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Since 2021, the injustices of the Nazi regime have been a mandatory subject in legal education to convey responsibility for the rule of law. This article provides an overview of law during the National Socialism era, particularly constitutional and administrative law. The Nazi ideology influenced legal sources and methods, turning law into a tool for enforcing power. The administrative judiciary was put under pressure and stripped of its functions to serve the totalitarian state. [Extracted from the article]

The dynamics of contractual interactions have been evolving in recent years, as big data introduces new dimensions to previously conventional contracts. This development intensifies the information asymmetry between the dominant and vulnerable parties, posing increasing challenges for consumers and the entirety of European contract law. This paper offers three main contributions to this discourse. First, the utilization of big data introduces a novel form of information asymmetry between contracting parties, further empowering the already dominant party while exacerbating the vulnerability of the weaker party. Second, contemporary European case law and legal scholarship advocate for a harmonious approach in which European regulations and national remedies complement one another in protecting individuals. Lastly, there are already instances indicating the misuse of big data, where multiple individual claims may arise at both European and national levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The traditional legal education does not equip students with the necessary skills to address the challenges presented by technological advancement and artificial intelligence. Moreover, current attempts to address these challenges fall short of achieving their desired objectives. I argue that the only viable solution to this issue is for law schools to transition from being monolingual to bilingual. At present, law schools are monolingual in the sense that they solely teach 'the language of the law.' This language is inherently ambiguous and vague, has a multivalent relationship with truth, and requires a particular way of thinking – 'thinking like a lawyer.' To effectively address the challenges presented by technology and survive in the age of artificial intelligence, it is imperative for law schools to become bilingual and incorporate the teaching of 'the language of the computer.' In contrast to the language of the law, the language of the computer is clear and precise, has a bivalent relationship with truth, and requires a different way of thinking – 'thinking like a computer.' To ensure their survival, law schools must swiftly integrate the language of the computer into their curriculum to pioneer the algorithmic evolution of law within the legal field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses Anne Orford's book "International Law and the Politics of History," highlighting her critical approach to historical narratives in international law. Orford challenges the conventional framing of debates in international law, urging readers to question normative assumptions and engage with history in a politically aware manner. The article also explores the role of genealogy in historical inquiry, using examples from Orford's work and Samuel Moyn's book "The Last Utopia" to illustrate how genealogical approaches can disrupt established historical narratives and prompt critical reflection on present values. The author suggests that genealogy offers a politically engaged and presentist alternative to traditional historical methods, encouraging readers to reevaluate their understanding of history and its implications for contemporary legal practice. [Extracted from the article]

The article "What is the History of International Law For?" published in the journal "Global Intellectual History" discusses the intersection of history, critique, and international law. The author explores the turn to history in international law since the 1990s and its implications for legal arguments. The article critiques the limitations of empiricist historiography in international law and the challenges of engaging with history in legal scholarship. It also examines the role of indigenous international law and the impact of genealogy as a method of critique in understanding international law. The author reflects on the changing landscape of international law and the need for scholars to adapt to new geopolitical and ecological conditions. [Extracted from the article]

The article "International Law and the Politics of History" by Anne Orford explores the relationship between law and history, challenging the conventional narratives and methodologies used in legal and historical scholarship. Orford critiques the Cambridge School's approach to history and its influence on international legal scholarship, highlighting the importance of revisionist history in decolonizing narratives and empowering marginalized groups. The article emphasizes the significance of Indigenous perspectives in reshaping international law and history, particularly through the example of the Waitangi Tribunal in New Zealand. Ultimately, Orford calls for a more nuanced and inclusive conversation between international lawyers and historians to explore the political and methodological implications of engaging with the past in the context of international law. [Extracted from the article]

The article "Jurisprudence and Socio-Legal Studies: Intersecting Fields" published in the Journal of Law & Society explores the intersection of jurisprudence and sociology of law. The author, reflecting on their experience as a law student, discusses the transformative impact of key texts in shaping their understanding of law in context. The text delves into the distinctness of jurisprudence and sociology of law, aiming to put them into conversation with each other and map their intersections. Through a comprehensive analysis, the author navigates disciplinary boundaries, historical developments, and future trajectories of these fields, emphasizing the importance of interdisciplinary engagement and scholarly reflection. [Extracted from the article]

This paper investigates the relationship between domestic legislative veto players and human rights treaty commitment. While research connects legislative veto players with ratification delays, I argue that legislative veto players also shape the timing of nonbinding treaty signature. Confronted with the possibility of ratification delay or rejection, executives in states requiring legislative approval for ratification sign treaties earlier as signature does not require the legislature. The results of quantitative analyses strongly support the argument. Examining the treaty signature timing of four core UN human rights treaties (ICCPR, CAT, CEDAW, and CRC), I find an overall significant and positive relationship between the requirement of legislatures to approve ratification and earlier treaty signature timing. Executives are responding to legislative veto player delays by speeding up treaty signing. This article contributes to the study of international law and domestic politics by further connecting ratification approval processes to commitment timing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conventional sliding sleeve is an important tool for shale gas exploitation. However, there are some misoperation is easy to occur in the fracturing process of the conventional sliding sleeve. Therefore, a novel three-layer fracturing sliding sleeve is designed in the paper. It can realize the axial movement of the inner sliding sleeve between the inner wall and the outer wall, thereby avoiding multiple misoperations. And it is necessary to study the erosion