fatigue are common in individuals undergoing inpatient rehabilitation following stroke. Understanding the relationships between sleep, fatigue, motor performance, and key biomarkers of inflammation and neuroplasticity could provide valuable insight into stroke recovery, possibly leading to personalized rehabilitation strategies. This study aimed to investigate the influence of sleep quality on motor function following stroke utilizing wearable technology to obtain objective sleep measurements. Additionally, we aimed to determine if there were relationships between sleep, fatigue, and motor function. Lastly, the study aimed to determine if salivary biomarkers of stress, inflammation, and neuroplasticity were associated with motor function or fatigue post-stroke., Methods: Eighteen individuals who experienced a stroke and were undergoing inpatient rehabilitation participated in a cross-sectional observational study. Following consent, participants completed questionnaires to assess sleep patterns, fatigue, and quality of life. Objective sleep was measured throughout one night using the wearable Philips Actiwatch. Upper limb motor performance was assessed on the following day and saliva was collected for biomarker analysis. Correlation analyses were performed to assess the relationships between variables., Results: Participants reported poor sleep quality, frequent awakenings, and difficulties falling asleep following stroke. We identified a significant negative relationship between fatigue severity and both sleep quality (r=-0.539, p = 0.021) and participants experience of awakening from sleep (r=-0.656, p = 0.003). A significant positive relationship was found between grip strength on the non-hemiplegic limb and salivary gene expression of Brain-derived Neurotrophic Factor (r = 0.606, p = 0.028), as well as a significant negative relationship between grip strength on the hemiplegic side and salivary gene expression of C-reactive Protein (r=-0.556, p = 0.048)., Conclusion: The findings of this study emphasize the importance of considering sleep quality, fatigue, and biomarkers in stroke rehabilitation to optimize recovery and that interventions may need to be tailored to the individual. Future longitudinal studies are required to explore these relationships over time. Integrating wearable technology for sleep and biomarker analysis can enhance monitoring and prediction of outcomes following stroke, ultimately improving rehabilitation strategies and patient outcomes., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Competing Interests: Competing interests: We have read and understood BMJ policy on declaration of interests and have the following interests to declare: MAB, BM, and JRS have been paid as expert scientists in the area of abortion and mental health in legal cases challenging abortion policies. NLS received reimbursement for travel expenses related to pro bono expert testimony. MAB, RWB, DGF, CBP, CHR, JRS, JVD, and UDU were awarded grants to conduct research or reviews on the relationship between abortion and mental health. LBH is a named plaintiff in a case regarding abortion rights (SisterSong v State of Georgia). NLS served on the board of directors of Physicians for Reproductive Health. TMO received a speaker fee from Lundbeck Pharma A/S for a talk on prediction of postpartum depression. The views expressed here are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of their employers or other organisations. Provenance and peer review: Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.

Objective: To investigate the concurrent validity of the KHMS with the FMA-UE., Design: The FMA-UE and the KHMS were administered to 50 adults with stroke to evaluate their concurrent validity., Setting: Three tertiary rehabilitation hospitals., Participants: Participants were aged ≥18 years, receiving stroke or rehabilitation services from a participating hospital, and had a confirmed diagnosis of stroke (ischemic or hemorrhagic) with upper limb involvement. Fifty patients were recruited to the study (20 women, 30 men, N=50) with a mean age of 71 (SD 13.4, range 35-90) years. Time since stroke varied from 2 days to 187 months, with a median of 0.8 months., Interventions: Not applicable., Main Outcome Measures: Concurrent validity of the KHMS with the FMA-UE., Results: A correlation of r =0.948 was found between the 2 scales ( P =.0001). Moderate floor effects were noted in our sample (16%); however, significant ceiling effects were recorded (44%)., Conclusion: The KHMS demonstrated a statistically strong correlation with the FMA-UE and holds promise for use, particularly in the clinical setting, to evaluate upper limb motor impairment after stroke., (© 2023 The Authors.)

