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7. Urban Planning During Socialism

Author

Mariotti, Jasna and Leetmaa, Kadri

Subjects
architecture, central planning, industrialisation, infrastructure, microrayon, periphery, socialism, socialist modernism, standardisation, urbanisation, urban planning
Abstract

Urban Planning During Socialism delves into the evolution of cities during the period of state socialism of the 20th century, summarizing the urban and architectural studies that trace their transformations. The book focuses primarily on the periphery of the socialist world, both spatially and in terms of scholarly thinking. The case study cities presented in this book draw on cultural and material studies to demonstrate diverse and novel concepts of ‘periphery’ through transformations of socialist cityscapes rather than homogenous views on cities during the period of state socialism of the 20th century. In doing so the book explores the transversalities of political, economic, and social phenomena; the places for everyday life in socialist cities; the role of professional communities on production and reproduction of space and ecological thinking. This book is aimed at scholarly readership, in particular scholars in architecture, urban planning, and human geography, as well as undergraduate, graduate, and post-graduate students in these disciplines studying the urban transformation of cities after World War II in socialist countries. It will also be of interest for planning officials, architects, policymakers and activists in former socialist countries.

Published
2024
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8. The Yugoslav Skopje:Building the brutalist city, 1970–1990

Author

Mariotti, Jasna, Leetmaa, Kadri, Babic, Maja, Mariotti, Jasna, Leetmaa, Kadri, and Babic, Maja

Abstract

On 26 July 1963, a devastating earthquake struck the Yugoslav city of Skopje. In the following decades, Skopje was rebuilt under the patronage of the United Nations and the Yugoslav government, a radical urban reconstruction project in the delicate game of Cold War politics. Still, the contemporary discourse on the reconstruction of Skopje almost exclusively focuses on the role of the international community and the world's renowned architects: the United Nations and Kenzo Tange, in particular. However, rebuilding the North Macedonian capital after the earthquake took a different turn: the UN funded the creation of plans for the reconstruction of the city, and its experts and architects departed in the late 1960s. The analysis of the rebuilding of the Macedonian capital by local and Yugoslav architects exists on the scholarly periphery of Cold War architecture and urban planning. To expand this lacking discourse, this chapter examines the 20-year period of the making of brutalist Skopje, 1970–1990. The construction of Skopje in the latter decades of the Cold War exemplifies the creation of a unique brutalist city embedded in an international blueprint of modernist urban planning: the reconstruction was facilitated by the local and national know-how and the transfers of knowledge that came from the UN-sponsored fellowships and the global collaborations established by Yugoslavs.

Published
2024

9. Minorities moving out from minority-rich neighbourhoods: does school ethnic context matter in inter-generational residential desegregation?

Author

Kalm, Kadi, Knapp, David Leonard, Kährik, Anneli, Leetmaa, Kadri, and Tammaru, Tiit

Subjects
SEGREGATION in education, MINORITIES, NEIGHBORHOODS, EDUCATIONAL planning, POPULATION differentiation
Abstract

This paper aims to develop a fuller understanding of the relationship between the ethnic composition of childhood residential neighbourhoods, schools, and residential neighbourhoods later in life in producing and reproducing segregation. We apply a longitudinal research design on linked individual-level data from Estonia. Estonia is an interesting case because of the Soviet era population distribution policies and its ubiquitous state-funded educational system where minority parents can choose in which school—Russian-language or Estonian-language—their children study. We find that minority parents mostly opt for minority-dense schools and, if they do so, their children who grew up in minority-dense neighbourhoods also end up living in minority-dense neighbourhoods as adults. An inter-generational vicious circle of segregation forms. However, minority children who live in minority-dense neighbourhoods but study in majority-dense schools are more likely to end up living in majority-dense neighbourhoods later in life. Hence, intervening in school choice has the potential to contribute to inter-generational residential desegregation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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10. Estonian National Mental Health Study: Design and methods for a registry‐linked longitudinal survey

Author

Laidra, Kaia, primary, Reile, Rainer, additional, Havik, Merle, additional, Leinsalu, Mall, additional, Murd, Carolina, additional, Tulviste, Jaan, additional, Tamson, Merili, additional, Akkermann, Kirsti, additional, Kreegipuu, Kairi, additional, Sultson, Hedvig, additional, Ainsaar, Mare, additional, Uusberg, Andero, additional, Rahno, Jaana, additional, Panov, Liisi, additional, Leetmaa, Kadri, additional, Aasa, Anto, additional, Veidebaum, Toomas, additional, Lehto, Kelli, additional, and Konstabel, Kenn, additional

Published
2023
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12. Estonian National Mental Health Study : Design and methods for a registry‐linked longitudinal survey

Author

Laidra, Kaia, Reile, Rainer, Havik, Merle, Leinsalu, Mall, Murd, Carolina, Tulviste, Jaan, Tamson, Merili, Akkermann, Kirsti, Kreegipuu, Kairi, Sultson, Hedvig, Ainsaar, Mare, Uusberg, Andero, Rahno, Jaana, Panov, Liisi, Leetmaa, Kadri, Aasa, Anto, Veidebaum, Toomas, Lehto, Kelli, Konstabel, Kenn, Laidra, Kaia, Reile, Rainer, Havik, Merle, Leinsalu, Mall, Murd, Carolina, Tulviste, Jaan, Tamson, Merili, Akkermann, Kirsti, Kreegipuu, Kairi, Sultson, Hedvig, Ainsaar, Mare, Uusberg, Andero, Rahno, Jaana, Panov, Liisi, Leetmaa, Kadri, Aasa, Anto, Veidebaum, Toomas, Lehto, Kelli, and Konstabel, Kenn