and fracture law of the three-layer fracturing sliding sleeve. On the basis, the fluid analysis model of three-layer sleeve was established. Then the fluid analysis model was simulated to study the erosion law of the sand blast nozzle. Next, the theoretical working life of the sand blast nozzle was obtained by quantitative calculation. Finally, the theoretical working time was compared with the actual working time obtained experimentally. These experiments illustrated that the design of the safe distance of the sand blast nozzle satisfied the requirement. The difference between the experimental and the simulation results is 5.5% which proves that the simulation analysis is correct. The simulation analysis and quantum calculation can provide a theoretical basis for designing the three-layer fracturing sliding sleeve's sealing reliability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The plain language movement waged a silent revolution in the last generation, passing nearly 800 laws nationwide with little public debate. The movement asserted that it could scientifically show that there is a widespread readability crisis in legal documents, particularly contracts, that are unreadable to most adults. This article presents the largest empirical analysis of these claims to date, utilizing a dataset of 2 million contracts spanning multiple decades and industries and applying machine learning techniques. The study challenges fundamental tenets of the plain language movement. Contrary to prevailing beliefs, consumer agreements have median reading scores almost indistinguishable from those of daily news articles. A critical evaluation further exposes that readability tools endorsed by the movement are shoddy and manipulable and can produce grade‐level differences of up to 4.6 years for identical texts. Moreover, the movement's core belief that Americans cannot read past the level of an eighth grader is exposed as an unsubstantiated myth. These findings fundamentally challenge the premises and effectiveness of one of the central consumer protection policies. These results call for a radical rethinking of legal access strategies, suggesting a shift from superficial readability metrics to addressing substantive issues in market dynamics and focusing on truly vulnerable populations. More broadly, this case study serves as a cautionary tale about the propagation of myths in legal scholarship and the potential for well‐intentioned reform movements to divert attention and resources from more effective interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is common knowledge that climate change concerns have prompted countries around the world to plan for a reduction in their fossil fuel dependencies. Yet while much attention has been placed on new low‐carbon sources of energy such as wind, solar, and nuclear, comparatively little focus has centered on the commodity inputs, critical metals, needed to create this clean energy. In this article, we argue that at the heart of the energy transition is a commodities transition, representing an unprecedented international reliance on critical metals, which have traditionally been capricious commodities traded in global markets. Indeed, nations around the world have begun to stockpile these geographically concentrated, geopolitically potent materials which are poised to take center stage. This critical commodities transition accompanying the energy transition is underappreciated in the legal scholarship despite its widespread implications for many areas, including financial regulation. We use the story of the London Metal Exchange's March 2022 nickel debacle to turn a spotlight on this development and to highlight several areas of existing regulatory frameworks in derivatives markets that are ripe for reexamination given this commodities evolution. In doing so, this article sets the stage for a research agenda that will examine how regulators and financial innovators can build strong metal markets to enable secure metals supply chains and to provide the basis for a sustainable energy transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relevance of this topic is due to the increase in the level of crime in Kazakhstan, as well as in foreign countries amid the global crisis, inflation, and other aspects that affect the criminal behavior of citizens. The purpose of the work within this topic is to study the main aspects underlying the legal activities of entities authorized to apply measures to prevent and combat offences. These are the main methods used in this article: comparative method, statistical method, and method of systematization. The identification of the main regulatory legal acts of the Republic of Kazakhstan (RK) are the results of the work, which regulates the activities of internal affairs authorities in the relevant area; it has clarified the issue of problems that arise when performing the functions for prevention of offences among minors, as well as violations of legislation in the transport sector, and others. The most effective types and methods of preventing and deterring offences have been investigated. In addition, in the course of conducting research, it was analyzed foreign experience in the prevention and deterrence of several types of criminals, administrative, and other offences and the main achievements in the relevant field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study investigated the impact of judicial constraints on government powers (JCGP) as a sub-factor of constraints on government powers on the rule of Law (RL) of the World Justice Project Rule of Law Index 2023, focusing on a sample of 142 countries. Using the regression model approach, we first assessed the impact of JCGP on RL based on the most recent cross-section data of 2023. The results indicated a significant positive effect of JCGP on the RL. Moreover, to capture the evolution of this relationship, the analysis was extended across the period from 2013 to 2023, revealing a strengthening impact over time. Additionally, we conducted a comparative analysis between developed and developing countries and the socio-economic conditions that shape the investigated effects differently. The results indicated that developed countries benefit from more robust institutional frameworks while developing countries face challenges that may limit the effectiveness of JCGP in enhancing RL. Policy implications emphasize the need for targeted strategies to strengthen judicial independence and government accountability. The novelty and originality of this study lie in exploring and improving literature concerning the impact of judicial constraints on government powers on the rule of law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sinking Island States represent a tangible manifestation of the impacts caused by climate change. According to Article 1 of the Montevideo Convention of 1933, these states face the threat of losing their sovereignty due to not meeting the territorial requirements outlined in the convention due to sea level rise. Given that this phenomenon arises from the collective actions of countries worldwide concerning climate change, this issue must be elevated to a global issue and addressed collectively. By adopting a cosmopolitan law approach, this research seeks to analyze how the international community can collaboratively overcome this challenge through sustainable recognition and efforts such as the creation of new international legal instruments, the initiation of artificial islands, land acquisition, and the establishment of ex-situ states in accordance with the cosmopolitan law approach. The research method employed is normative juridical and comparative studies among Sinking Island States. Utilizing data collection through a literature