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Despite the importance of writing skill development, we know very little about how writing instruction is provided to students with visual impairments (VI) with and without co-occurring disabilities (e.g., multiple disabilities, deaf-blindness). The purpose of this study was to survey a national sample of U.S. teachers of students with visual impairments (TSVIs) on several important constructs, including their preparation to teach writing; their beliefs, attitudes, and experiences about teaching writing; and the writing practices they use for students with various visual conditions. We received responses from 457 TSVIs. The results showed that TSVIs vary considerably in their preparation to teach writing and disagree as to whether writing instruction (above and beyond braille) is part of their responsibilities. Most TSVIs indicated that they believe writing to be important for their students with VI, and they reported using various writing practices in their instruction within different student groups.

Fifty-seven college students downloaded the Headspace app and gave daily reports of app use, state mindfulness, state depression, state anxiety and state stress over a two-week period. App use was high (86 min). Day-to-day ratings of anxiety and stress decreased, while ratings of state depression and state mindfulness remained stable. Multilevel mediational models showed that spending time on the Headspace app increased an individual’s mindfulness in the moment, which then decreased ratings of stress, anxiety and depression. There was a lagged effect for state anxiety, such that time-on-app on a given day increased mindfulness on the same day, which decreased feelings of anxiety on the next day. The results strongly suggest a sequence where app usage leads to changes in state mindfulness, which are then associated with beneficial changes in mental health. Thus, state mindfulness is a (or perhaps the) key ingredient of the beneficial effects of this mindfulness/meditation app, opening venues for intervention and a potential for cumulative effects.

The current study examined the effectiveness of a reading curriculum of explicit instruction on the letter-sound knowledge of a sample of elementary-aged students with Down syndrome. The procedures were adapted from prior research (King et al., 2020; Lemons et al., 2018; Lemons et al., 2015). Three participants between 9 and 11 years old participated in the study. Participants were provided with five lessons or 5 tiers of data points on letter-sound knowledge, wherein they practiced identifying initial letter-sounds from highly imageable and decodable words. Unique to this study was the addition of explicit instruction procedures in spelling and measurement of improved spelling skills for both taught and untaught words. We used a multiple probe design across intervention lessons. Letter-sound accuracy increased for all three participants. Results for the spelling outcomes were mixed, with most students making minimal progress. Improvements in letter-sound knowledge did not naturally transfer to the spelling outcome, supporting the idea that explicit instruction may be necessary to support the transfer of skills for children with Down syndrome.

Abstract With the growing popularity of cold brewed coffee comes a need for brewing efficiency while preserving the desirable flavor profile. Despite the wide use of full immersion brewing techniques, the effect of brew time on the dynamic sensory profiles of full immersion brewed coffee remains underexplored. Here, we investigated the relationship between coffee sensory quality and extraction dynamics, measured as Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) and Extraction (E) of full immersion brewed coffee at various roast levels, and brewing temperatures (4 °C, 22 °C and 92 °C), over brew time using a generic descriptive analysis method. Specifically, different brew time points were selected for different temperatures based on five targeted coffee extraction stages. Furthermore, the unique experimental design also explored a sensory-driven engineering research process. Roast level had the greatest impact on the sensory profile of the coffees, followed by brewing temperature, but brew time, especially the longer brew times as TDS plateaued, had subtler impacts than expected. Twenty-five of 28 sensory attributes were significantly different among the 30 coffee samples, indicating a single source green coffee blend can produce a wide range of complex sensory profiles using different combinations of roast level, temperature, and brew time. Specifically, the intensity of sweetness was negatively correlated with TDS, and 19 other attribute intensities were positively correlated with TDS. Interestingly, we found that certain long time cold brews had similar sensory profiles to those of some short time hot brews, suggesting the sensory profiles of certain hot brews and cold brews could possibly be matched through controlled preparation. Overall, our study demonstrated an approach of integrating food engineering and sensory analysis for product development, and our findings provide valuable insights into the extraction dynamics and sensory quality of full immersion brewed coffee and opens new brewing avenues for the coffee industry.