Abstract

Objectives The Estonian National Mental Health Study (EMHS) was conducted in 2021–2022 to provide population-wide data on mental health in the context of COVID-19 pandemic. The main objective of this paper is to describe the rationale, design, and methods of the EMHS and to evaluate the survey response. Methods Regionally representative stratified random sample of 20,000 persons aged 15 years and older was drawn from the Estonian Population Register for the study. Persons aged 18 years and older at the time of the sampling were enrolled into three survey waves where they were invited to complete an online or postal questionnaire about mental well-being and disorders, and behavioral, cognitive, and other risk factors. Persons younger than 18 years of age were invited to fill an anonymous online questionnaire starting from wave 2. To complement and validate survey data, data on socio-demographic, health-related, and environmental variables were collected from six national administrative databases and registries. Additionally, a subsample was enrolled into a validation study using ecological momentary assessment. Results In total, 5636 adults participated in the survey wave 1, 3751 in wave 2, and 4744 in wave 3. Adjusted response rates were 30.6%, 21.1%, and 27.6%, respectively. Women and older age groups were more likely to respond. Throughout the three survey waves, a considerable share of adult respondents screened positive for depression (27.6%, 25.1%, and 25.6% in waves 1, 2, and 3, respectively). Women and young adults aged 18 to 29 years had the highest prevalence of depression symptoms. Conclusions The registry-linked longitudinal EMHS dataset comprises a rich and trustworthy data source to allow in-depth analysis of mental health outcomes and their correlates among the Estonian population. The study serves as an evidence base for planning mental health policies and prevention measures for possible future crises.

Published
2023
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14. Inimesekohased muutujad ennustavad depressiooni sümptomeid keskkonna- ja ilmamuutujatest edukamalt

Author

Kliit, Katarina, Leetmaa, Kadri, and Kreegipuu, Kairi

Subjects
green and blue spaces, master thesis, weather, effect size, PTSD symptoms, magistritööd, mental health
Abstract

Master’s Thesis Environmental Governance and Adaptation to Climate Change Major depression is one of the most prevalent mental health disorders, which symptoms include lowered mood, energy, and anhedonia. Research on psychological variables, green and blue spaces, and weather variables have all shown promising results in reducing depression symptoms. Even though there is no clear indication of which has the most significant effect on depression symptoms. This master thesis aims to combine personspecific, environmental, and weather variables to compare which of the three shows the highest effect on depression symptoms. Three wave samples, mainly collected in January 2021, May 2021 and January 2022, consisting of 2339 participants (M=847, F=1492), were analysed. Five linear regression and correlation analysis results indicate that person-specific variables outperformed environmental and weather variables, as none of the environmental and weather variables could predict depression symptoms significantly. More emotion regulation difficulties and post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms, high neuroticism, and low extraversion lead to more depression symptoms. Data waves differed from each other, as each wave presented a new highest predictor. In the January 2021 model more emotion regulation difficulties, the May 2021 model more post-traumatic stress symptoms, and the January 2022 model high neuroticism displayed the most substantial effect on depression symptoms. This master thesis’ results suggest focusing on person-specific variables rather than changing home address nearer to a blue area or an area with higher vegetation cover or tree height to affect depression symptoms. Future research should aim to collect and analyse data in an area with less green and blue areas to see if results are replicable. Depressioon on üks sagedamini esinevaid vaimseid häireid, mille sümptomid väljenduvad alanenud meeleolus, energiatasemes ning anhedoonias. Eelnevalt avaldatud artiklid sini- ja rohealade ning ilmaandmete kohta seostavad keskkonnategureid kõrgema heaolu ning vähemate depressiooni sümptomitega. Sellegipoolest ei ole teada, kas inimesepõhised, keskkonna- või ilmatunnused mõjutavad vaimset tervist enim. Selle magistritöö eesmärk on kaasata nii inimesepõhised, keskkonna- ja ilmaandmed, et võrrelda nende efekti depressiooni sümtomitele. 2021. aasta jaanuaris ja mais, ning 2022. aasta jaanuaris toimunud kolmes andmekogumislaines osales kõikides lainetes 2339 vastajat (M= 847, N=1492). Andmetel viidi läbi lineaarne regressioonanalüüs ning korrelatsioonanalüüs, mille tulemustest selgus, et inimesekesksed muutujad olid selgelt paremad depressiooni sümptomite ennustajad. Keskkonna- ja ilmamuutujad ei ennustanud depressiooni sümptomeid. Rohkemad emotsiooni regulatsiooni raskused, enam post-traumaatilise stresshäire sümptomeid, kõrge neurootilisus ja madal ekstravertsus viisid enamate depressiooni sümptomiteni. Andmelained erinesid omavahel, kuna kõigis kerkis esile uus tugevaim depressiooni sümptomite ennustaja. Jaanuar 2021 mudelis oli emotsiooni regulatsiooni raskuste, Mai 2021 mudelis post-traumaatilise stresshäire sümptomite ning Jaanuar 2022 mudelis kõrge neurootilisus olulisim depressiooni sümptomite selgitaja. Magistritöö tulemuste põhjal on depressiooni sümptomaatika alandamiseks olulisem keskenduda inimesekesksete tegurite muutmisele kui rohe-või siniala lähedal paiknevasse kohta kolimisele. Tulevased uuringud vähema sini- või rohealaga piirkonnas annaksid ülevaate, kas tulemused saavad kinnitust ka teistsugustes loodustingimustes.

Published
2023

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