review, this study aims to identify cosmopolitan laws that can guide the formation of a global legal framework to protect the sovereignty of Sinking Island States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Retrospective confidence refers to the phenomenological experience of the level of certainty that retrieved information is, in fact, correct. Retrospective confidence judgments are examined across a range of sub-disciplines in psychology from perception to memory research, and in education and legal applications. This paper focuses on retrospective confidence judgments directed at memory. Typically, retrospective confidence judgments are explained by direct-access models. Direct-access models postulate that people have direct access to the strength of the retrieved memory. In contrast, inferential models posit that people use accessible heuristic cues to determine their retrospective confidence judgments. This paper outlines existing models from both the direct-access approach and the inferential approach. I then present the outcomes of studies that support the need to include inferential models in any explanation of retrospective confidence judgments. These heuristics include cue and encoding fluency, retrieval fluency, retrieval of related information, vividness of the retrieval, and self-consistency. I then present an integrative model to account for how retrospective confidence judgments are made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to the study of the issue of distinguishing the corpus delicti of a malicious failure to fulfill the obligations to take care of a child or a person under guardianship or custody (Art. 166 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine) from such related corpus delicti of criminal offences as "Domestic violence" (Art. 126-1 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine), "Leaving in danger" (Art. 135 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine) and "Abuse of the rights of guardian" (Art. 167 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine). The author analyzes these corpus delicti, compares them, identifies the features by which these corpus delicti should be distinguished, studies the case law, formulates recommendations on the qualification of these crimes as well as proposes improvements to the law on criminal liability. The author shows that the corpus delicti of the crimes, provided for by Art. 126-1 and 166 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, should be distinguished by objective (form of action, systematic character) and subjective (form of guilt) features. The author proves that intentional economic violence, committed by means of abandonment without care and guardianship with deliberate attitude towards the consequences, should be qualified under Art. 126-1 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine. Under Art. 126-1 and Art. 166 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, the act can be qualified only in the case of a real combination. The author substantiates that the main objective feature by which it is necessary to distinguish the corpus delicti of crimes under Art. 135 and Art. 166 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine is an availability of a life-threatening condition. When committing a crime under Art. 166 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, the victim is not in such a condition. If there are grounds, the previous behaviour of a person, placing a child or a person with limited capacity (incapacity) in a life-threatening condition, requires separate qualification under Art. 166 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine. The author argues that the corpus delicti of criminal offences under Art. 166 and Art. 167 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine should be distinguished both according to objective (act) and subjective features (form of guilt, purpose, subject). It is proved that the objective elements of the crime under Art. 166 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine do not cover such actions as abuse of rights. The author supports the proposal to include parents in the circle of subjects of the crime under Art. 167 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine in order to fill the gap in the law concerning qualification of abuse of parental rights for mercenary purposes to the detriment of children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to one of the defining issues of the effectiveness of combating the violation of anti-corruption legislation. The importance of active participation of citizens in various measures to counter corruption offenses and offenses related to corruption is substantiated. It is emphasized that, regardless of the legal framework and system of law enforcement agencies in Ukraine, only the response to the facts of individual corruption offenses takes place in total. The condition of systemic influence on criminogenic factors in this sphere of social relations can only be the formation of intolerance to corruption in society, the establishment of a culture of integrity and respect for the rule of law, combined with an active civil position regarding corruption manifestations. It is emphasized that anti-corruption education, including general secondary and higher levels of education and other legal education measures, should play an important role in the formation of intolerance to any manifestations of corruption. It is noted that the human and material resources of the specially authorized anti-corruption bodies are now sufficient only for periodic and episodic detection and documentation of illegal facts of corruption and corruption-related offenses. Work at the preventive level to identify corruption risks and prevent violations of anti-corruption legislation is not sufficiently effective without the active involvement of broad strata and social groups of the population in this activity. It is claimed that the role of a leader in the issues of forming intolerance to corruption in society, establishing a culture of integrity and respect for the rule of law should be performed by the state, but practically such activity is doomed to remain only a slogan without consolidation of the efforts of the entire population. A general conclusion is made that combating corruption will be effective only under the condition of symbiosis of educational, preventive and repressive activities of specially authorized anti-corruption entities and a consolidated society, in which the population (individual citizens of Ukraine) should act as both a subject and an object of joint activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After receiving the results of the first study from the cycle of research on the principle of the supremacy of law in education under military emergency, it turned out to be necessary to conduct the next study on the accessibility of education in Ukraine during the mentioned period. It is also associated with the activities of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine and the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine, which in 2024 changed the rules for admission to higher educational institutions and limited access to education for those seeking education who declared their desire to study full-time and on a paid basis in postgraduate studies for obtaining the third (educational and scientific) level of higher education. The Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine, as has always been the case, defended its discriminatory reforms regarding the availability of education, referring to the introduction of a military emergency in Ukraine and problems in the process of mobilizing students for war. At the same time, access to education was limited both