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Insect herbivory on fossil angiosperm leaves was recorded from the upper Lower Cretaceous Zhonggou Formation in the Hanxia Section of the Jiuquan Basin, Gansu Province, NW China. Four functional feeding groups, including hole feeding, margin feeding, skeletonisation, and galling were recognised on nine fossil angiosperm leaves belonging to three species of eudicot. Ten insect damage types (DTs), including DT01, DT02, DT03, DT12, DT14, DT15, DT26, DT32, DT34, and DT61, were identified based on the insect damage morphotypes. Combined with the fossil records of insects reported from the Lower Cretaceous Zhonggou Formation of Jiuquan Basin, these suggest that there were various herbivorous insects that are related to the insect DTs, such as Blattoidea, Hemiptera, Diptera, Orthoptera, and Coleopterathe, which can related to the insects DTs, and indicate a diversified herbivorous insectangiosperm community in Jiuquan Basin during the late Early Cretaceous. Moreover, the diversified terrestrial ecosystem and fluctuating wet and dry climate in Jiuquan Basin during the late Early Cretaceous, would provide a suitable condition for the radiation of herbaceous angiosperms in Jiuquan Basin during the Aptian–Albian gap and promoting the coevolution of early angiosperms and their related herbivores. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Molybdenum disulfide (MoS 2 ) was added to the system after being treated with high-voltage pulse discharge plasma to improve the degradation efficiency of pollutants and reduce energy consumption. The discharge plasma-treated solution contains hydrogen peroxide and metal iron ions, and MoS 2 addition can cause co-catalytic Fenton reaction. The effects of discharge time, initial pH, phenol concentration, MoS 2 dosage, discharge voltage, and gas type on phenol removal and aqueous H 2 O 2 concentration were mainly investigated. Results showed that the addition of MoS 2 after plasma treatment can reduce the plasma treatment time by 70% and maintain or even increase the degradation efficiency of phenol from 40% (after 20 min of discharge plasma) to 92% (after turning off the discharge and dosing with MoS 2 for 30 min). Acidic conditions (pH = 3-4) and oxygen were beneficial to phenol removal. MoS 2 addition greatly improved the catalytic oxidation of discharge plasma. This study provides a promising direction for water treatment based on plasma technology., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)