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Carbon nitride (CN) has been widely used in photomineralization of phenolic pollutants, during which avoiding the production of refractory polymers induced by hydroxyl radical (•OH) is the key. In CN photocatalytic system, O 2 firstly reduces to superoxide radical (O 2 •-), then transforms into hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2) via reduction and protonation process, finally reduces into •OH. In this study, OH/C V -CN, hydroxyl groups (–OH) and carbon vacancies (C V) co-modified CN, was designed for phenol photomineralization. –OH, not only act as the adsorption sites for phenol through O···H–O bond, but also assist introducing C V into CN during roasting process. C V , active sites for reducing O 2 to O 2 •-, is close to adsorption sites of phenol, which greatly promotes the in-situ mineralization of phenol by O 2 •- and avoids the polymerization induced by •OH. Therefore, –OH and C V in OH/C V -CN synergistically facilitate the photomineralization of phenol. [Display omitted] • –OH, not only act as the adsorption sites for phenol through O···H–O bond, but also assist introducing C V into carbon nitride through adjusting the electron distribution on the adjacent heptazine. • C V , locating on the same heptazine ring with –OH, realize the rapid transformation of O 2 to O 2 •- as O 2 adsorption sites. • O 2 •- in-situ mineralize phenol instead of reducing to •OH profited from the shorter distance between O 2 •- and adsorbed phenol on OH/C V -CN than CN, which facilitates effective photomineralization of phenol and cleverly prevent forming polymer. Carbon vacancies Carbon nitride (CN) has been widely used in photomineralization of phenolic pollutants, during which avoiding the production of refractory polymers induced by hydroxyl radical (•OH) is the key. In CN photocatalytic system, O 2 firstly reduces to superoxide radical (O 2 •-), then transforms into hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2) via reduction and protonation process, finally reduces into •OH. In this study, OH/C V -CN, hydroxyl groups (–OH) and carbon vacancies (C V) co-modified CN, was designed for phenol photomineralization. –OH, not only act as the adsorption sites for phenol through O···H–O bond, but also assist introducing C V into CN during roasting process. C V , active sites for reducing O 2 to O 2 •-, is close to adsorption sites of phenol, which greatly promotes the in-situ mineralization of phenol by O 2 •- and avoids the polymerization induced by •OH. Therefore, –OH and C V in OH/C V -CN synergistically facilitate the photomineralization of phenol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • High-performance interfacial heterojunction, formed between OH PCN and Nb 2 O 5 via C O H O Nb bond, accelerates the carrier transfer from conduction band of Nb 2 O 5 to that of OH PCN. • The electron transfer occurred in C O H O Nb bond induces electron-rich O site, which act as an ideal adsorption site for phenol through O H ··· O hydrogen bond. • Super active site, formed by integrating triazine ring site on OH-PCN (activation site for O 2) and O site on Nb 2 O 5 (adsorption site for phenol), facilitates the evolution of O 2 and in-situ photomineralization of phenol. Promoting the carrier separation and surface catalytic reaction are critically important to maximize photocatalytic efficiency. Hydroxyl group-modified polymeric carbon nitride/niobium pentoxide nanosheets heterojunction (OH-PCN/Nb 2 O 5) is designed for fast electron transfer from Nb 2 O 5 to OH-PCN. Electron-rich O site, induced by electron transfer occurred in C O H O Nb bond, acts as an ideal adsorption site for phenol through O H⋯O bond. Super active site, formed by integrating triazine ring site on OH-PCN (activation site for O 2) and O site on Nb 2 O 5 (adsorption site for phenol), facilitates the evolution of O 2 and in-situ photomineralization of phenol. OH-PCN/Nb 2 O 5 shows a more than 8-fold improvement in phenol photodegradation efficiency than PCN. Briefly, this work provides insights on constructing interfacial super active sites by interface control of catalysts and in turn dramatically improving the photocatalytic performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • N V guarentee the evolution of O 2 to H 2 O 2 as O 2 exclusive adsorption sites, which improves the efficiency of photopurification work. • –CN, substitutes for hydrogens in primary amines, offer the opportunity for controlling reaction selectivity by inhibiting H 2 O 2 randomly decomposing to •OH. • The steric hindrance effect between N3C and SO induced by –CN and N V prevents H 2 O 2 reducing to •OH enabling the stable presence of SO. The key of photopurification, a bran-new technique for substance purification, is selective mineralization by surface modification of photocatalyst. CN/N V -PCN, nitrogen vacancies (N V) and cyano groups (–CN) co-modified polymeric carbon nitride (PCN), selectively photomineralize benzaldehyde (BZ) in industrial styrene oxide (SO) production solution. N V , special O 2 adsorption sites, guarantee the activation of O 2 to H 2 O 2. –CN, substitutes for hydrogens in terminal amines (–NH 2), inhibit H 2 O 2 randomly decomposing to •OH on –NH 2 sites. N V and –CN adjust the electronic distribution on triazine ring and H to reinforce π-π interaction and O···H N bond between PCN and SO, narrowing