for paid education recipients (at their own expense) and for free education recipients (at the expense of state and local allocations). In turn, taking into account the fact that in Ukraine the system of grant education at the expense of scholarships from universities, philanthropists, and sponsors practically does not operate, this situation became a certain cataclysm in the field of education, which negatively affected both students (who began to go abroad en masse) and higher educational institutions. First of all, it is connected with depriving a number of young scientists of the opportunity to continue their research through postgraduate study, and secondly, with depriving higher educational institutions of income, the absence of which can lead such educational institutions to bankruptcy. As a result, the legality of the actions of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine and the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine regarding restricting access to education became acute in Ukrainian society. This article is the second article from the cycle of research. It contains the results of a legal study of education accessibility during the military emergency in Ukraine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To date, many legal problems have arisen in the field of education related to the activities of the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine. The specified problems were exposed in 2024, directly during the 2024 admission campaign, when the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine and the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine interfered in the process of admission to higher educational institutions of students who declared their desire to study full-time and on a paid basis in postgraduate studies for obtaining the third (academic and scientific) level of higher education. In March 2024, the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine adopted a new Procedure for admission to higher education in 2024, to which within four months during the admissions campaign more than ten amendments were performed. After that, in May 2024, the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine made new changes to the resolutions of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine on training and certification of scientific-pedagogical and scientific personnel, which also changed the conditions for admission to educational institutions. Subsequently, the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine established some features of acquiring and renewing the status of a higher education recipient in 2024, which limited access to education for a certain category. As a result of the mentioned activity, a confrontation escalated in Ukrainian society, where the students and rectors of higher educational institutions, accusing the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine of exceeding their powers, appeared on the one hand. On the other hand, the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine arose, defending its reforms, referring to the existence of martial law in Ukraine and problems in the process of mobilizing students for war. Considering the above, there was a general need for legal studies of the legal conditions of educational activity through the prism of generally accepted human rights and freedoms including martial law conditions in Ukraine. This article is the first article from the cycle of research. It contains the results of a legal study of the principle of the supremacy of law in education during the military emergency in Ukraine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is dedicated to characterisation of the specifics of exercising the constitutional right to education under the legal regime of martial law. The right to education has its own distinctive features: firstly, it is a constitutional (fundamental) right, since it is established and guaranteed by the Fundamental Law of the state. This leads to its other features, such as direct effect, increased stability and protection by the state. Secondly, the constitutional right to education should be classified as a cultural right, as it provides a person with opportunities to receive educational services, acquire knowledge and skills, and that ultimately enhances his or her cultural development. Thirdly, it is a positive right, as its realization requires certain positive actions, such as creation of a network of state and municipal educational institutions. Fourthly, it is a relative right, as it may be subject to certain restrictions imposed under special legal regimes introduced according to the law. Fifthly, the constitutional right to education is of a material nature, as it ensures that a person receives educational services and obtains education in order to become competitive in the labour market and receive decent remuneration. Sixthly, the right to education is a guarantee of other rights realization, for example, the right of all people to free development of their personalities (Article 23 of the Constitution of Ukraine). However, despite the existence of international, constitutional and legislative guarantees for realisation of everyone’s right to high-quality, accessible and free education, full realisation of this right is hindered by certain restrictive measures established through regulatory acts that contradict the Constitution of Ukraine, laws and international acts and violate the principles of equality, nondiscrimination and proportionality. As a result of the ban on concluding agreements for contractual education, our state loses a large amount of financial revenues to replenish state/local budgets. All of this negatively affects the overall image of Ukraine making many Ukrainian citizens, including men, move abroad and obtain their education there, therefore replenishing the budget of foreign countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to study the development law of the irregular hole freezing temperature field, combined with the shield solution project of the Nanjing Water Supply Corridor, the distribution characteristics and influencing factors of the irregular freezing temperature field of the river bottom shield machine are studied by numerical simulation. The following conclusions are obtained: (1) The extension length of the outer ring pipe is correlated approximately positively with the thickness and average temperature of the freezing wall at the bottom of the cup. The thickness increases by 0.25 m, and the average temperature decreases by 1.25 °C for every 1 m increase in the extension length. (2) The intersection time decreases logarithmically with the increase in the extension length of the outer ring tube. (3) As the ratio of the axial angle between the two adjacent tubes in the weak area of the outer ring tube becomes larger, the temperature of the weak point in the center of the two tubes increases approximately linearly. The midpoint temperature of the two tubes increases by 3.3 °C for every 1 increase in the angle coefficient. (4) With the increase in the opening angle of the inner ring hole, the thickness and average temperature change, respectively, at 150 d are not more than 0.15 m and 0.6 °C. The results show that under the irregular freezing form, the angle and length of the outer ring pipe have a great influence on the temperature field, and the angle of the inner ring pipe has little influence on the final distribution of the temperature field. The average temperature and the temperature distribution of the weak points show a trend of decreasing first and then increasing along the shield advancing direction, reaching a minimum near the cutterhead. