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Malarmugila Manimaran,1,* Yin Yin Teo,2 James Chen Yong Kah,3 Adilet Beishenaliev,1 Yean Leng Loke,2 Yiing Yee Foo,1 Shiow-Fern Ng,4 Chin Fei Chee,5 Sek Peng Chin,6 Farid Nazer Faruqu,1 Chia-Yu Chang,7 Misni Misran,2 Lip Yong Chung,6 Bey Fen Leo,8,* Shih-Hwa Chiou,9,10 Chia-Ching Chang,7,11– 13 Sun Tee Tay,14 Lik Voon Kiew1,7 1Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; 2Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; 3Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; 4Centre for Drug Delivery Technology and Vaccine, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; 5Nanotechnology Catalysis Research Centre, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; 6Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; 7Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China; 8Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; 9Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; 10Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; 11Department of Electrophysics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China; 12Center for Intelligent Drug Systems and Smart Bio-devices, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China; 13Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; 14Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Chia-Ching Chang; Lik Voon Kiew, Email ccchang01@nycu.edu.tw; lvkiew@um.edu.myIntrod

Stephanie Sally Fong,1,* Yiing Yee Foo,1,* Wen Shang Saw,2 Bey Fen Leo,3 Yin Yin Teo,4 Ivy Chung,1 Boon Tong Goh,5 Misni Misran,4 Toyoko Imae,6 Chia-Ching Chang,7– 11 Lip Yong Chung,2 Lik Voon Kiew1,7 1Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia; 2Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia; 3Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia; 4Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia; 5Low Dimensional Materials Research Center, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia; 6Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Technology, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, 10607, Taiwan; 7Department of Biological Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 30068, Taiwan; 8Center for Intelligent Drug Systems and Smart Bio-Devices (IDS2B), National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 30050, Taiwan; 9Department of Electrophysics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 30010, Taiwan; 10Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan; 11Taiwan-Malaysia Semiconductor and Biomedical Oversea Science and Technology Innovation Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 30010, Taiwan*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Lik Voon KiewDepartment of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, MalaysiaTel +603-79675720Email lvkiew@um.edu.myChia-Ching ChangDepartment of Biological Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 30068, TaiwanTel +886-3-57131633Email ccchang01@nycu.edu.twPurpose: The use of nanocarriers to improve the deliv