Introduction and Methods: We do not have an accurate count of the number of teachers of students with visual impairments working in the field, and it is a difficult number to estimate. As part of a national survey, states were contacted to estimate how many teachers of students with visual impairments are working in the United States and compared to the estimate developed by the National Plan for Training Personnel to Serve Children with Blindness and Low Vision (NPTP) in 2000. Results and Discussion: The estimate calculated from this process is very similar to the estimate from NPTP (2000), indicating that there are roughly the same number of teachers of students with visual impairments in the field now as there were 20 years ago.

Executive function (EF) and social function are both critical skills that continue to develop through adolescence and are strongly predictive of many important life outcomes. Longstanding empirical and theoretical work has suggested that EF shapes social function. However, there is little empirical work on this topic in adolescence, despite both EF and social function continuing to mature into early adulthood (e.g., Bauer et al., 2017). Further, adolescence might be a phase of life where social interactions can shape EF. We tested the longitudinal relation between EF and social function across adolescence utilizing a sample of 99 individuals (8-19 years) from the greater Austin area tested annually for 3 consecutive years. Although EF showed significant improvement in that span, the social function was largely consistent over age. Cross-lagged panel models revealed a bidirectional relation, such that Year 1 EF predicted social function in Year 2, and social function at Years 1 and 2 predicted EF in Year 3. When examining different components of social function, social motivation in earlier adolescence seemed to most consistently predict future EF outcomes, relative to other social functions. Our findings advance the field's theoretical understanding of how these two critical skills might develop alongside one another over adolescent development with particular emphasis on the role of social motivation on EF maturation.

English Learners (ELs), students from non-English-speaking backgrounds, are a fast-growing, understudied, group of students in the U.S. with unique learning challenges. Cognitive flexibility--the ability to switch between task demands with ease--may be an important factor in learning for ELs as they have to manage learning in their non-dominant language and access knowledge in multiple languages. We used functional MRI to measure cognitive flexibility brain activity in a group of Hispanic middle school ELs (N = 63) and related it to their academic skills. We found that brain engagement during the cognitive flexibility task was related to both out-of-scanner reading and math measures. These relationships were observed across the brain, including in cognitive control, attention, and default mode networks. This work suggests the real-world importance of cognitive flexibility for adolescent ELs, where individual differences in brain engagement were associated with educational outcomes.

IntroductionAlong with pubertal development, the transition to adolescence brings about increased risk for sleep disturbances and mental health problems. Functional connectivity of overlapping large-scale brain networks, such as increased connectivity between the default mode and dorsal attention networks, has been reported to relate to both sleep and mental health problems. Clarifying whether pubertal development interacts with sleep disturbances and functional brain networks to predict mental health may provide information to improve the timing and design of interventions targeting sleep disturbances in adolescents.MethodsTo examine how pubertal status and tempo relate to sleep disturbances and shape the relationship between sleep disturbances and mental health problems, we harnessed a large sample of children aged 10–14 years from the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study (N ~ 3,000–10,000). We used graph theoretical tools to probe how pubertal development concurrently interacts with sleep disturbances and brain network organization to predict mental health problems.ResultsWe found that advanced pubertal status, but not pubertal tempo, predicted sleep disturbances; however, both pubertal status and tempo interact with sleep disturbances to predict mental health problems and engage in three-way interactions with sleep and brain network organization to predict mental health problems.DiscussionOverall, this work suggests that less advanced pubertal status and slower tempo are risk factors for the strongest links between sleep disturbances, brain organization, and mental health problems. Further, our findings speak to the importance of accounting for interactions in the constellation of factors that surround complex behavioral and clinical syndromes, here internalizing and externalizing disorders, and provide new context to consider for targeted interventions.

Abstract Advancements in congenital heart surgery have heightened the importance of durable biomaterials for adult survivors. Dystrophic calcification poses a significant risk to the long-term viability of prosthetic biomaterials in these procedures. Herein, we describe the natural history of calcification in the most frequently used vascular conduits, expanded polytetrafluoroethylene grafts. Through a retrospective clinical study and an ovine model, we compare the degree of calcification between tissue-engineered vascular grafts and polytetrafluoroethylene grafts. Results indicate superior durability in tissue-engineered vascular grafts, displaying reduced late-term calcification in both clinical studies (p

Abstract Palmitic acid (PAM) can be provided in the diet or synthesized via de novo lipogenesis (DNL), primarily, from glucose. Preclinical work on the origin of brain PAM during development is scarce and contrasts results in adults. In this work, we use naturally occurring carbon isotope ratios (13C/12C; δ13C) to uncover the origin of brain PAM at postnatal days 0, 10, 21 and 35, and RNA sequencing to identify the pathways involved in maintaining brain PAM, at day 35, in mice fed diets with low, medium, and high PAM from birth. Here we show that DNL from dietary sugars maintains the majority of brain PAM during development and is augmented in mice fed low PAM. Importantly, the upregulation of hepatic DNL genes, in response to low PAM at day 35, demonstrates the presence of a compensatory mechanism to maintain total brain PAM pools compared to the liver; suggesting the importance of brain PAM regulation.