Objectives: The increasing accessibility of DNA ancestry information may influence perceptions of others' and one's own racial identity. The current work tested whether the presence of genetic testing information influenced Black participants' perceptions of individuals who claim a mismatched racial identity (i.e., a racial identity that differs from their parents), and whether these perceptions are moderated by the amount of corroborating DNA evidence and racial claim of the target., Method: Black participants ( N = 1,041) were randomly assigned to read about an individual claiming a Black or White mismatched racial identity. The target either had a majority amount (71%) of corroborating genetic information, a minimal amount (29%) or made no mention of genetic information., Results: When a majority percentage of corroborating genetic information was provided, participants evaluated Black-identified targets more favorably than White-identified targets. Additionally, Black-identified targets were evaluated most favorably when they had a majority amount of corroborating genetic information., Conclusions: Among Black perceivers, a majority amount of corroborating genetic information increased positive evaluations of a mismatched, Black-identified racial claim. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Background: Depressive episodes are common after first-episode psychosis (FEP), affecting more than 40% of people, adding to individual burden, poor outcomes, and healthcare costs. If the risks of developing depression were lower, this could have a beneficial effect on morbidity and mortality, as well as improving outcomes. Sertraline is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor and a common first-line medication for the treatment of depression in adults. It has been shown to be safe when co-prescribed with antipsychotic medication, and there is evidence that it is an effective treatment for depression in established schizophrenia. We present a protocol for a multi-centre, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled clinical trial called ADEPP that aims to investigate the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of sertraline in preventing depression after FEP., Methods: The recruitment target is 452 participants between the ages of 18 and 65 years who are within 12 months of treatment initiation for FEP. Having provided informed consent, participants will be randomised to receive either 50 mg of sertraline daily or matched placebo for 6 months, in addition to treatment as usual. The primary outcome measure will be a comparison of the number of new cases of depression between the treatment and placebo arms over the 6-month intervention phase. Secondary outcomes include suicidal behaviour, anxiety, rates of relapse, functional outcome, quality of life, and resource use., Discussion: The ADEPP trial will test whether the addition of sertraline following FEP is a clinically useful, acceptable, and cost-effective way of improving outcomes following FEP., Trial Registration: ISRCTN12682719 registration date 24/11/2020., (© 2023. BioMed Central Ltd., part of Springer Nature.)

Objective: More than one third of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) patients are resistant to current antiseizure medications (ASMs), and half experience mild-to-moderate adverse effects of ASMs. There is therefore a strong need to develop and test novel ASMs. The objective of this work is to evaluate the pharmacokinetics and neurological toxicity of E2730, a novel uncompetitive inhibitor of γ-aminobutyric acid transporter-1, and to test its seizure suppression effects in a rat model of chronic MTLE., Methods: We first examined plasma levels and adverse neurological effects of E2730 in healthy Wistar rats. Adult male rats were implanted with osmotic pumps delivering either 10, 20, or 100 mg/kg/day of E2730 subcutaneously for 1 week. Blood sampling and behavioral assessments were performed at several timepoints. We next examined whether E2730 suppressed seizures in rats with chronic MTLE. These rats were exposed to kainic acid-induced status epilepticus, and 9 weeks later, when chronic epilepsy was established, were assigned to receive one of the three doses of E2730 or vehicle for 1 week in a randomized crossover design. Continuous video-electroencephalographic monitoring was acquired during the treatment period to evaluate epileptic seizures., Results: Plasma levels following continuous infusion of E2730 showed a clear dose-related increase in concentration. The drug was well tolerated at all doses, and any sedation or neuromotor impairment was mild and transient, resolving within 48 h of treatment initiation. Remarkably, E2730 treatment in chronically epileptic rats led to seizure suppression in a dose-dependent manner, with 65% of rats becoming seizure-free at the highest dose tested. Mean seizure class did not differ between the treatment groups., Significance: This study shows that continuous subcutaneous infusion of E2730 over 7 days results in a marked, dose-dependent suppression of spontaneous recurrent seizures, with minimal adverse neurological effects, in a rat model of chronic MTLE. E2730 shows strong promise as an effective new ASM to be translated into clinical trials., (© 2023 The Authors. Epilepsia published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International League Against Epilepsy.)

The diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBIs), such as concussions, are significant unmet medical issues. The kinetic forces that occur in mTBI adversely affect the cerebral vasculature, making cerebrovascular injury (CVI) a pathophysiological hallmark of mTBI. Given the importance of a healthy cerebrovascular system in overall brain function, CVI is likely to contribute to neurological dysfunction after mTBI. As such, CVI and related pathomechanisms may provide objective biomarkers and therapeutic targets to improve the clinical management and outcomes of mTBI. Despite this potential, until recently, few studies have focused on the cerebral vasculature in this context. This article will begin by providing a brief overview of the cerebrovascular system followed by a review of the literature regarding how mTBI can affect the integrity and function of the cerebrovascular system, and how this may ultimately contribute to neurological dysfunction and neurodegenerative conditions. We then discuss promising avenues of research related to mTBI biomarkers and interventions that target CVI, and conclude that a clinical approach that takes CVI into account could result in substantial improvements in the care and outcomes of patients with mTBI.