the space between benzene ring and N3C site, in which the steric hindrance effect hinders H 2 O 2 reducing to •OH by e- on N3C site. •OH can only produce at the adsorption sites of BZ, which results the selective mineralization of BZ. This work provides not only a modification method of PCN for selective oxidation reaction, but also a bran-new technique for removing homogeneous trace impurities in natural or industrial products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Introducing climate (CS) and vegetation seasonality (VS) into the Budyko framework. • CS and VS jointly contribute more than the changes in P and ET 0 in water partitioning. • In average the contributions of VS and CS in water partitioning are equally important. Climate and vegetation changes are main factors influencing water partitioning. However, their impacts on water partitioning are still not well understood. To revisit the interactions among climate, vegetation and water partitioning, this study introduces the climate seasonality (CS) and vegetation seasonality (VS) into the Budyko framework, by using a statistical approach combining the three-parameter Log-logistic probability distribution and multiple linear regression, based on the monthly 〈 P - ET 0 〉 (precipitation (P) minus potential evapotranspiration ( ET 0)) and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). This method is then validated and applied in 86 global catchments to quantify the contribution of climate and vegetation changes to evapotranspiration (ET). Results show that this model can predict well (mean R 2 = 0.81 ± 0.05, P < 0.05) the parameter n , a parameter reflecting the interactions between land surface and atmosphere in the Budyko framework. More importantly, CS and VS jointly control the variation in parameter n , and in average jointly contribute more (mean relative contribution of 57.1 ± 2.3 %) than the changes in P and ET 0 (mean of 42.9 ± 2.3%) to ET. These indicate that CS and VS are at least as important as the changes in P and ET 0 in affecting water balance. Furthermore, the VS contributes slightly lower (mean of 24.9 ± 0.3%) than the CS does (mean of 32.2 ± 2.3%), implying that CS and VS play comparable roles in water partitioning. These findings would be valuable for water resources management and assessing the impacts of climate and land surface changes on water balance in a gradually changing environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Different medical treatment choices may affect the health of patients with chronic diseases. This study aims to assess the relationship between treatment choices, including the use of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), and the health levels of middle-aged and elderly patients with six chronic diseases. The sample data comes from China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS 2018). Basic conditions, medical choices and health status of patients are incorporated. The ordered Logit and Logit regression models are used to analyze and compare the effects of six chronic disease patients' medical options on their self-rated health (SRH) and depression. The overall average score of SRH is the highest in patients with heart disease (the worst in SRH), which is 3.433. Arthritis patients have the highest overall depression average score (depression) at 0.444. Under the premise of controlling a variety of socio-demographic factors, compared with the non-treatment group, taking TCM has a significant positive effect on SRH of patients with five diseases except hypertension. Both taking western medicine (WM) and taking integrated Chinese and Western medicine (IM) have a significant positive effect on SRH scores of patients with six chronic diseases in middle and old age. Taking TCM has effect on depression of patients with heart or stomach diseases, and taking WM and IM affects depression of middle-aged and elderly chronic patients except diabetes. Taking IM has a greater effect on SRH and depression of chronically ill patients, followed by taking WM, and the effect of taking TCM is relatively small, which is related to the development stage of the disease. Therefore, in the future, the control and treatment of chronic diseases in the middle and late stages can be discussed from the perspective of integrated traditional Chinese and western medicine, but attention should be paid to drug interactions. In order to improve the treatment rate and health level of patients with chronic diseases, their economic burden should be reduced, and they should be guided to choose more reasonable treatment methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There may be differences in gender and marital status in the impact of grandchild care on the depression of the Chinese older adults. This research explores the effect of grandchild care on the depression of Chinese older adults of different genders and marital status, and explores the mediating role of intergenerational support from children between grandchild care and depression.Methods: This research uses the data of 3540 Chinese older adults from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) in 2018. The OLS model is used to analyze the effect of grandchild care on the depression of the older adults. and the older adults are classified according to gender and marital status, and the differences in the effect of grandchild care on the