Cold brew coffee is often described as sweeter or less acidic than hot brew coffee. Such comparisons, however, are potentially confounded by two key effects: different brew temperatures necessarily change the extraction dynamics and potentially alter the resulting brew strength, and different consumption temperatures are well known to affect perceived flavor and taste. Here, we performed a systematic study of how extraction temperature affects the sensory qualities of full immersion coffee. The investigation used a 3 × 3 × 3 factorial design, with coffee from three different origins representing different post-harvest methods (washed, honey-processed, and wet-hulled), each roasted to three different levels (light, medium, and dark), and each brewed at three different temperatures (4 °C, 22 °C, and 92 °C). All coffees were brewed to equilibrium, then diluted to precisely 2% total dissolved solids (TDS) and served at the same cold temperature (4 °C). We find that four attributes exhibited statistically significant variations with brew temperature for all origins and roast levels tested, with bitter taste, sour taste, and rubber flavor all higher in hot brewed coffees, and floral flavor higher in cold brewed coffee. However, there were strong interactions with origin and roast, with several additional attributes significantly impacted by temperature for specific origins and roast levels. These results provide insight on how brew temperature can be used to modulate the flavor profile of full immersion coffee.

The COVID-19 pandemic was unprecedented in scope and nature, altering everyday life for people across the United States. One major change involved how schools provided educational services. Prior to the pandemic, schools used in-person instruction as their service delivery model for educational and education-related services, such as services for the blind and visually impaired. To document the effects of this historic event, an exploratory survey through Qualtrics was conducted on the perceptions of (a) teachers of students with visual impairments and (b) orientation and mobility specialists in four categories: service delivery models, student demographics, instruction and engagement, and preparation and training. Percentages were calculated with closed questions, and open-ended responses were used to clarify the data. There were some significant post-hoc correlations between ability to provide educational services and instructional delivery models. The results have implications for practitioners and professionals working in higher education.

Lysosomes and lysosome related organelles (LROs) are dynamic organelles at the intersection of various pathways involved in maintaining cellular hemostasis and regulating cellular functions. Vesicle trafficking of lysosomes and LROs are critical to maintain their functions. The lysosomal trafficking regulator (LYST) is an elusive protein important for the regulation of membrane dynamics and intracellular trafficking of lysosomes and LROs. Mutations to the LYST gene result in Chédiak-Higashi syndrome, an autosomal recessive immunodeficiency characterized by defective granule exocytosis, cytotoxicity, etc. Despite eight decades passing since its initial discovery, a comprehensive understanding of LYST’s function in cellular biology remains unresolved. Accumulating evidence suggests that dysregulation of LYST function also manifests in other disease states. Here, we review the available literature to consolidate available scientific endeavors in relation to LYST and discuss its relevance for immunomodulatory therapies, regenerative medicine and cancer applications.