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes some aspects of consideration of claims (complaints) for improper behavior of an advocate, which may result in his disciplinary responsibility, in terms of compliance with the terms of consideration of such claims (complaints) provided for by th e current legislation. To date, the legislation provides for any person to file a complaint against an advocate regarding the disciplinary action of the latter. This opportunity is primarily intended to protect people's rights from unlawful and illegal actions of an advocate. The protection of rights includes, among other things, the inevitable onset of specific disciplinary responsibility of the advocate. The author analyzed the decisions made by the Higher Qualification and Disciplinary Bar Commission based on the results of the review of the decisions of the Qualification and Disciplinary Bar Commissions regarding compliance with the terms of disciplinary proceedings in the process of considering claims (complaints) regarding the behavior of advocates. Through the prism of the decisions of the HQDBC, the approximate terms of the disciplinary proceedings have been established, within which claims (complaints) are considered. This study took into account the decisions of the HQDBC, made by this self-governing body of the bar in 2023. These decisions related to the QDBC's inaction regarding failure to make timely decisions based on the results of the claim (complaint) submitted to advocates, groundless suspension of disciplinary proceedings against the advocates, long-term inaction of the QDBC regarding failure to take any actions to consider the claim (complaint). The analysis of these decisions made it possible to distinguish problems that directly affect the legality of the final decision of the QDBC. At the same time, such an analysis made it possible to assess the systemic nature of this problem and determine its causes. According to the results of the study of the Law of Ukraine "On the Bar and Practice of Law" [1], the author concluded that there is no article in it that would provide for the responsibility of persons participating in the decision-making of the QDBC, which contributes to the violation of the principle of reasonable time of the hearing. In turn, the analysis of the practice of the decisions of the HQDBC provided an opportunity to confirm the fact that the terms of consideration of cases are too long, exceed the limits of both reasonable time of the hearing and the terms specified in sub-legal normative acts, and often lead advocates to avoid responsibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This chapter is in two parts, each of which reflects upon the developments and current state of family law scholarship and feminist teaching in universities in England and Wales. Piper focuses on the enormous body of research and writing that Felicity Kaganas achieved in over 35 years of research in family law. It outlines the publications that she and Kaganas wrote together and highlights Kaganas’ other significant work. It reflects upon the impact of this work for students, academic colleagues and policy-makers and concludes that many of the same issues Kaganas addressed over the years remain current. Auchmuty, on the other hand, reflects upon 35 years of feminism in the classroom. Both Auchmuty and Kaganas started teaching in English law schools in the 1980s when the job was very different. Since that time, law teaching has become an increasingly feminised profession, with feminist teachers occupying some of the highest positions, and feminist legal research has flourished. In spite of these two profound shifts, the law degree has remained virtually unchanged, especially in respect of the ‘core curriculum’. These reflections consider why this is so, focusing on mechanisms of patriarchal containment and backlash, and considers what can be done about it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the legal basis for protecting information about personal and family life in the complex conditions of martial law, which provide for a number of specific restrictions and prohibitions defined by regulatory legal acts. It has been clarified that under martial law, the legal regulation of social relations objectively has certain peculiarities. In particular, it is possible to temporarily, for the period of the legal regime of martial law, restrict the constitutional rights and freedoms of a person and citizen, including those provided for in Article 32 of the Constitution of Ukraine, within the limits and scope necessary to ensure the possibility of introducing and implementing measures of the legal regime of martial law, which are provided for by the Law of Ukraine “On the Legal Regime of Martial Law”. Article 32 of the Constitution of Ukraine is considered in the context of guaranteeing a person’s right to non-interference in their personal and family life in order to determine the peculiarities of legal regulation of protecting information about personal and family life when introducing the legal regime of martial law. The peculiarities of legal regulation of social relations under martial law are studied. The state’s obligation to protect information about personal and family life is emphasized. Such protection involves creating a set of legal, administrative, organizational, technical, and other measures that ensure the preservation, integrity of information, as well as the proper order of access to information about personal and family life. In the context of this guarantee, three components have been identified that required concretization of content within the framework of the presented scientific study: information; personal life; family life of a person. During the study, the concept of “information” according to the Law of Ukraine No. 2657-XII “On Information” was taken as a basis. The content of the concept “personal life of a person”, a person’s right to personal life, a person’s right to the secrecy of personal life, a person’s rights to respect for their family life are considered. In the process of conducting the research, attention is focused on the fact that the legal regime of martial law cannot be used as an excuse for unreasonable restriction of personal rights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two of the forces that have most shaped the landscape in higher education over the last few years have been sustainability on one hand and Artificial Intelligence (AI) on the other. Bringing these phenomena together, this article examines the multifaceted sustainability challenges posed by integrating AI into legal education. The integration of AI into legal education has promised to revolutionise the field, offering unprecedented opportunities for efficiency and innovation. However, this transformative shift is accompanied by ethical and sustainability challenges. This article explores important sustainability issues arising from AI adoption in legal education, emphasising equity, ethics and the long-term viability of AI-driven initiatives. Strategies to promote fairness, inclusivity and ethical AI practices are explored, alongside resource allocation schemes, digital divide mitigation and sustainable faculty training programmes. Ethical considerations are examined, focusing on AI biases and policies for promoting equity and inclusion. This article also discusses the challenge of regulatory compliance in an evolving AI landscape. The intersection of AI adoption, sustainability ethics and legal education necessitates a conscientious integration of sustainability principles to navigate ethical dilemmas responsibly. By addressing these challenges, legal education can lead the way in shaping a future where AI serves as a valuable tool. