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Nano (Fe)MIL‐101 particles were grafted on the short carbon fibers (SCFs) by in situ growth method to prepare (Fe)MIL‐101@SCFs. The flame‐retarded composites of epoxy resin (EP) were fabricated with combination of (Fe)MIL‐101@SCFs and ammonium polyphosphate (APP). The composites showed good flame retardancy, smoke suppression, and mechanical properties simultaneously. The main heat release rate peak of the flame‐retarded composites was reduced and delayed evidently in comparison with pristine EP. The high amount of residual char with coherent and dense structure was formed owing to the catalytic char formation of (Fe)MIL‐101 as well as the strengthening action of SCF. The improvement in mechanical properties of the flame‐retarded composite was due to the reinforcement effects of (Fe)MIL‐101@SCFs and its action of interfacial adjustment. This research solved the contradiction between the flame retardancy and mechanical properties of EP, and proposed a new method to prepare the mechanically reinforced and flame retardant EP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]