Hadal snailfishes are the deepest-living fishes in the ocean, inhabiting trenches from depths of ∼6,000 to 8,000 m. While the microbial communities in trench environments have begun to be characterized, the microbes associated with hadal megafauna remain relatively unknown. Here, we describe the gut microbiomes of two hadal snailfishes, Pseudoliparis swirei (Mariana Trench) and Notoliparis kermadecensis (Kermadec Trench), using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. We contextualize these microbiomes with comparisons to the abyssal macrourid Coryphaenoides yaquinae and the continental shelf-dwelling snailfish Careproctus melanurus. The microbial communities of the hadal snailfishes were distinct from their shallower counterparts and were dominated by the same sequences related to the Mycoplasmataceae and Desulfovibrionaceae. These shared taxa indicate that symbiont lineages have remained similar to the ancestral symbiont since their geographic separation or that they are dispersed between geographically distant trenches and subsequently colonize specific hosts. The abyssal and hadal fishes contained sequences related to known, cultured piezophiles, microbes that grow optimally under high hydrostatic pressure, including Psychromonas, Moritella, and Shewanella. These taxa are adept at colonizing nutrient-rich environments present in the deep ocean, such as on particles and in the guts of hosts, and we hypothesize they could make a dietary contribution to deep-sea fishes by degrading chitin and producing fatty acids. We characterize the gut microbiota within some of the deepest fishes to provide new insight into the diversity and distribution of host-associated microbial taxa and the potential of these animals, and the microbes they harbor, for understanding adaptation to deep-sea habitats. IMPORTANCE Hadal trenches, characterized by high hydrostatic pressures and low temperatures, are one of the most extreme environments on our planet. By examining the microbiome of abyssal and hadal fishes, we provide insight into the diversity and distribution of host-associated life at great depth. Our findings show that there are similar microbial populations in fishes geographically separated by thousands of miles, reflecting strong selection for specific microbial lineages. Only a few psychropiezophilic taxa, which do not reflect the diversity of microbial life at great depth, have been successfully isolated in the laboratory. Our examination of deep-sea fish microbiomes shows that typical high-pressure culturing methodologies, which have largely remained unchanged since the pioneering work of Claude ZoBell in the 1950s, may simulate the chemical environment found in animal guts and helps explain why the same deep-sea genera are consistently isolated.

Beverage color significantly affects perceived sensory quality and consumer preference. Although the color of coffee beans is well known to vary strongly with roast level, little work has examined how roast level and brewing conditions affect the color of the final beverage. Here, we report that the color of full immersion brewed coffee is significantly affected by both roast level and brewing temperature. Coffees from three different origins were each roasted to three different levels (light, medium, and dark) and then brewed at three different temperatures (4, 22, and 92°C). Each sample was brewed toward full extraction and then diluted to precisely 2% total dissolved solids so that differences in concentration would not confound color measurements. Absorbance spectra (UV-vis) and color tristimulus values (L*a*b*) were then collected and analyzed. We find that roast level had the strongest impact on brew color, and that brew temperature had a significant impact on color for light and medium roasts, with less impact on dark roasts. Qualitatively, the cold brewed coffees tended to be redder, while the hot brewed coffees were blacker. The results suggest that there is an opportunity to manipulate and brand brewed coffee color through judicious choices of roast level and brewing temperature. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Color serves as an indicator of coffee quality and potentially could affect perceived sensory characteristics. Our results suggest that appropriate control of roast level and brew temperature could yield desired colors for novel coffee products.

Abstract Background Emotional support (ES) is the most frequently reported support need among older adults with cancer. Yet, the association of ES with cancer outcomes is largely unknown. This study examined the association of ES with health‐related quality of life (HRQoL), mental health, and survival among older adults with gastrointestinal (GI) malignancies. Methods We included newly diagnosed older adults (≥60 years) with GI cancer undergoing self‐reported geriatric assessment at their first clinic visit. ES was measured using an adaptation of the Medical Outcomes Study (dichotomized adequate ES vs. inadequate ES). Outcomes included physical and mental HRQoL, anxiety, depression, and survival. Multivariable linear regression evaluated the association between ES and HRQoL scores. Multivariable logistic regression evaluated the association of ES with anxiety and depression. All models were adjusted for age at geriatric assessments, race, sex, and cancer type/stage. Results 795 participants were included. Median patient age was 68 years (IQR: 64–74), 58% were male, and most cancers were either colorectal (37.9%) or pancreatic (30.8%). Most (77.6%) had adequate ES. Patients with inadequate ES were more likely to be Black (31.5 vs. 20.8%, p = 0.005), disabled (24.1 vs. 10.4%, p

Iron physiology is regulated by a complex interplay of extracellular transport systems, coordinated transcriptional responses, and iron efflux mechanisms. Dysregulation of iron metabolism can result in defects in myelination, neurotransmitter synthesis, and neuronal maturation. In neonates, germinal matrix-intraventricular hemorrhage (GMH-IVH) causes iron overload as a result of blood breakdown in the ventricles and brain parenchyma which can lead to post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus (PHH). However, the precise mechanisms by which GMH-IVH results in PHH remain elusive. Understanding the molecular determinants of iron homeostasis in the developing brain may lead to improved therapies. This manuscript reviews the various roles iron has in brain development, characterizes our understanding of iron transport in the developing brain, and describes potential mechanisms by which iron overload may cause PHH and brain injury. We also review novel preclinical treatments for IVH that specifically target iron. Understanding iron handling within the brain and central nervous system may provide a basis for preventative, targeted treatments for iron-mediated pathogenesis of GMH-IVH and PHH.