The demand for high-throughput electron tomography is rapidly increasing in biological and material sciences. However, this 3D imaging technique is computationally bottlenecked by alignment and reconstruction which runs from hours to days. We demonstrate real-time tomography with dynamic 3D tomographic visualization to enable rapid interpretation of specimen structure immediately as data is collected on an electron microscope. Using geometrically complex chiral nanoparticles, we show volumetric interpretation can begin in less than 10 minutes and a high-quality tomogram is available within 30 minutes. Real-time tomography is integrated into tomviz, an open-source and cross-platform 3D data analysis tool that contains intuitive graphical user interfaces (GUI), to enable any scientist to characterize biological and material structure in 3D., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

We present an experimental method capable of capturing the complete spatio-temporal dynamics of filamenting ultrashort laser pulses. By employing spatially resolved Fourier transform spectrometry in combination with the capability to terminate the filament at any length, we can follow the nonlinear dynamics in four dimensions, i.e. the transverse domain, time and filament length. Our method thus not only enables the full characterization of the filamentation process throughout its evolution, but also allows to identify and select laser pulses with desired parameters.

We present the design and implementation of a new, modular gas target suitable for high-order harmonic generation using high average power lasers. To ensure thermal stability in this high heat load environment, we implement an appropriate liquid cooling system. The system can be used in multiple-cell configurations, allowing us to control the cell length and aperture size. The cell design was optimized with heat and flow simulations for thermal characteristics, vacuum compatibility, and generation medium properties. Finally, the cell system was experimentally validated by conducting high-order harmonic generation measurements using the 100 kHz high average power HR-1 laser system at the Extreme Light Infrastructure Attosecond Light Pulse Source (ELI ALPS) facility. Such a robust, versatile, and stackable gas cell arrangement can easily be adapted to different experimental geometries in both table-top laboratory systems and user-oriented facilities, such as ELI ALPS.

Geriatric assessment (GA) predicts survival among older adults with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) treated intensively. We evaluated the predictive utility of GA among older adults treated with low-intensity therapy on a multisite trial. We conducted a companion study (CALGB 361101) to a randomized phase 2 trial (CALGB 11002) of adults ≥60 years and considered "unfit" for intensive therapy, testing the efficacy of adding bortezomib to decitabine therapy. On 361101, GA and quality of life (QOL) assessment was administered prior to treatment and every other subsequent cycle. Relationships between baseline GA and QOL measures with survival were evaluated using Kaplan-Meier estimation and Cox proportional hazards models. One-hundred sixty-five patients enrolled in CALGB 11002, and 96 (52%) of them also enrolled in 361101 (median age, 73.9 years). Among participants, 85.4% completed ≥1 baseline assessment. In multivariate analyses, greater comorbidity (hematopoietic cell transplantation-specific comorbidity index >3), worse cognition (Blessed Orientation-Memory-Concentration score >4), and lower European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer global QOL scores at baseline were significantly associated with shorter overall survival (P < .05 each) after adjustment for Karnofsky Performance Status, age, and treatment arm. Dependence in instrumental activities of daily living and cognitive impairment were associated with 6-month mortality (hazard ratio [HR], 3.5; confidence interval [CI], 1.2-10.4; and HR, 3.1; CI, 1.1-8.6, respectively). GA measures evaluating comorbidity, cognition, and self-reported function were associated with survival and represent candidate measures for screening older adults planned to receive lower-intensity AML therapies. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT01420926 (CALGB 11002)., (© 2022 by The American Society of Hematology. Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0), permitting only noncommercial, nonderivative use with attribution. All other rights reserved.)

Seven experiments explore whether organizational diversity initiatives heighten White Americans' concerns about the respect and value afforded toward their racial group and increase their perceptions of anti-White bias. The presence (vs. absence) of organizational diversity initiatives (i.e., diversity awards, diversity training, diversity mission statements) caused White Americans to perceive Whites as less respected and valued than Blacks and to blame a White man's rejection for a promotion on anti-White bias. Several moderators were tested, including evidence that Whites were clearly advantaged within the organization, that the rejected White candidate was less meritorious than the Black candidate, that promotion opportunities were abundant (vs. scarce), and individual differences related to support for the status hierarchy and identification with Whites. There was little evidence that these moderators reduced Whites' perceptions of diversity initiatives as harmful to their racial group.