depression of the elderly of different genders and marital status is explored. Finally, the bootstrap method is used to test the mediating effect of intergenerational support from children.Results: The research finds that grandchild care has a significant impact on the depression of the older adults in China, and providing grandchild care can significantly reduce the depression of the older adults. The effect of grandchild care on the depression of the older adults is different between different genders and marital status. After categorizing the older adults by gender, the grandchild care only has a significant impact on the depression of female older adults; after classified by marital status, grandchild care only has a significant impact on the depression of the older adults who don't have a spouse. The mediating effect analysis shows that both children's emotional support and children's economic support have a mediating effect between grandchild care and depression of the older adults.Conclusion: The depression of the Chinese older adults is affected by grandchild care, and this effect is more prominent in female older adults and the older adults who don't have a spouse. The society should support and encourage capable older adults to participate in grandchild care, and children should also provide more intergenerational support to the older adults who provide grandchild care, so as to further play the role of grandchild care in relieving depression of the older adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon and water cycles in forest ecosystems are tightly coupled, but global warming-induced soil and atmospheric droughts alter the coupling, thereby greatly increasing uncertainty in predicting carbon and water cycles. Therefore, a carbon–water coupled model (TRIPLEX-CW-Flux) was developed, and an R package (rTRIPLEXCWFlux) was created to facilitate model application. TRIPLEX-CW-Flux integrates vapor pressure deficit and soil moisture into a stomatal conductance submodule to estimate forest carbon and water fluxes. Prediction accuracy of TRIPLEX-CW-Flux and rTRIPLEXCWFlux application were evaluated in a Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) plantation. Simulated net ecosystem production (NEP) and evapotranspiration (ET) were in good agreement with flux observations (R 2 : 0.76 for NEP ; 0.71 for ET). Thus, the TRIPLEX-CW-Flux model can be used to predict and quantify effects of global warming-induced droughts on forest carbon and water cycles. The open-access rTRIPLEXCWFlux package facilitates estimations of carbon sequestration and water consumption in forest ecosystems using the observed flux data. • A physiological process model that couples carbon and water flux was developed. • Both atmospheric and soil drought stress were also integrated into the model. • An R package was encoded for the model to predict forest carbon and water flux. • The simulated values were comparable to the flux data observed in the forest. • This R package can be used to evaluate forest functions under climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• GPP and ET were positively and linearly correlated to Rn and VPD in a karst forest. • WUE was negatively correlated to meteorological factors but positively to Bowen ratio. • WUE was not proportional to 1/VPD or 1/VPD0.5 but interactively responded to drivers. Water-use efficiency (WUE) is a key parameter that measures the balance between carbon gain and water loss in an ecosystem. Achieving better understanding of how WUE responds to environmental drivers is critical for revealing ecohydrological processes and mechanisms, and for biophysical modelling to investigate the interactions between vegetation and the changing environment. Karst landforms cover ∼10 % of the Earth's land surface; however, to date few studies have focused on the behaviours of WUE in karstic ecosystems. To fill these knowledge gaps, a two-year experiment was conducted to investigate the WUE and its drivers in a climax karst forest in southwestern China. Results showed that both the GPP (Gross Primary Production) and ET (evapotranspiration) showed exponential relationships to Ta (air temperature, P < 0.05), but linear relationships to Rn (net radiation, R 2 = 0.38 (GPP) and 0.78 (ET), P < 0.05) and VPD (water vapour pressure deficit, R 2 = 0.36 (GPP) and 0.28 (ET), P < 0.05), being quite different from those in other ecosystems. The reasons would be the different habits of the karstic plants, and the facts that the root zone water availability rarely dropped to low levels due to the frequent precipitation. The WUE, with the mean of 8.0 ± 4.8 mg CO 2 g−1 H 2 O, exhibited negative relationships to VPD (R 2 = 0.23, P < 0.05), Rn (R 2 = 0.28, P < 0.05), and Ta (air temperature, R 2 = 0.42, P < 0.05), and a positive linear relationship to the Bowen ratio (R 2 = 0.17, P < 0.05). Besides these, results also showed that the effects of a specific driver (e.g., VPD) on WUE was affected obviously by other factors (e.g., Ta, Rn), indicating that whether a driver is important or not to WUE, depends strongly on the environmental conditions. As the WUE-response formulas are often used to investigate and model the interactions between vegetation and environment, these findings suggested that the modelers should caution the versatility of the WUE-response formulas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]