[1.1.1]Propellane, a compound whose structure includes two saturated carbons in which all four bonds are directed into a single hemisphere, is of theoretical interest, but has also seen recent practical applications. Mono-, di-, and trisubstituted derivatives of this propellane (by substitution of its CH2 bridges with O, S, NH, CF2, CO, SO, and SO2) remain unknown despite several computational studies that have suggested some may be stable. In this study, we show that, in several cases, substituted propellanes are spontaneously formed upon the attempted computational optimization of the geometries of anionic bridgehead bromide precursors using the ωB97X-D/aug-cc-pVDZ DFT method. Spontaneous formation suggests that these propellanes are at lower energy relative to the precursors and, therefore, are promising synthetic targets. The success or failure to spontaneously form the propellane is considered in relation to the length and strain energy of the central bridgehead-bridgehead bond, as well as the total strain energy of each propellane.

ABSTRACTExtracellular electron transfer (EET) is a metabolic process that frequently uses quinones to couple intracellular redox reactions with extracellular electron acceptors. The physiological relevance of this metabolism for microorganisms capable of EET but unable to synthesize their own quinones remains to be determined. To address this question, we investigated quinone utilization by Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, a microorganism required for food fermentations, that performs EET and is also a quinone auxotroph. L. plantarum selectively used 1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoic acid (DHNA) and more hydrophilic naphthoquinones for EET reduction of insoluble iron (ferrihydrite). However, quinones used for EET also inhibited L. plantarum growth in non-aerated conditions. Transcriptomic analysis showed that DHNA-induced oxidative stress in L. plantarum, but this was alleviated when the electron acceptor, ferric ammonium citrate (FeAC), was included in the growth medium. Although DHNA and FeAC induced L. plantarum EET, this metabolism was still dependent on direct access to environmental electron shuttles. To determine whether quinone-producing food fermentation bacteria could be sources of those electron shuttles, L. plantarum EET was measured after incubation with Lactococcus lactis and Leuconostoc mesenteroides. Quinone-producing L. lactis, but not a quinone-deficient L. lactis ΔmenC mutant, increased L. plantarum ferrihydrite reduction and medium acidification through an EET-dependent mechanism. L. plantarum EET was also stimulated by L. mesenteroides, resulting in greater environmental acidification and transient increases in L. plantarum cell numbers. Our findings show that L. plantarum overcomes the toxic effects of exogenous quinones to use those compounds for EET-conferred, ecological advantages during the early stages of food fermentations.IMPORTANCEWhile quinones are essential for respiratory microorganisms, their importance for microbes that rely on fermentation metabolism is not understood. This gap in knowledge hinders our understanding of anaerobic microbial habitats, such in mammalian digestive tracts and fermented foods. We show that Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, a model fermentative lactic acid bacteria species abundant in human, animal, and insect microbiomes and fermented foods, uses multiple exogenous, environmental quinones as electron shuttles for a hybrid metabolism involving EET. Interestingly, quinones both stimulate this metabolism as well as cause oxidative stress when extracellular electron acceptors are absent. We also found that quinone-producing, lactic acid bacteria species commonly enriched together with L. plantarum in food fermentations accelerate L. plantarum growth and medium acidification through a mainly quinone- and EET-dependent mechanism. Thus, our work provides evidence of quinone cross-feeding as a key ecological feature of anaerobic microbial habitats.

