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The cellular response to stress is an important determinant of disease pathogenesis. Uncovering the molecular fingerprints of distinct stress responses may identify novel biomarkers and key signaling pathways for different diseases. Emerging evidence shows that transfer RNA-derived small RNAs (tDRs) play pivotal roles in stress responses. However, RNA modifications present on tDRs are barriers to accurately quantifying tDRs using traditional small RNA sequencing. Here, AlkB-facilitated methylation sequencing is used to generate a comprehensive landscape of cellular and extracellular tDR abundances in various cell types during different stress responses. Extracellular tDRs are found to have distinct fragmentation signatures from intracellular tDRs and these tDR signatures are better indicators of different stress responses than miRNAs. These distinct extracellular tDR fragmentation patterns and signatures are also observed in plasma from patients on cardiopulmonary bypass. It is additionally demonstrated that angiogenin and RNASE1 are themselves regulated by stressors and contribute to the stress-modulated abundance of sub-populations of cellular and extracellular tDRs. Finally, a sub-population of extracellular tDRs is identified for which AGO2 appears to be required for their expression. Together, these findings provide a detailed profile of stress-responsive tDRs and provide insight about tDR biogenesis and stability in response to cellular stressors.

Current evolutions of the relationships between industry and the state associate explicit objectives of industrial transformations for ecological reasons, a growing interest in sovereignty-driven interventions in industry, and the linkage of industrial development to social concerns. This paper examines these evolutions by analysing the territorial inscription of industry, its practical manifestation and its consequences. We speak of styles of territorialisation of industry to characterise the articulation of three components: the construction of an industrial sector, the design and use of policy instruments, and the material consequences of spatial interventions. Using the example of the nascent green hydrogen sector in France, we contrast three styles of territorialisation, which we label 'ecosystems', 'planned infrastructures', and 'hubs'. Each of them encompasses visions of the relationships between public and private actors, faces tensions and frictions, and has inevitable exclusion effects. We contend that the study of styles of territorialisation is a productive analytical entry point for understanding the politics of transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores what "real time" means to market actors by focusing on the traders, market designers, and engineers acting in the electricity markets of the United States. For these experts, real time is the time interval in which they cannot intervene using the instruments available to them. The advocates of real-time exchange attempt to insert more checkpoints into time previously left unaccounted for with the help of superior accounting methods and sensing technologies. In electricity markets, many drag the markets in the direction of real-time arrangements, where the trade interval skews ever closer to continuous; others, however, think that this trend is detrimental to the quality of both electricity production and market competition. I show that these divergences in opinion stem from the diversity of the technological worlds from which market actors come. I argue that experts' economic imaginations and designs emerge in the thick of technological work, as afforded and constrained by the devices at their disposal, from electricity meters to digital spreadsheets to phase conductors. This article advances an agenda to think of contemporary capitalism from within the exigencies, affordances, and constraints provided by technological work cultures—from within a field I call techno-economics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article traces a path through Bruno Latour's reflections on politics to propose a constitutional reading, which makes ontological and normative lines of investigation intersect. It starts with a discussion of a central theme in Latour's work, that of war and, more generally, opposition and conflicts, and connects it with questions of representation, delegation and decision-making. The preoccupation with land and territories found in Latour's latest work is an invitation to extend his notion of constitution and turn it into a situated matter of critical inquiry. The paper builds on debates and controversies surrounding mineral resources to show the analytical and critical value of constitutional analysis, and the way it can illuminate the ontological and normative issues associated with contemporary problematizations of land and territories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A fixation on 'scaling up' has captured current innovation discourses and, with it, political and economic life at large. Perhaps most visible in the rise of platform technologies, big data and concerns about a new era of monopolies, scalability thinking has also permeated public policy in the search for solutions to 'grand societal challenges', 'mission-oriented innovation' or transformations through experimental 'living labs'. In this paper, we explore this scalability zeitgeist as a key ordering logic of current initiatives in innovation and public policy. We are interested in how the explicit preoccupation with scalability reconfigures political and economic power by invading problem diagnoses and normative understandings of how society and social change function. The paper explores three empirical sites – platform technologies, living labs and experimental development economics – to analyze how scalability thinking is rationalized and operationalized. We suggest that social analysis of science and technology needs to come to terms with the 'politics of scaling' as a powerful corollary of the 'politics of technology', lest we accept the permanent absence from key sites where decisions about the future are made. We focus in on three constitutive elements of the politics of scaling: solutionism, experimentalism and future-oriented valuation. Our analysis seeks to expand our vocabulary for understanding and questioning current modes of innovation that increasingly value scaling as an end in itself, and to open up new spaces for alternative trajectories of social transformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This comment critically examines Collins, Evans, and Reyes-Galindo's (CE&RG) concept of 'virtual diversity', proposed as a norm to safeguard scientific expertise in policy-making. CE&RG argue that scientists should acquire 'interactional expertise' in relevant 'non-scientific domains', enabling informed policy advice while preserving scientific integrity. This comment describes CE&RG's dualist approach, which separates epistemic and political concerns, and discusses its implications. It shows that for virtual diversity to contribute to the quality of and trust in expertise, this approach needs to be radically re-worked to include legitimacy-building processes. Using examples such as South Africa's AIDS policy and the COVID-19 pandemic, the comment argues that defending expertise requires ensuring the robustness of both scientific and political representations, of, in other terms, addressing expertise as a constitutional problem. Without a broader critical constitutional analysis, CE&RG's proposal risks reinforcing the crisis of expertise it seeks to remedy.