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses findings from a pre-pandemic study of the legal skills associated with customary law. The data were collected from documentary sources, qualitative interviews, observations of 15 Anglophone African university law schools and 100 informants from different Anglophone African jurisdictions as well as information from professors of Indigenous Law at one American law school. To provide a greater insight into the research phenomenon, the paper focuses on countries that use multiple justice systems in order to highlight a conflict of laws and the justification for using skills drawn from customary law. The findings suggest that litigating cases with elements of customary law and culture requires a diversity of skills that are often incoherently integrated into the existing curriculum of training lawyers. The paper, therefore, recommends the use of clinical methods for training lawyers so that they are able to resolve cases involving customary law and culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Being the core of the ejector refrigeration system, an ejector with a suitable mixer, conical–cylindrical or cylindrical, is key to high-energy-efficiency and low-carbon systems. To promote the scientific selection of mixers for ejectors based on the theoretical models that have been validated by experiments, the evolution laws of the entrainment ratios in the two types of ejectors are studied under various operating conditions. Furthermore, the influence mechanism of the mixer structures on the entrainment ratio of the ejector is elucidated by comparing the distribution characteristics of the entropy generation rate, pressure lift proportion, and entropy generation rate of the per-unit pressure lift in the two types of ejectors. The efficiencies of the conical-cylindrical mixer ejector and cylindrical mixer ejector exist a crossover, which makes the entrainment ratio of the conical–cylindrical mixer ejector smaller under small compression ratios but larger under large compression ratios. By changing the cylindrical mixer into a conical one, on the one hand, more pressure rise will be distributed in the diffuser, which helps to reduce the entropy increase rate in the pressurization process; on the other hand, the wall impulse effect of the conical mixer will lead to an increase in entropy generation rate of per-unit pressure lift, resulting in a growing entropy generation rate of boosting. The dominant roles are not the same with changing compression ratios, which leads to different relationships of entrainment ratio between the cylindrical and conical mixer ejectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research attempts to explore the "Basic Law: Israel as the Nation-State of the Jewish People" (2018) that is considered one of the most important newly passed laws. The research aims to identify the most important preliminary proposals for this law and its final text, comparing between them, and showing to what extent they reflect the ideological and political orientations of its sponsors. Then the research identifies the state of controversy and different opinions about the nation-state law, whether from within Israeli society; academics and politicians, or from the Arabs of 1948, or from the Palestinians. to know the orientation of each party towards the content of the nation-state law and its vision of its effects and repercussions, and the implications of this controversy from different political currents and their orientations. The research finally conducts a reading of the first article of the Nation-State Law, which is the basic principles-containing three items- in light of the sources of Jewish religious legislation. Especially in the texts of the Muqra and the Talmud, to see the extent to which the nation-state law is influenced by religious ideas and interpretations. This research follows a descriptive approach in the study of law articles and knowledge of their religious and ideological roots in the sources of Jewish religious legislation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indigenous Elders are vital to the transmission of Indigenous laws. This article describes the role of one Elder's contribution to legal education, both within her community and to the Canadian legal academy more generally. Jean Borrows is an Anishinaabe women and a member of the Chippewas of the Nawash First Nation in what is now called Ontario, Canada. This article's focus on her influence helps define, and potentially expand, the question: what is the Canadian legal academy? Indigenous Elders teach law through the way in which they live their lives and through the words that they impart to others. Borrows has carried many responsibilities over her long lifetime, which have helped her practise and pass along her community's legal traditions. She has been a hunter, angler, forager, entrepreneur, Indian day school student, real estate agent, member of the Chippewas of Nawash First Nation, professor of Anishinaabe law, and N'okomis (my grandmother), to name a few. Indigenous legal orders, like those lived by Jean, have always informed the Canadian legal landscape, and they continue to do so in dynamic ways. Yet there are challenges to recognizing community-based professors of Indigenous law. By sharing select stories of Borrows's life, this article suggests that the Canadian legal academy is not merely confined to university law faculties because Indigenous law teachers and theorists also live in community contexts. I aim to show how Borrows's varied responsibilities, experiences, and teachers throughout her life gave her a type of legal knowledge that led her to become an influential educator of Anishinaabe law, including as an Elder at the land-based Anishinaabe Law Camps hosted regularly in her community since 2014 for hundreds of juris doctor students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article "Party and Political Financing under the Basic Law" in the journal "JURA - Legal Education" discusses the structure, history, and rationale of party financing at the federal level. It emphasizes that parties play a central role in shaping the will of the people and require financial support. The development of party financing is examined historically, as well as the constitutional determinants such as state freedom and equal opportunities. The article also discusses state political financing and the exclusion of parties from state funding. Case examples for the legal examination of exclusions from party financing are provided. [Extracted from the article]

The article "JURA - Legal Education" deals with an exam in tort and contract law involving the case of the TV chicken Brunhilde. Sara, a security guard, walks her dog on a thin leash past an area where the film chicken Brunhilde is being trained. The dog kills the chicken, after which the animal trainer demands compensation. It is discussed whether Sara is liable and whether the animal trainer is entitled to compensation. There is also a discussion of a claim by the veterinarian for payment for the castration of Sara's dog. [Extracted from the article]

The article "JURA - Legal Education" deals with an exam on general contract law with the topic "Pandemic Wedding". The case refers to a wedding celebration that was canceled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Questions regarding contractual and legal withdrawal rights, risk allocation, and disruption of the basis of the transaction are discussed. The exam is based on a case from the Higher Regional Court of Cologne and was presented in the exam preparation course at the Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg. Keywords include accommodation contract, obligation to return, risk allocation, and disruption of the basis of the transaction. [Extracted from the article]