ObjectivesMethodsResultsConclusionsClinical implicationOlder adults underutilize mental healthcare, and ageism as a potential barrier has been under-researched. As ageism comes both from external sources and is internalized by older adults, we examined the prevalence of external and internalized ageist barriers to help-seeking and how depressive and anxiety symptoms differed based on how strongly older adults endorsed these ageist barriers.A sample of 247 older adults completed measures online to assess barriers to mental healthcare (BMHSS-R), depressive symptoms (CES-D), and anxiety symptoms (GAD-7).Barriers representing internalized ageist stereotypes about older adult mental health were endorsed more frequently than external ageist barriers. Older adults endorsing ageist barriers to care reported significantly more depressive and anxiety symptoms than those not endorsing these barriers.Ageism, particularly internalized beliefs that poor mental health is typical in older adulthood, was reflected in older adults’ perceptions of barriers to seeking mental healthcare. Both internalized and external ageist barriers to care negatively influence well-being.To support older adult mental health, clinicians should dispel inaccurate, ageist stereotypes about older adult mental health internalized by their clients and work to increase and then communicate their openness and ability to provide competent mental healthcare to older adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dorset sheep (Ovis aries) are common models in translational cardiovascular research due to physiologic and anatomic similarities to humans. While employing ovine subjects to study single‐ventricle physiology, we repeatedly observed position‐based changes in central venous pressure (CVP) which could not be explained by hydrostatic (gravitational) effects. Inferior vena cava (IVC) narrowing or compression has been demonstrated in numerous species, and we hypothesised that this phenomenon might explain our observations in O. aries. This study aimed to characterise position‐dependent morphology of the IVC in O. aries using catheter‐based hemodynamic and dimensional measurements, three‐dimensional MRI reconstruction and histological analysis. Baseline measurements revealed a significant reduction in IVC dimensions at the level of the diaphragm (dVC) compared to the abdominal vena cava (aVC) and thoracic vena cava (tVC). We also observed a transdiaphragmatic pressure gradient along the IVC, with higher pressures in the aVC compared to the tVC. We found that variation of position and fluid status altered IVC haemodynamics. Histological data showed variable muscularity along the length of the IVC, with greater smooth muscle content in the aVC than the tVC. These findings will improve understanding of baseline ovine physiology, help refine experimental protocols and facilitate the translation of findings to the clinic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Along with pubertal development, the transition to adolescence brings about increased risk for sleep disturbances and mental health problems. Functional connectivity of overlapping large-scale brain networks, such as increased connectivity between the default mode and dorsal attention networks, has been reported to relate to both sleep and mental health problems. Clarifying whether pubertal development interacts with sleep disturbances and functional brain networks to predict mental health may provide information to improve the timing and design of interventions targeting sleep disturbances in adolescents. Methods: To examine how pubertal status and tempo relate to sleep disturbances and shape the relationship between sleep disturbances and mental health problems, we harnessed a large sample of children aged 10-14 years from the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study (N ~ 3,000-10,000). We used graph theoretical tools to probe how pubertal development concurrently interacts with sleep disturbances and brain network organization to predict mental health problems. Results: We found that advanced pubertal status, but not pubertal tempo, predicted sleep disturbances; however, both pubertal status and tempo interact with sleep disturbances to predict mental health problems and engage in three-way interactions with sleep and brain network organization to predict mental health problems. Discussion: Overall, this work suggests that less advanced pubertal status and slower tempo are risk factors for the strongest links between sleep disturbances, brain organization, and mental health problems. Further, our findings speak to the importance of accounting for interactions in the constellation of factors that surround complex behavioral and clinical syndromes, here internalizing and externalizing disorders, and provide new context to consider for targeted interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the importance of writing skill development, we know very little about how writing instruction is provided to students with visual impairments (VI) with and without co-occurring disabilities (e.g., multiple disabilities, deaf-blindness). The purpose of this study was to survey a national sample of U.S. teachers of students with visual impairments (TSVIs) on several important constructs, including their preparation to teach writing; their beliefs, attitudes, and experiences about teaching writing; and the writing practices they use for students with various visual conditions. We received responses from 457 TSVIs. The results showed that TSVIs vary considerably in their preparation to teach writing and disagree as to whether writing instruction (above and beyond braille) is part of their responsibilities. Most TSVIs indicated that they believe writing to be important for their students with VI, and they reported using various writing practices in their instruction within different student groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Intrinsic capacity (IC) was introduced by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a marker of healthy aging, and is defined as the combination of an individual's physical, mental, and psychological capacities. This study aimed to assess IC via a patient‐reported geriatric assessment (GA) and evaluate its association with survival among older adults with gastrointestinal (GI) malignancies. Methods: Data were used from a single‐institution prospective registry of older adults undergoing GA before cancer therapy. Key domains of IC (vitality, locomotion, and sensory [hearing and visual], psychological, and cognitive capacities) were captured via GA, and each was given a score of 0 or 1 (0, impaired) to compute the total IC score (range, 0–6, where 6 indicates no impairment and ≤5 indicates impairment in ≥1 domains). A frailty index (FI) was measured via the deficit accumulation method. Cox regression models and Kaplan–Meier curves were used to examine the impact of IC impairment on survival. Results: The study included 665 patients; the median age was 68 years, 57.4% were men, and 72.9% were White. The median IC score was 4, and 79.3% of participants showed impairment in ≥1 domains of IC. Most commonly impaired domains were locomotion (48.7%) and vitality (43.9%). IC was inversely associated with FI (Spearman coefficient, −0.75; p <.001). IC impairment was associated with inferior overall survival (score, 4–5: adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 1.7; 95% CI, 1.11–2.48; score, 2–3: aHR, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.30–2.85; score, 0–1: aHR, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.11–2.48). Conclusions: IC impairment is associated with frailty and reduced overall survival in older patients with GI malignancies. GA can be used to screen for IC impairment as recommended by the WHO. Plain Language Summary: The World Health Organization introduced intrinsic capacity as a marker of healthy aging.Intrinsic capacity is the combination of an individual's physical, mental, and psychological capacities. It contains six key domains: vitality, locomotion, and sensory (hearing and visual), psychological, and cognitive capacities.Older adults with cancer are susceptible to a decrease in intrinsic capacity as a result of cancer and the aging process.In this study, we aimed to assess the intrinsic capacity for patients with gastrointestinal cancer and also identify whether there exists any association of intrinsic capacity with overall survival. We identified that approximately 80% of this population had one or more impaired domains, and more intrinsic capacity impairment was associated with reduced overall survival. Geriatric assessment can be used to screen for intrinsic capacity impairment as recommended by the World Health Organization. In older patients with gastrointestinal malignancies, intrinsic capacity impairment is common and associated with frailty and reduced overall survival. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract In winter 2013, a sea ice breakout in the Beaufort Sea produced extensive fracturing and contributed to record ice export. Rheinlænder et al. (2022, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GL099024) simulated this event using the neXtSIM sea ice model, reproducing a realistic progression of lead opening and ice drift following the track of an anticyclone. Their simulations indicate strong winds and thin ice are key factors in breakouts. We discuss observational records giving additional insight into the mechanisms controlling breakout events, including the role of wind direction. Breakouts are common and have occurred under weaker winds than in 2013 and in thicker ice of previous decades. During 2013 and other events, patterns of lead opening during breakout followed changes in wind direction relative to the coast with anticyclone position. For skillful predictions of future breakouts, models must reproduce this behavior, and their performance should be assessed across a range of wind and ice conditions.