Sleep has strong influences on affective and social experiences. However, less is known about the reciprocal effects of sleep, affect, and social experiences at a daily level, and little work has considered racial/ethnic minorities at high risk for social disconnection and discrimination. A 7-day daily experience study assessed the bidirectional relationships between daily sleep quality, affect, social experiences, and overall well-being among a sample of Latinx undergraduates ( N  = 109). Each morning, participants reported on their previous night's sleep. Each evening, they reported their positive and negative affect, experiences of belonging and unfair treatment, and overall well-being that day. Results indicate that, at a daily level, sleep quality predicts next-day affect, belonging, and well-being. Reciprocally, only daily well-being predicts sleep quality. Findings highlight sleep as a potentially powerful antecedent of affective and social experiences likely to be particularly potent for underrepresented minority groups., Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42761-021-00088-0., Competing Interests: Conflicts of InterestThe authors declare no competing interests., (© The Society for Affective Science 2021.)

Objective: Trust is fundamental to successful educational relationships. Yet, numerous barriers inhibit the development of trust between students of color (SOC) and White instructors. The current research examined a metacognitive obstacle to the development of cross-race classroom trust: Primarily External Race Motives (PERM). PERM was defined as the experience that instructors were more concerned with avoiding the appearance of prejudice than having self-directed egalitarian motives., Method: Using within-subjects vignettes ( n = 313; 74.8% female), between-subjects cross-sectional designs ( n = 386; 70.5% female), and longitudinal methods ( n = 135; 45.2% female), the current work tested the primary hypothesis that PERM would undermine instructor trust and classroom belonging. Hypotheses were tested with Black adults (Study 1) and college students (Studies 2 and 3)., Results and Conclusions: Whether with hypothetical, past, or present White educators, feeling that instructors have primarily external race-based motives undermined instructor trust and classroom belonging. In all studies, the relationship between PERM and classroom belonging was mediated by instructor (mis)trust. The results provide evidence that motives viewed to be primarily external undermine instructional relationships for SOC. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Sports-related concussion (SRC) is a form of mild traumatic brain injury that has been linked to long-term neurological abnormalities. Australian rules football is a collision sport with wide national participation and is growing in popularity worldwide. However, the chronic neurological consequences of SRC in Australian footballers remain poorly understood. This study investigated the presence of brain abnormalities in Australian footballers with a history of sports-related concussion (HoC) using multimodal MRI. Male Australian footballers with HoC (n = 26), as well as noncollision sport athletes with no HoC (n = 27), were recruited to the study. None of the footballers had sustained a concussion in the preceding 6 months, and all players were asymptomatic. Data were acquired using a 3T MRI scanner. White matter integrity was assessed using diffusion tensor imaging. Cortical thickness, subcortical volumes, and cavum septum pellucidum (CSP) were analyzed using structural MRI. Australian footballers had evidence of widespread microstructural white matter damage and cortical thinning. No significant differences were found regarding subcortical volumes or CSP. These novel findings provide evidence of persisting white and gray matter abnormalities in Australian footballers with HoC, and raise concerns related to the long-term neurological health of these athletes., (© The Author(s) 2021. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permission@oup.com.)

Objectives: Belonging to a stigmatized group presents a predicament between relying on your group as a source of support versus renouncing your group to avoid stigma and discrimination. We investigate how perceived stigma affects changes in group identification and whether this depends on other axes of advantage to which participants have access. We hypothesized that for Latinx undergraduate students, perceptions of stigma would predict increased ethnic identification but that access to other markers of advantage would dampen this effect., Methods: We measured ethnic identification, perceived stigma against one's ethnic group, gender, income, and first-generation college status among Latinx undergraduates (N = 171). One year later, we assessed changes in ethnic identification using the same measure. Regression analyses assessed whether gender, income, and first-generation college status moderated the effect of perceived stigma on end-of-year ethnic identification, controlling for initial ethnic identification., Results: Controlling for initial ethnic identification, end-of-year ethnic identification was higher when participants perceived that their ethnic group was regarded negatively by others. However, this effect was only present among relatively low-income and first-generation college students., Conclusion: Intersectional perspectives are needed to understand how individuals manage stigmatized identities. Stigmatized individuals who face disadvantages in other areas may be more likely to depend on their devalued groups as a source of esteem and belonging. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).