This study examined legal practitioners' emotion regulation strategies and subjective moral emotions related to legal cases they handle. Forty-two participants recalled a civil law case and the emotions they experienced while handling the case. They completed the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire to identify emotion regulation strategies they usually use. Results showed that attorneys often experienced anger and empathy and used strategies that tend to be adaptive across a wide range of contexts. There was a moderate positive correlation between Anger and Positive Refocusing, Contempt and Other-Blame, Guilt and Maladaptive emotion regulation strategies, and the Difference between parties’ agreeableness (understood as how sympathetic they seemed) and Anger. As the experience of negative emotions paired with maladaptive emotion regulation techniques might be associated with negative consequences both for the self and for the relationship with clients, the present study suggests that adding emotion regulation into legal curricula is crucial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy transition is a national agenda, prioritised in many countries, to ensure public safety and achieve climate goals. Although enacting laws is a critical means of realising energy transition policy, legal scholarship has paid little to no attention to the role of law in a sustainable energy transition. Countries are currently experimenting with their legal frameworks to achieve sustainable and smooth energy transition policies that are most beneficial. The pivotal role of law in energy transition has led researchers to place a growing emphasis on introducing and analysing the recently enacted domestic laws in various countries, seeking implications and insights in this regard. This study draws on the example of Korea's legal framework for energy transition to argue that the voluntary nature of this agreement between the government and operator would have policy implications for many countries striving towards sustainable energy transitions. Unlike numerous other countries (eg Germany) that unilaterally force early closure of nuclear power plants by law, Korea tries to innovatively establish legal grounds that enable a voluntary agreement between the government and operators and the considerable efforts on just transition, while the government commits to contributex to bearing the costs of energy transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay serves as an urgent cause for action and open call to envision the abolition of U.S. law schools. Traditional legal education's current manifestation, I argue, serves as a unique system of socialization that advances harm in service of the USA as a settler nation-state. Through a historically grounded analysis of the law school as a project of exclusionary power, this essay identifies traditional U.S. legal education's (1) pedagogical harm, in the imperial curriculum and instruction of law students; (2) structural harm, in the gatekeeping of legal knowledge; and (3) ideological harm, in the training of future lawyers as agents of settler-state power. Drawing from movements of scholarship-activism in critical legal pedagogy, rhetorical studies, and abolition, this essay proposes radical reforms to the law school as footholds toward freedom. In situating the law school as a critical zone of abolitionist struggle, this essay makes the case that rhetoricians, legal scholars, and advocates aligned with the work of liberation might join across disciplines, jurisdictions, and time to advance "non-reformist reforms" to traditional U.S. legal education. Only through conscious processes of reimagination, I insist, can we more forcefully contribute to the abolition of oppressive formations of power everywhere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The editorial in Law & Humanities discusses recent events exploring intersections between law, humanities, and the arts, particularly focusing on Kafka's influence on legal scholarship and practice. The article highlights discussions on Kafka's works, with a focus on "The Trial" and "The Castle," while noting the lack of engagement with "Amerika" among legal scholars. Additionally, the editorial touches on Kafka's shorter fiction and its metaphorical interpretations related to legal subjectivity. The issue also includes reviews of arts productions and books, showcasing diverse perspectives on law and literature. [Extracted from the article]

Despite its now totemic constitutional status, Magna Carta is not explicitly mentioned in Shakespeare's history play of King John. King John has been interrogated by literary scholars for references to the charter and investigated by historians for potential oversight. Yet, often overlooked are the sporadic references to Magna Carta in nineteenth-century productions of the play. During the nineteenth century, Magna Carta's legal significance waned as clauses were removed from legislation. Its political purchase is well-documented, including its use by the Chartists, and its use in nationalist-based support for wars at the start and end of the century. What is often unheeded in legal scholarship, is the shifting cultural significance of the charter. A performance history of Shakespeare's King John exposes the different treatment of Magna Carta in productions of Shakespeare's play and related theatrical representations of the charter in popular melodrama and pantomimes in the nineteenth century. This paper uses archival material of theatre productions to interrogate the status of Magna Carta through a performance history of Shakespeare's King John in nineteenth-century London. Investigating the representations of Magna Carta in theatre productions offers a complex picture of the charter's place in the history of British constitutionalism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The article features an interview with Judge Tomoko Akane, President of the International Criminal Court, conducted by Masakazu Toyoda, Chairman of the Japan Economic Foundation. The interview delves into the origins and role of the ICC, highlighting differences with the International Court of Justice and challenges faced in trial efficiency. It also discusses Japan's legal education strengths and the need for the country to criminalize war crimes and join the Genocide Convention. Geopolitical risks, such as potential US sanctions against the ICC, are mentioned, along with the importance of legal procedures in politically sensitive cases like the ICC arrest warrant for Russian President Putin. [Extracted from the article]

The datafication of law is requiring a reconsideration of approaches to legal research and education. The academy is in an uncomfortable place, with new disciplines claiming to have analytical tools to offer and to be able to replace some or all of the traditional work of lawyers and teachers. This symposium issue provides an opportunity for reflection and contains contributions that range from a call to action which embraces the new technologies, critical perspectives on the proper place of data in legal research or in governmental practices, and empirical explorations of the effectiveness of large language models. It highlights themes of diversity, rigour and engagement as key issues for lawtech scholars to bear in mind in their future work and recommends that we embrace the discomfort so that we can mature with the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To improve ore recovery ratio and the quality of medium-length hole blasting in non-pillar sublevel caving method, this study first investigated the effects of brow line failure on rock movement and ore recovery indexes based on rock blasting fragmentation mechanisms, the granular dynamics theory and ore drawing theory. Subsequently, control strategies to enhance blasting quality and reduce brow line failure were explored through energy impact crushing experiments, experiments on the radial rock-breaking effects of blast holes with different detonation velocities, and underground physical simulation experiments using full blast hole length detonating cord blasting. The experimental results indicate that as the degree of brow line failure increases, the ore recovery ratio gradually decreases, while the waste ratio gradually increases. Bottom initiation and the use of the full blast hole length detonating cord were identified as the optimal initiation method and charging structure for medium-length hole blasting in non-pillar sublevel caving method, effectively improving blasting quality and reducing damage to the brow line. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Allan Hutchison's book "Hart, Fuller and Everything After: The Politics of Legal Theory" critiques the dominant project of twentieth-century Anglo-American legal philosophy, advocating for a more historically and politically contextualized approach to jurisprudential inquiry. He challenges the alleged universality of legal theorists' efforts and urges a pragmatic and critical inquiry that prioritizes practicality and responsiveness to socio-political contexts. The text also discusses the impact of H L A Hart's 1957 lecture on Anglo-American jurisprudence, the subsequent debate with Lon Fuller, and highlights Canadian scholars who have pushed jurisprudential boundaries, showcasing diverse perspectives within legal academia. [Extracted from the article]

Twenty years ago, legal scholars and regulators alike were convinced that information-forcing regulations heralded a new era in environmental law. Coming off the success of the Toxics Release Inventory (TRI), which seemed to decrease toxic chemical pollution solely by forcing industry to disclose if they released certain chemicals, many called information regulation the third wave of environmental law. New information disclosure policies were enacted and old policies reinvigorated, leading to a plethora of informationbased regulations throughout environmental law. Now, twenty years later, the emergence of big data and artificial intelligence (AI) approaches to environmental analysis have only further increased the belief in the benefits of information-forcing approaches. In this time, the central premise that information regulation works to change behavior and improve environmental outcomes has been largely unquestioned. Despite the widespread enthusiasm, after decades of implementation it is increasingly clear that information regulation largely fails to achieve its environmental goals. This Article makes two main contributions. By drawing on quantitative and qualitative case studies of information-forcing regulations, it first answers the question of whether this approach to environmental regulation is effective. It evaluates the success of information-forcing policies, finding that these policies often fail both to change behavior towards improving environmental conditions and to achieve other stated goals. This Article then analyzes the mechanisms behind information forcing in conjunction with these case studies to propose characteristics that determine the success, or failure, of information regulation. It finds that contrary to popular belief, persuasive and economic mechanisms do not drive environmental behavior change. Instead, informationforcing regulations with legal mechanisms of action show the most promise and efficacy. Moving beyond sweeping promises of efficiency and transparency to understand the specific characteristics that make these programs successful is essential moving forward into an era of big environmental data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The water consumption rate for hydropower station power generation is an important index of the economic operation of hydropower stations, which has been widely considered and applied in the production practice of hydropower stations and has great significance for the full utilization of hydroelectric resources. This paper takes A and B cascade hydropower stations as the research objects to study the variation patterns of the water consumption rate of hydropower stations under different conditions, which mainly includes the following: (1) in this study, the relationship curve of output–gross head–flow (NHgrossQ) of each unit was established based on the relationship curve of output–net head–flow (NHQ) and the flow–head loss curve of each unit; (2) the mirror vertical shift method was used to calculate and plot the relationship curve of gross head–flow for combinations of multiple units; (3) the outflow–water–output characteristic curve of the hydropower station under the conditions of different reservoir water levels, different discharge flow, or different power generation output under the optimal operation of the hydropower station were calculated and drawn; (4) the outflow–water level–output curve of the hydropower station under various conditions was converted into an outflow–water level–water consumption curve; (5) the variation characteristics of the water consumption rate of the hydropower station under different conditions were analyzed; (6) on the basis of the definition of the water consumption rate of cascade hydropower stations, the research on the variation in the water consumption rate of cascade hydropower stations was carried out under the conditions of different water levels of the A reservoir, different water levels of the B reservoir, different discharge, and different total output of the hydropower stations. The variation pattern of the water consumption rate of hydropower stations under different conditions obtained in this paper can provide technical support for the real-time economic operation of cascade hydropower stations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As was shown in Part I of this paper, a simple application of Sternberg's Law of downstream fining does not accommodate all the data included in this study. The study area includes the low-relief Great Plains and the high relief of the Rocky Mountains, good overall terrain for application of Sternberg's Law, but with some complications from isolated mountain ranges. Most of the study area exhibits evidence of glaciation, but diluvial planation surfaces are also present. Channelized flow, transport by ice, and sheet flow are all candidate processes for transport of gravel. Results from statistical analysis of 5,839 sieve analysis reports indicate a complex history for the surficial gravel deposits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Synchronous grouting technology is a crucial aspect of shield tunnel construction. However, understanding the mechanism of slurry diffusion during this process is challenging due to its complexity and invisibility. Existing theoretical models often oversimplify the grouting process and do not account for multi‐stage diffusion mechanisms. By considering the radial penetration of slurry and viewing the diffusion process as the formation of annular pancakes through circumferential filling, a 3D diffusion numerical model is established using the volume of fluid (VOF)‐multiphase flow model in Fluent software. The model's validity is confirmed through calculations based on theoretical formulas and monitoring data from engineering examples. This study uncovers the patterns of slurry diffusion and examines how factors like porosity, grouting pressure, and slurry density impact diffusion radius and segment stress. The findings of this research provide a crucial theoretical foundation for shield synchronous grouting construction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]