ConclusionSexual dimorphism in lung inflammation is both time and tissue compartment dependent. Spatiotemporal variability in sex differences in a murine model of asthma must be accounted for when planning experiments to model the sex bias in allergic inflammation.

Opportunities for students to conduct research in courses increase feelings of belonging in science, retention in STEM majors, and sense of ownership in a student’s educational experience. However, many research fields are challenging to bring to students: for example, deep-sea biology often requires expensive expeditions, restricting participation and accessibility. Access to deep-sea systems has been expanded by programs such as the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Ocean Exploration (NOAA Ocean Exploration), which uses telepresence to bring deep-sea exploration to a global audience. Here, we present one example of how remotely operated vehicles can engage students in original research. Students in an undergraduate Marine Biology lab at at the State University of New York at Geneseo investigated the relationship between substrate rugosity and biodiversity of cold-water coral communities and associate fauna. The study site in the Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument was explored by NOAA Ocean Exploration using NOAA Ship Okeanos Explorer as part of the 2017 Mountains in the Deep Expedition, EX1705. Organism density was greater at higher rugosity levels, suggesting that complex substrates support higher abundances in deep-sea communities. This research experience enhanced student’s understanding of the scientific process, appreciation for deep-sea communities, and engagement in the course. Open access deep-sea data provide impactful opportunities for students to participate in original research, increasing the accessibility and reach of deep-sea science.